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Maryam Azam

Lahore College For Women University Lahore Pakistan, International Relations, Faculty Member

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Dr. Maryam Azam is working as an Assistant Professor in the department of International Relations, Lahore college for women university, Lahore,Pakistan. My research interest includes, terrorism , militancy, counter militancy and security studies

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Lahore School of Economics

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Papers by Maryam Azam

Provincial Mapping of Militancy in Pakistan 1

Provincial Mapping of Militancy in Pakistan, 2022

This study posits various forms of militant manifestation in Pakistan at the provincial level in ... more This study posits various forms of militant manifestation in Pakistan at the provincial level in order to identify distinct factors of militancy in Pakistan. In this context, militants in Pakistan are formally structured groups based mainly on religious and ethnic identities. Religious and sectarian indoctrination, the rise of extremism along with issues of poverty, illiteracy, and socioeconomic factors have contributed to the rise of militant activities across the country. The nature of militancy differs across the provinces regarding their tactical capability, recruitment, and organizational base. This descriptive and exploratory research intends to map out variant forms of militancy that exist across Pakistan with different intensities and factors. Though the activities and strongholds of militants in Pakistan have been drastically reduced after Operation Zarb e Azb and Raddul Fassad the presence of militants in certain pockets explicates their strong roots and networking. Consequently, it is being observed that religious, ethnic, sectarian, and external support to some militant groups is a driving factor of militancy in Pakistan that in turn becomes a major challenge to the national security of Pakistan.

Chinese Securitization of Regional Connectivity in South Asia

by Maryam Azam and Sadia Mahmood Falki

China's foremost strategy of competing in international relations is principally based on connect... more China's foremost strategy of competing in international relations is principally based on connectivity and networking across regions. Chinese connectivity within the South Asian states explicates how China has prioritized its relationship with the Asian rim states for security, sustainability, and cooperation. The main elements of this strategy incorporate the development of maritime and land corridors across South Asia. This paper is based on a qualitative analysis that aims to develop a narrative of how securitization has been used within the South Asian policy matrix of China to attain regional connectivity. It signifies the Chinese policy to diversify economic partnerships with other states. The study focuses on how China has effectively securitized its diplomatic, geopolitical, and economic policies within South Asia? How did China strive to gain strategic and political leverage in the region? This research also unfolds potential threats for China concerning the region's emerging developments, primarily India's quadrilateral designs and the Post-US withdrawal situation in Afghanistan.

Mapping Militant Manifestations in Balochistan

IPRI Journal, 2020

Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse eff... more Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse effects on political, economic, social and ethnoreligious landscape of Pakistan. The case of Balochistan explicates the multivariate nature of militant manifestation in which nationalist and separatist aspirations tend to be a major tributary of militancy in Balochistan. The formation of militant groups on nationalistic and religious identities explains the two main sources of militant groups. Their linkages and networking further recognizes their operational capability and presence in the province. Moreover, geographical realities of the province along with its relationship with the federation and weak infrastructure, all contributes in shaping an environment which is conducive to militant tendencies in the shape of low intensity conflict. This article is based on a qualitative analysis which identifies genesis of militancy in Balochistan keeping in view the current changing geopolitical realities. After examining the facts, it is being concluded that traditionally call for separation is the driving force of militancy in Balochistan, however, ever since a decade, certain concentrated pockets of religiously grounded groups have been involved in target killing and suicide bombing.

Transnational Militant Network in Pakistan: An Analysis of Al Qaeda and Islamic State

Pakistan Perspectives, 2021

The presence of international militant networks within Pakistani territory became a major securit... more The presence of international militant networks within Pakistani territory became a major security challenge to Pakistan. The diffusion of Al Qaeda and Islamic State from the tribal belt to the urban centers of Pakistan expounds their capability of networking within the local settings. This paper intends to illustrate the presence, links, and structure of Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State in Pakistan through a qualitative analysis by using a descriptive and exploratory approach. The article insight the formation and presence of Al Qaeda and Islamic State in Pakistan, which has become the main fault line of militant nexus particularly after the post 9/11 developments.

