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Sakshi Minocha

APJ Abdul kalam technological university, Pharmaceutics, Graduate Student

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Experienced Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Pharma Specialist with a demonstrated history of working in the pharmaceuticals industry in production, Formulation and Development, Medical writer, content writing. Skilled in Microsoft Word, Sales, Documentation, Self-confidence, and Management. Strong sales professional.

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Papers by Sakshi Minocha

Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs by Various Techniques

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Jan 7, 2019

How to Choose the Best Fragrance for Your Cosmetics

Current Cosmetic Science

Background: Some people may experience allergic responses like skin irritation and rashes due to ... more Background: Some people may experience allergic responses like skin irritation and rashes due to the seductive aroma of your attractive cosmetic products. The fragrance in your cosmetic items can also lead to serious allergies like asthma and headaches, which may deter customers from purchasing your cosmetics. The development of fragrances is a crucial component of cosmetic formulation because it blends an aesthetic vision with knowledge of the chemistries and dynamics of the scent materials. Objective: When launching a cosmetics company and having a product ready to sell, it is crucial to take into account a number of elements, including the potency of the scent, the product's stability in the presence of heat and light, the compatibility of the ingredients, and the effects of the packaging. While certain compounds used in fragrances quickly disappear from the skin, others cling to it for longer. In order to accomplish the intended outcome and produce a product that is attracti...

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern me... more Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern medicines, herbal formulations are extensively used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines. Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; purity of crude drug by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;biological observation. Fingerprint analysis approach is the most important in quality control of herbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability. DNA fingerprinting is defined as the application of genetic/ molecular marker techniques which is used to identify cultivars. Fingerprinting is a process as it determines the concentrations of chemical substances in an herb by several methods like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR sequencing of rDNA-ITS region and DNA bar-coding. Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species.

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Hyperlipidemia often results from delayed or defective clearance, or overproduction of VLDL by th... more Hyperlipidemia often results from delayed or defective clearance, or overproduction of VLDL by the liver, which is subsequently transformed into LDL. The whole plant of Azadirachta indica was collected from local areas of Jaipur district areas of Rajasthan. The plant is authenticated by university of rajasthan by Drmanju Sharma dept of botany Selected medicinal plant were cut into small pieces, cleaned and shade dried at room temperature then subjected to physical evaluation with different parameters. Macerated 5 g of air dried drug coarsely powdered with 100 ml of ethanol of the specified strength in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for 18 h. About 2-3 g of powder is accurately weighed in a china dish and kept in hot air oven maintained at 110±1 o C for four hours. After cooling in a desiccator, the loss in weight was recorded. This procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. For insoluble ash value Boiled the ash for 5-10 minutes with 25 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid, collected the insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible washed with hot water, ignited and weighed. Whole plant of Azadirachtaindicawas reduced to fine powder and was subjected to maceration in a 1 liter conical flask for 7 days at room temperature with alcohol (70%) water (30%). In the present study we aimed to screen various extracts of selected plants on Cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Thus the results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess good antihyerlipidemic activity in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats and led to the development of new Herbal formulation possessing antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. This is the first study which investigates the hypolipidemic activity.

Approaches for Solubility enhancement of Floroqunilones(Second Generation) during Scale Up Procedures

International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2019

Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailabi... more Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailability and often pose a problem to scientists. Several techniques for solubility enhancement have been tried in this context. Solid dispersion technology is one such technique. Though, there was an excessive attentiveness in solid dispersion technology during the past times to increase solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, their lucrative use has been partial, because of manufacturing and stability problems. In the current work two such approaches were tried i.e., solvent evaporation and melting method. In solvent evaporation method, the drug was combined with lactose & mannitol and in melting method drug was combined with polymer PEG-6000. The % yield by these techniques was 88.1% and 94.5% respectively. These dispersions when formulated as tablets yielded tablets with good oval appearance, dissolution rate, solubility and stability.