Pakistan-Afghanistan Security Puzzle: Changing nature of Threats and Options: 2014 Onwards

by Maryam Azam and Yawar H A Y A T Shah

Pakistan Journal of International Affairs , 2021

In the case of the Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship, a constant fault line of conflict of intere... more In the case of the Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship, a constant fault line of conflict of interest, mistrust, suspicion, and divergent views of security has contributed towards competing misperceptions and deadlock on policy issues with each other. The historical legacy of Pak-Afghan relations particularly at the time of Soviet intervention continued as the main determinant of Pak-Afghan relations. In this context, 2001 became a pivotal year in the Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship, as it entirely changed the dynamics of their bilateral relationship as well as regional politics. Since then, the associated contemporary issues of security including border security, defense, and terrorism along with the nontraditional security threats are the main concerns of the policymakers on both sides. This article by using a descriptive and analytical lens of research would be investigating the growing security challenges to Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Pakistan -India Security Paradox: Between Deterrence and Coercive Diplomacy

Strategic Vision Institute: Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses, 2021

Pakistan and India, as two nuclear neighbors in South Asia with a hostile historical legacy, have... more Pakistan and India, as two nuclear neighbors in South Asia with a hostile historical legacy, have limited strategic options to pursue in an environment where uncertainty and threat are constant. In this context, India has moved in the recent past from a traditional deterrence towards a more escalatory posture under Modi led fascist regime. The primary emphasis of this study is to analyze how do India's intimidating tactics, particularly hybrid warfare undermine the security balance between India and Pakistan constantly causing the bilateral relations to swing between deterrence and coercive diplomacy. Indian war gaming tactics are a direct threat to conventional and nuclear deterrence.

Western Rhetoric on Jihad: A Critical Appraisal

Al-Azva ,Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2021

Jihad being one of the most significant conceptions in Islamic thought has been a contested conce... more Jihad being one of the most significant conceptions in Islamic thought has been a contested concept within western academia and policymakers. It is being observed that Jihad is considered a violent and aggressive doctrine by western countries. Therefore, it is considered a major threat and security risk by the western bloc. This perception has increased incidents of Islamophobia, faith-based hate, and animosity between Muslims and non-Muslim societies. This paper intends to develop a qualitative analysis to critically evaluate the main themes of Jihad believed by the west and their actual interpretation in Islam. The main objective of this paper is to differentiate between the western view about Jihad and its actual placement within the Islamic thought. It is being observed that acts of terrorism in the name of religion and a generic hatred within the west towards the Muslims are the main causes of a misleading western perception of Jihad.

A Comparative Analysis of Populist Regimes in Pakistan and Turkey

by Maryam Azam and Sadia Mahmood Falki

Journal of Politics and International Studies, 2021

Populist governments are mainly driven by economic setbacks, traditional rivalries with their pol... more Populist governments are mainly driven by economic setbacks, traditional rivalries with their political opponents, and authoritarian political strategies to overcome any potential challenge to their legitimacy. In this context, the government of Imran Khan in Pakistan and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey are two distinct case studies whose regimes have adopted a populist posture in their political practices. This research by focusing on these two case studies, primarily highlights that what happens when populists are in power? Secondly, this paper intends to explain that how populist discourse overshadowed their governance and political communication. Despite the fact that they have a large leadership following but their political oratory has failed to build a national resolve for the common masses.

China India Relations: A Complexity of Competitiveness with Cooperation

India Desk: Pakistan Study Centre, University of Punjab, Lahore, 2010

Recent Indian relations with China have twin factors of emphasis. On the one hand, border irritan... more Recent Indian relations with China have twin factors of emphasis. On the one hand, border irritants reemerged and on the other, the question of Dalai Lama became a source of added tensions between the two countries. Later, the Tibet question became a main cause of annoyance, as well. These developments became a definite source of departure from the cordial relations that these two countries are striving to have in
economic field.

Facebook as an Instrument of Political Participation in the Youth of Pakistan

by Maryam Azam and Komal Ahmed

Pakistan journal of international Affairs , 2021

The inclusion of social media in politics has brought major transformations in the political cult... more The inclusion of social media in politics has brought major transformations in the political culture and narrative building. In turn, it has massive impact on shaping and reshaping the public opinion. In addition, it also influences the perception of policy makers and leaders. In this context, this paper entails that how Facebook played a significant role in bringing youth as an active agent in the politics of Pakistan. The results identify that use of Facebook played a significant role in increasing youth participation and their interest in politics.