Approaches for Solubility enhancement of Floroqunilones(Second Generation) during Scale Up Procedures

Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailabi... more Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailability and often pose a problem to scientists. Several techniques for solubility enhancement have been tried in this context. Solid dispersion technology is one such technique. Though, there was an excessive attentiveness in solid dispersion technology during the past times to increase solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, their lucrative use has been partial, because of manufacturing and stability problems. In the current work two such approaches were tried i.e., solvent evaporation and melting method. In solvent evaporation method, the drug was combined with lactose & mannitol and in melting method drug was combined with polymer PEG-6000. The % yield by these techniques was 88.1% and 94.5% respectively. These dispersions when formulated as tablets yielded tablets with good oval appearance, dissolution rate, solubility and stability.

AN OVERVIEW ON TANNINS

This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structur... more This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structure. Tannins are a complex group of polyphenolic compounds found in a wide range of plant species commonly consumed by ruminants. They are conventionally classified into two major groups:-the hydrolysable and the condensed tannins. During growth and maturation period in plants some substances can be found in structure of them which they have essential role in plant fortune. These substances are called plants secondary metabolites. One of the most important of secondary metabolites is Tannins. A great deal of research with tannins has followed an approach that looks at biological relationships: taxonomy, phylogeny, biosynthesis, nutritional and physiological effects on herbivorous animals e.g. ruminants. Their antimicrobial properties seemed to be associated with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits. Tannins in these fruits serve as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. The antimicrobial property of tannic acid can also be used in food processing to increase the shelflife of certain foods, such as catfish fillets. Tannins have also been reported to exert other physiological effects, such as to accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, produce liver necrosis, and modulate immunoresponses. The dosage and kind of tannins are critical to these effects. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze the vast and sometimes conflicting literature on tannins and to provide as accurately as possible the needed information for assessment of the overall effects of tannins.

AN OVERVIEW ON LAGENARIA SICERARIA (BOTTLE GOURD

Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents' science ancient times. Various plants... more Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents' science ancient times. Various plants parts including fruits of this family have been established for their pharmacological effect. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley (LS) is an annual herbaceous climbing plant Swith a long history of traditional medicinal uses in many countries, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Since ancient times the climber has been known for its curative properties, and has been utilized for treatment of various ailments, including jaundice, diabetes, ulcer, piles, colitis, insanity, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and skin diseases. Its fruit pulp is used both as an emetic and purgative, and for its cooling, diuretic, antibilious, and pectoral properties. Boiled in oil this pulp is used to treat rheumatism and insomnia. A wide range of chemical compounds including sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins have been isolated from the species. Its extracts have been found to possess various pharmacological activities. Below, we give a comprehensive review of its ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological profile as a medicinal plant. Particular attention is given to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, diuretic, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, and antibacterial effects so that its potential uses in pharmaceutics can be better evaluated. The plant has also been suggested to possess antioxidant activity, laxative, cardioprotective, diuretic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, central nervous system stimulant, anthelmintic, antihypertensive, immunosuppressive analgesic, adaptogenic and free radical scavenging activity. The fruit is reported to contain the triterepenoide cucurbitacins B, D, G, H, two sterols viz., fucosterol and campesterol, aerpene byonolic acid (an allergic compound), flavone-C glycosides (a ribosome inactivating protein) and lagenin. Extract of the Lagenaria siceraria seeds show antibiotic activity. It has the highest content of choline among all the vegetables known to man till date, which serves as the precursor of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which in turn is crucial for retaining and enhancing memory.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETES: A REVIEW

The ubiquity of diabetes is rapidly rising all over the globe at an alarming rate. Over the last ... more The ubiquity of diabetes is rapidly rising all over the globe at an alarming rate. Over the last three decades, the status of diabetes has been changed, earlier it was considered as a mild disorder of the elderly people. Now it becomes a major cause affecting the youth and middle aged people. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a complex disease. It is inability of the body to conserve water. Polydipsia and polyuria are the major manifestations of DI. The proper management of DI is the replenishment of water loss. The best management for primary polydipsia is fluid restriction while fluid intake is used for adipsic diabetes insipidus. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinological or metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence and incidence. High blood glucose levels are symptom of diabetes mellitus. It is associated with metabolic complications that can subsequently lead to premature death. The most disturbing trend is the shift in age of onset of diabetes to a younger age in the recent years. It is necessary to identify the diabetic patients at the earliest and provide appropriate lifestyle changes in preventing the onset of diabetes.