THE SOURCES OF MILITANCY IN PAKISTAN

Since more than a decade, Pakistan is been challenged by militant organizations. More than sixty ... more Since more than a decade, Pakistan is been challenged by militant organizations. More than sixty thousand people have been died so far. In addition to it has cost Pakistan more than 102.5 billion dollars. In addition it, people across Pakistan faced worse form of terrorist activities. Mosques, educational institutes, religious seminaries, markets, public points, armed forces, police, frontier crops, judiciary and politicians are targeted by the militants across Pakistan. The resultant political and economic instability reflects their radical agenda. Government of Pakistan along with its armed forces are fighting back this wave of militancy for more than a decade now. In this context, it is significant to investigate the cradles of militancy in Pakistan. This paper aims to explicate the main factors which contributes towards militancy in Pakistan. Political, economic, religious and societal sources are the focal areas of discussion.

Emergence of Sectarian Indigenous Militant Groups in Pakistan and Politicization of Militant Thought

A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 2019

The rise of sectarian groups in Pakistan has sprouted many internal challenges for the state as w... more The rise of sectarian groups in Pakistan has sprouted many internal challenges for the state as well as for the society. The issue of sectarianism is directly linked with the security and harmony of Pakistani society as it has culminated into a grave internal security challenge causing violence and loss of human life. The institutionalization of these groups and their role in the political landscape of Pakistan reflects their complicated nature, objectives and the overall discourse on which these groups are built. Despite the fact that government in various time periods have banned these sectarian militant groups but they were able to operate in shadows or under the banner of different names and roles. This piece of research aims to explicate their multidimensional roles and their capacity to operate and affect the security paradox as well as society as a whole.

INFRINGEMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND UN CHARTER IN INDIAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR

Margalla Papers, 2020

The Indian illegal occupation of Jammu and Kashmir is a continuous denial of the right of self-de... more The Indian illegal occupation of Jammu and Kashmir is a continuous denial of the right of self-determination, identity, independence, and freedom of expression to more than 12.55 million people. The Indian Armed Forces deployed in Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IIOJK) are extensively violating human rights and provisions of the UN Charter. Since the abolition of Articles 370 and 35 (A) from the Indian constitution in 2019, an additional 1.75 lakh Indian military personnel have also been deployed in Kashmir. This heavy deployment along with the imposition of yearlong lockdown and unwarranted subjugation of innocent Kashmiris is unprecedented. Against this backdrop, this paper intends to identify the humanitarian aspect of the Kashmir conflict that has entirely been disrespected by the Indian government. Communication, movement, and connectivity of the people of Kashmir has been cut off from the entire world. This paper also highlights that India is blatantly violating International Humanitarian Law and relevant UN Conventions in IIOJK. Despite this, the response of the international community towards this humanitarian crisis is bleak and inadequate.

Genesis of Militancy in Pakistan

IPRI Journal , 2014

Militancy has become a major security issue for Pakistan. More than 40 thousand Pakistani citizen... more Militancy has become a major security issue for Pakistan. More than 40 thousand Pakistani citizens have been killed by the terrorist gangs. Militants have targeted state institutions and challenged the writ of the government. The rise of militancy and extremist tendencies has strong roots in both recent and past history of the country. The terrorist outfits operate in the cover of religion and sanctify their acts as jihad. The roots of militancy can be traced to certain internal and external factors also: Political instability, Afghan Jihad of 1979, military regimes and low socio-economic indicators. The weak democratic structures have provided space to extremism to grow. As a result, terrorism is being used to foist extremist ideologies and achieve the agendas of the militant groups

Mapping Militant Manifestations in Balochistan

IPRI journal , 2020

Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse eff... more Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse effects on political, economic, social and ethno- religious landscape of Pakistan. The case of Balochistan explicates the multivariate nature of militant manifestation in which nationalist and separatist aspirations tend to be a major tributary of militancy in Balochistan. The formation of militant groups on nationalistic and religious identities explains the two main sources of militant groups. Their linkages and networking further recognizes their operational capability and presence in the province. Moreover, geographical realities of the province along with its relationship with the federation and weak infrastructure, all contributes in shaping an environment which is conducive to militant tendencies in the shape of low intensity conflict. This article is based on a qualitative analysis which identifies genesis of militancy in Balochistan keeping in view the current changing geopolitical realities. After examining the facts, it is being concluded that traditionally call for separation is the driving force of militancy in Balochistan, however, ever since a decade, certain concentrated pockets of religiously grounded groups have been involved in target killing and suicide bombing.

Provincial Mapping of Militancy in Pakistan 1

Provincial Mapping of Militancy in Pakistan, 2022

This study posits various forms of militant manifestation in Pakistan at the provincial level in ... more This study posits various forms of militant manifestation in Pakistan at the provincial level in order to identify distinct factors of militancy in Pakistan. In this context, militants in Pakistan are formally structured groups based mainly on religious and ethnic identities. Religious and sectarian indoctrination, the rise of extremism along with issues of poverty, illiteracy, and socioeconomic factors have contributed to the rise of militant activities across the country. The nature of militancy differs across the provinces regarding their tactical capability, recruitment, and organizational base. This descriptive and exploratory research intends to map out variant forms of militancy that exist across Pakistan with different intensities and factors. Though the activities and strongholds of militants in Pakistan have been drastically reduced after Operation Zarb e Azb and Raddul Fassad the presence of militants in certain pockets explicates their strong roots and networking. Consequently, it is being observed that religious, ethnic, sectarian, and external support to some militant groups is a driving factor of militancy in Pakistan that in turn becomes a major challenge to the national security of Pakistan.

Chinese Securitization of Regional Connectivity in South Asia

by Maryam Azam and Sadia Mahmood Falki

China's foremost strategy of competing in international relations is principally based on connect... more China's foremost strategy of competing in international relations is principally based on connectivity and networking across regions. Chinese connectivity within the South Asian states explicates how China has prioritized its relationship with the Asian rim states for security, sustainability, and cooperation. The main elements of this strategy incorporate the development of maritime and land corridors across South Asia. This paper is based on a qualitative analysis that aims to develop a narrative of how securitization has been used within the South Asian policy matrix of China to attain regional connectivity. It signifies the Chinese policy to diversify economic partnerships with other states. The study focuses on how China has effectively securitized its diplomatic, geopolitical, and economic policies within South Asia? How did China strive to gain strategic and political leverage in the region? This research also unfolds potential threats for China concerning the region's emerging developments, primarily India's quadrilateral designs and the Post-US withdrawal situation in Afghanistan.

Mapping Militant Manifestations in Balochistan

IPRI Journal, 2020

Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse eff... more Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse effects on political, economic, social and ethnoreligious landscape of Pakistan. The case of Balochistan explicates the multivariate nature of militant manifestation in which nationalist and separatist aspirations tend to be a major tributary of militancy in Balochistan. The formation of militant groups on nationalistic and religious identities explains the two main sources of militant groups. Their linkages and networking further recognizes their operational capability and presence in the province. Moreover, geographical realities of the province along with its relationship with the federation and weak infrastructure, all contributes in shaping an environment which is conducive to militant tendencies in the shape of low intensity conflict. This article is based on a qualitative analysis which identifies genesis of militancy in Balochistan keeping in view the current changing geopolitical realities. After examining the facts, it is being concluded that traditionally call for separation is the driving force of militancy in Balochistan, however, ever since a decade, certain concentrated pockets of religiously grounded groups have been involved in target killing and suicide bombing.

Transnational Militant Network in Pakistan: An Analysis of Al Qaeda and Islamic State

Pakistan Perspectives, 2021

The presence of international militant networks within Pakistani territory became a major securit... more The presence of international militant networks within Pakistani territory became a major security challenge to Pakistan. The diffusion of Al Qaeda and Islamic State from the tribal belt to the urban centers of Pakistan expounds their capability of networking within the local settings. This paper intends to illustrate the presence, links, and structure of Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State in Pakistan through a qualitative analysis by using a descriptive and exploratory approach. The article insight the formation and presence of Al Qaeda and Islamic State in Pakistan, which has become the main fault line of militant nexus particularly after the post 9/11 developments.