A REVIEW ON ACNE

Acne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by non-inflammatory (open ... more Acne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by non-inflammatory (open and closed comedones) and inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules, and nodules). Its pathogenesis is multifactorial-the interplay of hormonal, bacterial, and immunological (inflammatory) factors results in the formation of acne lesions. Although acne is not a life-threatening condition, it can have detrimental effects on the quality of life of affected individuals. Fortunately, acne is readily responsive to the wide-range of available medications, with the goals of therapy being to clear the lesions, prevent scarring, and limit any treatment-related sideeffects and psychosocial sequelae. Newer fixed-dose combination products target multiple acne pathogenic factors and offer simplified dosing regimens, which may potentially enhance both efficacy and patient adherence when compared with single agent therapy.

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to diss... more Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to dissolution but also because of a chemical reaction. Solubility is the phenomenon of dissolution of solid in liquid phase to provide a homogenous system. Solubility is one of the vital factors for accomplishing desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem seen with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. With all new discovered chemical entities about 40% drugs are lipophilic and doesn't shown therapeutic range due to their poor water solubility. Drug with poor water solubility shows slow dissolution rates, incomplete absorption and low bioavailability when taken orally. Drug solubility and bioavailability enhancement are the important in the formulation of pharmaceuticals. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System shows that Class II and IV drugs have low water solubility, poor dissolution, and low bioavailability. This review mentions different approaches used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs that includes particle size reduction, pH adjustment, and solid dispersion. This describes the techniques of solubilizaton for the attainment of effective absorption and improved bioavailability.

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to diss... more Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to dissolution but also because of a chemical reaction. Solubility is the phenomenon of dissolution of solid in liquid phase to provide a homogenous system. Solubility is one of the vital factors for accomplishing desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem seen with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. With all new discovered chemical entities about 40% drugs are lipophilic and doesn't shown therapeutic range due to their poor water solubility. Drug with poor water solubility shows slow dissolution rates, incomplete absorption and low bioavailability when taken orally. Drug solubility and bioavailability enhancement are the important in the formulation of pharmaceuticals. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System shows that Class II and IV drugs have low water solubility, poor dissolution, and low bioavailability. This review mentions different approaches used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs that includes particle size reduction, pH adjustment, and solid dispersion. This describes the techniques of solubilizaton for the attainment of effective absorption and improved bioavailability.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern me... more Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern medicines, herbal formulations are extensively used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines. Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality & purity of crude drug by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical &biological observation. Fingerprint analysis approach is the most important in quality control of herbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability. DNA fingerprinting is defined as the application of genetic/ molecular marker techniques which is used to identify cultivars. Fingerprinting is a process as it determines the concentrations of chemical substances in an herb by several methods like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR sequencing of rDNA-ITS region and DNA bar-coding. Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species.

A Review on Acne

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016

Acne is a cutaneous pleomorphic disorder of the pilosebaceous unit involving abnormalities in seb... more Acne is a cutaneous pleomorphic disorder of the pilosebaceous unit involving abnormalities in sebum production and is characterized by both inflammatory (papules, pustules and nodules) and non inflammatory (comedones, open and closed) lesions. Propioni bacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are common pus-forming microbes responsible for the development of various forms of, acne vulgaris. Common therapies that are used for the treatment of acne include topical, systemic, hormonal, herbal and combination therapy. It is the sequelae of the disease that are the distinguishing characteristics of acne in skin of color, namely post inflammatory hyperpigmentation and keloidal or hypertrophic scarring. Although often perceived as a self limited disease of adolescence, its prevalence remains high into adulthood. Nearly 90% of teenagers have acne, and half of them continue to experience symptoms as adults. By age 40 years, 1% of men and 5% of women still have lesions. Recent analyse...