Pakistan-Afghanistan Security Puzzle: Changing nature of Threats and Options: 2014 Onwards

by Maryam Azam and Yawar H A Y A T Shah

Pakistan Journal of International Affairs , 2021

In the case of the Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship, a constant fault line of conflict of intere... more In the case of the Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship, a constant fault line of conflict of interest, mistrust, suspicion, and divergent views of security has contributed towards competing misperceptions and deadlock on policy issues with each other. The historical legacy of Pak-Afghan relations particularly at the time of Soviet intervention continued as the main determinant of Pak-Afghan relations. In this context, 2001 became a pivotal year in the Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship, as it entirely changed the dynamics of their bilateral relationship as well as regional politics. Since then, the associated contemporary issues of security including border security, defense, and terrorism along with the nontraditional security threats are the main concerns of the policymakers on both sides. This article by using a descriptive and analytical lens of research would be investigating the growing security challenges to Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Pakistan -India Security Paradox: Between Deterrence and Coercive Diplomacy

Strategic Vision Institute: Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses, 2021

Pakistan and India, as two nuclear neighbors in South Asia with a hostile historical legacy, have... more Pakistan and India, as two nuclear neighbors in South Asia with a hostile historical legacy, have limited strategic options to pursue in an environment where uncertainty and threat are constant. In this context, India has moved in the recent past from a traditional deterrence towards a more escalatory posture under Modi led fascist regime. The primary emphasis of this study is to analyze how do India's intimidating tactics, particularly hybrid warfare undermine the security balance between India and Pakistan constantly causing the bilateral relations to swing between deterrence and coercive diplomacy. Indian war gaming tactics are a direct threat to conventional and nuclear deterrence.

Western Rhetoric on Jihad: A Critical Appraisal

Al-Azva ,Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2021

Jihad being one of the most significant conceptions in Islamic thought has been a contested conce... more Jihad being one of the most significant conceptions in Islamic thought has been a contested concept within western academia and policymakers. It is being observed that Jihad is considered a violent and aggressive doctrine by western countries. Therefore, it is considered a major threat and security risk by the western bloc. This perception has increased incidents of Islamophobia, faith-based hate, and animosity between Muslims and non-Muslim societies. This paper intends to develop a qualitative analysis to critically evaluate the main themes of Jihad believed by the west and their actual interpretation in Islam. The main objective of this paper is to differentiate between the western view about Jihad and its actual placement within the Islamic thought. It is being observed that acts of terrorism in the name of religion and a generic hatred within the west towards the Muslims are the main causes of a misleading western perception of Jihad.

A Comparative Analysis of Populist Regimes in Pakistan and Turkey

by Maryam Azam and Sadia Mahmood Falki

Journal of Politics and International Studies, 2021

Populist governments are mainly driven by economic setbacks, traditional rivalries with their pol... more Populist governments are mainly driven by economic setbacks, traditional rivalries with their political opponents, and authoritarian political strategies to overcome any potential challenge to their legitimacy. In this context, the government of Imran Khan in Pakistan and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey are two distinct case studies whose regimes have adopted a populist posture in their political practices. This research by focusing on these two case studies, primarily highlights that what happens when populists are in power? Secondly, this paper intends to explain that how populist discourse overshadowed their governance and political communication. Despite the fact that they have a large leadership following but their political oratory has failed to build a national resolve for the common masses.

China India Relations: A Complexity of Competitiveness with Cooperation

India Desk: Pakistan Study Centre, University of Punjab, Lahore, 2010

Recent Indian relations with China have twin factors of emphasis. On the one hand, border irritan... more Recent Indian relations with China have twin factors of emphasis. On the one hand, border irritants reemerged and on the other, the question of Dalai Lama became a source of added tensions between the two countries. Later, the Tibet question became a main cause of annoyance, as well. These developments became a definite source of departure from the cordial relations that these two countries are striving to have in
economic field.

Facebook as an Instrument of Political Participation in the Youth of Pakistan

by Maryam Azam and Komal Ahmed

Pakistan journal of international Affairs , 2021

The inclusion of social media in politics has brought major transformations in the political cult... more The inclusion of social media in politics has brought major transformations in the political culture and narrative building. In turn, it has massive impact on shaping and reshaping the public opinion. In addition, it also influences the perception of policy makers and leaders. In this context, this paper entails that how Facebook played a significant role in bringing youth as an active agent in the politics of Pakistan. The results identify that use of Facebook played a significant role in increasing youth participation and their interest in politics.