Dengue: A Continuing Global Threat

Journal of drug discovery and therapeutics, 2016

Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne infection. An arbovirus named dengue virus is the causativ... more Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne infection. An arbovirus named dengue virus is the causative agent. Due to the nature of the mosquito-borne infection, dengue has become a significant public health threat in many developing tropical countries. Dengue had been present throughout tropical regions of the world for more than 50 years. Of several tropical regions, Southeast Asia is accepted as the area with the highest prevalence of this disease. A severe hemorrhagic form of dengue infection has become a leading infectious cause of death for local people in Southeast Asia. Francisco Pinheiro, a former researcher from the Division of Disease Prevention and Control, and the Special Program for Vaccines and Immunization, Pan American Health Organization (DC, USA), said that the highest incidence of dengue could be seen in Southeast Asia, particularly in Vietnam and Thailand, which together account for more than two-thirds of the overall reported cases in Asia. Hence, several groups are...

Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutic Delivery System

Nucleic acids have change biomedical research and become essential research tools. Nucleic acid m... more Nucleic acids have change biomedical research and become essential research tools. Nucleic acid molecules are useful in a variety of biochemical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Gene therapy is a technique used to correct defective genes which are responsible for disease development. Gene therapy involves the transference of new genetic material to the cell for obtaining a therapeutic benefit, which offers new option for the treatment of various diseases. Nucleic acid-based molecules (deoxyribonucleic acid, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid, complete genes, ribonucleic acid, and oligonucleotides) are used as research tools within the gene therapy and in molecular medicine

An Overview on Tannins

This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structur... more This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structure. Tannins are a complex group of polyphenolic compounds found in a wide range of plant species commonly consumed by ruminants. They are conventionally classified into two major groups: - the hydrolysable and the condensed tannins. During growth and maturation period in plants some substances can be found in structure of them which they have essential role in plant fortune. These substances are called plants secondary metabolites. One of the most important of secondary metabolites is Tannins. A great deal of research with tannins has followed an approach that looks at biological relationships: taxonomy, phylogeny, biosynthesis, nutritional and physiological effects on herbivorous animals e.g. ruminants. Their antimicrobial properties seemed to be associated with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits. Tannins in the...

Gleevec (Imatinib): A Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment

Journal of drug discovery and therapeutics, 2017

Deregulated protein tyrosine kinase activity is central to the pathogenesis of human cancers. Tar... more Deregulated protein tyrosine kinase activity is central to the pathogenesis of human cancers. Targeted therapy in the form of selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has transformed the approach to management of various cancers and represents a therapeutic breakthrough. Imatinib was one of the first cancer therapies to show the potential for such targeted action. Imatinib, an oral targeted therapy, inhibits tyrosine kinases specifically BCR-ABL, c-KIT, and PDGFRA. Apart from its remarkable success in CML and GIST, Imatinib benefits various other tumors caused by Imatinib-specific abnormalities of PDGFR and c-KIT. Imatinib has also been proven to be effective in steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease because of its anti-PDGFR action. Gleevec has been approved for the treatment of patients with positive inoperable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Gleevec is a signal transduction inhibitor that works by targeting the activity of enz...

An Overview on Lagenaria Siceraria (Bottle Gourd)

Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents’ science ancient times. Various plants... more Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents’ science ancient times. Various plants parts including fruits of this family have been established for their pharmacological effect. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley (LS) is an annual herbaceous climbing plant Swith a long history of traditional medicinal uses in many countries, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Since ancient times the climber has been known for its curative properties, and has been utilized for treatment of various ailments, including jaundice, diabetes, ulcer, piles, colitis, insanity, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and skin diseases. Its fruit pulp is used both as an emetic and purgative, and for its cooling, diuretic, antibilious, and pectoral properties. Boiled in oil this pulp is used to treat rheumatism and insomnia. A wide range of chemical compounds including sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins have been isolated from the species. Its extracts have been ...

Short Review on Dna-Fingerprinting and Standardization of Herbal Drugs

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern me... more Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern medicines, herbal formulations are extensively used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines. Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality & purity of crude drug by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical &biological observation. Fingerprint analysis approach is the most important in quality control of herbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability. DNA fingerprinting is defined as the application of genetic/ molecular marker techniques which is used to identify cultivars. Fingerprinting is a process as it determines the concentrations of chemical substances in an herb by several methods like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR sequencing of rDNA-ITS region and DNA bar-coding. Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identi...

Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs by Various Techniques

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Jan 7, 2019

How to Choose the Best Fragrance for Your Cosmetics

Current Cosmetic Science

Background: Some people may experience allergic responses like skin irritation and rashes due to ... more Background: Some people may experience allergic responses like skin irritation and rashes due to the seductive aroma of your attractive cosmetic products. The fragrance in your cosmetic items can also lead to serious allergies like asthma and headaches, which may deter customers from purchasing your cosmetics. The development of fragrances is a crucial component of cosmetic formulation because it blends an aesthetic vision with knowledge of the chemistries and dynamics of the scent materials. Objective: When launching a cosmetics company and having a product ready to sell, it is crucial to take into account a number of elements, including the potency of the scent, the product's stability in the presence of heat and light, the compatibility of the ingredients, and the effects of the packaging. While certain compounds used in fragrances quickly disappear from the skin, others cling to it for longer. In order to accomplish the intended outcome and produce a product that is attracti...

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern me... more Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern medicines, herbal formulations are extensively used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines. Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; purity of crude drug by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;biological observation. Fingerprint analysis approach is the most important in quality control of herbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability. DNA fingerprinting is defined as the application of genetic/ molecular marker techniques which is used to identify cultivars. Fingerprinting is a process as it determines the concentrations of chemical substances in an herb by several methods like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR sequencing of rDNA-ITS region and DNA bar-coding. Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species.

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Hyperlipidemia often results from delayed or defective clearance, or overproduction of VLDL by th... more Hyperlipidemia often results from delayed or defective clearance, or overproduction of VLDL by the liver, which is subsequently transformed into LDL. The whole plant of Azadirachta indica was collected from local areas of Jaipur district areas of Rajasthan. The plant is authenticated by university of rajasthan by Drmanju Sharma dept of botany Selected medicinal plant were cut into small pieces, cleaned and shade dried at room temperature then subjected to physical evaluation with different parameters. Macerated 5 g of air dried drug coarsely powdered with 100 ml of ethanol of the specified strength in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for 18 h. About 2-3 g of powder is accurately weighed in a china dish and kept in hot air oven maintained at 110±1 o C for four hours. After cooling in a desiccator, the loss in weight was recorded. This procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. For insoluble ash value Boiled the ash for 5-10 minutes with 25 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid, collected the insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible washed with hot water, ignited and weighed. Whole plant of Azadirachtaindicawas reduced to fine powder and was subjected to maceration in a 1 liter conical flask for 7 days at room temperature with alcohol (70%) water (30%). In the present study we aimed to screen various extracts of selected plants on Cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Thus the results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess good antihyerlipidemic activity in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats and led to the development of new Herbal formulation possessing antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities. This is the first study which investigates the hypolipidemic activity.

Approaches for Solubility enhancement of Floroqunilones(Second Generation) during Scale Up Procedures

International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2019

Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailabi... more Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailability and often pose a problem to scientists. Several techniques for solubility enhancement have been tried in this context. Solid dispersion technology is one such technique. Though, there was an excessive attentiveness in solid dispersion technology during the past times to increase solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, their lucrative use has been partial, because of manufacturing and stability problems. In the current work two such approaches were tried i.e., solvent evaporation and melting method. In solvent evaporation method, the drug was combined with lactose & mannitol and in melting method drug was combined with polymer PEG-6000. The % yield by these techniques was 88.1% and 94.5% respectively. These dispersions when formulated as tablets yielded tablets with good oval appearance, dissolution rate, solubility and stability.