THE SOURCES OF MILITANCY IN PAKISTAN

Since more than a decade, Pakistan is been challenged by militant organizations. More than sixty ... more Since more than a decade, Pakistan is been challenged by militant organizations. More than sixty thousand people have been died so far. In addition to it has cost Pakistan more than 102.5 billion dollars. In addition it, people across Pakistan faced worse form of terrorist activities. Mosques, educational institutes, religious seminaries, markets, public points, armed forces, police, frontier crops, judiciary and politicians are targeted by the militants across Pakistan. The resultant political and economic instability reflects their radical agenda. Government of Pakistan along with its armed forces are fighting back this wave of militancy for more than a decade now. In this context, it is significant to investigate the cradles of militancy in Pakistan. This paper aims to explicate the main factors which contributes towards militancy in Pakistan. Political, economic, religious and societal sources are the focal areas of discussion.

Emergence of Sectarian Indigenous Militant Groups in Pakistan and Politicization of Militant Thought

A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 2019

The rise of sectarian groups in Pakistan has sprouted many internal challenges for the state as w... more The rise of sectarian groups in Pakistan has sprouted many internal challenges for the state as well as for the society. The issue of sectarianism is directly linked with the security and harmony of Pakistani society as it has culminated into a grave internal security challenge causing violence and loss of human life. The institutionalization of these groups and their role in the political landscape of Pakistan reflects their complicated nature, objectives and the overall discourse on which these groups are built. Despite the fact that government in various time periods have banned these sectarian militant groups but they were able to operate in shadows or under the banner of different names and roles. This piece of research aims to explicate their multidimensional roles and their capacity to operate and affect the security paradox as well as society as a whole.

INFRINGEMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND UN CHARTER IN INDIAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR

Margalla Papers, 2020

The Indian illegal occupation of Jammu and Kashmir is a continuous denial of the right of self-de... more The Indian illegal occupation of Jammu and Kashmir is a continuous denial of the right of self-determination, identity, independence, and freedom of expression to more than 12.55 million people. The Indian Armed Forces deployed in Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IIOJK) are extensively violating human rights and provisions of the UN Charter. Since the abolition of Articles 370 and 35 (A) from the Indian constitution in 2019, an additional 1.75 lakh Indian military personnel have also been deployed in Kashmir. This heavy deployment along with the imposition of yearlong lockdown and unwarranted subjugation of innocent Kashmiris is unprecedented. Against this backdrop, this paper intends to identify the humanitarian aspect of the Kashmir conflict that has entirely been disrespected by the Indian government. Communication, movement, and connectivity of the people of Kashmir has been cut off from the entire world. This paper also highlights that India is blatantly violating International Humanitarian Law and relevant UN Conventions in IIOJK. Despite this, the response of the international community towards this humanitarian crisis is bleak and inadequate.

Genesis of Militancy in Pakistan

IPRI Journal , 2014

Militancy has become a major security issue for Pakistan. More than 40 thousand Pakistani citizen... more Militancy has become a major security issue for Pakistan. More than 40 thousand Pakistani citizens have been killed by the terrorist gangs. Militants have targeted state institutions and challenged the writ of the government. The rise of militancy and extremist tendencies has strong roots in both recent and past history of the country. The terrorist outfits operate in the cover of religion and sanctify their acts as jihad. The roots of militancy can be traced to certain internal and external factors also: Political instability, Afghan Jihad of 1979, military regimes and low socio-economic indicators. The weak democratic structures have provided space to extremism to grow. As a result, terrorism is being used to foist extremist ideologies and achieve the agendas of the militant groups

Mapping Militant Manifestations in Balochistan

IPRI journal , 2020

Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse eff... more Militant tendencies in Pakistan have been a leading security challenge because of its adverse effects on political, economic, social and ethno- religious landscape of Pakistan. The case of Balochistan explicates the multivariate nature of militant manifestation in which nationalist and separatist aspirations tend to be a major tributary of militancy in Balochistan. The formation of militant groups on nationalistic and religious identities explains the two main sources of militant groups. Their linkages and networking further recognizes their operational capability and presence in the province. Moreover, geographical realities of the province along with its relationship with the federation and weak infrastructure, all contributes in shaping an environment which is conducive to militant tendencies in the shape of low intensity conflict. This article is based on a qualitative analysis which identifies genesis of militancy in Balochistan keeping in view the current changing geopolitical realities. After examining the facts, it is being concluded that traditionally call for separation is the driving force of militancy in Balochistan, however, ever since a decade, certain concentrated pockets of religiously grounded groups have been involved in target killing and suicide bombing.