Approaches for Solubility enhancement of Floroqunilones(Second Generation) during Scale Up Procedures

Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailabi... more Poor dissolution descriptions of water-insoluble drugs are a chief limitation in drug bioavailability and often pose a problem to scientists. Several techniques for solubility enhancement have been tried in this context. Solid dispersion technology is one such technique. Though, there was an excessive attentiveness in solid dispersion technology during the past times to increase solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, their lucrative use has been partial, because of manufacturing and stability problems. In the current work two such approaches were tried i.e., solvent evaporation and melting method. In solvent evaporation method, the drug was combined with lactose & mannitol and in melting method drug was combined with polymer PEG-6000. The % yield by these techniques was 88.1% and 94.5% respectively. These dispersions when formulated as tablets yielded tablets with good oval appearance, dissolution rate, solubility and stability.

AN OVERVIEW ON TANNINS

This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structur... more This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structure. Tannins are a complex group of polyphenolic compounds found in a wide range of plant species commonly consumed by ruminants. They are conventionally classified into two major groups:-the hydrolysable and the condensed tannins. During growth and maturation period in plants some substances can be found in structure of them which they have essential role in plant fortune. These substances are called plants secondary metabolites. One of the most important of secondary metabolites is Tannins. A great deal of research with tannins has followed an approach that looks at biological relationships: taxonomy, phylogeny, biosynthesis, nutritional and physiological effects on herbivorous animals e.g. ruminants. Their antimicrobial properties seemed to be associated with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits. Tannins in these fruits serve as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. The antimicrobial property of tannic acid can also be used in food processing to increase the shelflife of certain foods, such as catfish fillets. Tannins have also been reported to exert other physiological effects, such as to accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, produce liver necrosis, and modulate immunoresponses. The dosage and kind of tannins are critical to these effects. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze the vast and sometimes conflicting literature on tannins and to provide as accurately as possible the needed information for assessment of the overall effects of tannins.

AN OVERVIEW ON LAGENARIA SICERARIA (BOTTLE GOURD

Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents' science ancient times. Various plants... more Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents' science ancient times. Various plants parts including fruits of this family have been established for their pharmacological effect. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley (LS) is an annual herbaceous climbing plant Swith a long history of traditional medicinal uses in many countries, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Since ancient times the climber has been known for its curative properties, and has been utilized for treatment of various ailments, including jaundice, diabetes, ulcer, piles, colitis, insanity, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and skin diseases. Its fruit pulp is used both as an emetic and purgative, and for its cooling, diuretic, antibilious, and pectoral properties. Boiled in oil this pulp is used to treat rheumatism and insomnia. A wide range of chemical compounds including sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins have been isolated from the species. Its extracts have been found to possess various pharmacological activities. Below, we give a comprehensive review of its ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological profile as a medicinal plant. Particular attention is given to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, diuretic, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, and antibacterial effects so that its potential uses in pharmaceutics can be better evaluated. The plant has also been suggested to possess antioxidant activity, laxative, cardioprotective, diuretic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, central nervous system stimulant, anthelmintic, antihypertensive, immunosuppressive analgesic, adaptogenic and free radical scavenging activity. The fruit is reported to contain the triterepenoide cucurbitacins B, D, G, H, two sterols viz., fucosterol and campesterol, aerpene byonolic acid (an allergic compound), flavone-C glycosides (a ribosome inactivating protein) and lagenin. Extract of the Lagenaria siceraria seeds show antibiotic activity. It has the highest content of choline among all the vegetables known to man till date, which serves as the precursor of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which in turn is crucial for retaining and enhancing memory.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETES: A REVIEW

The ubiquity of diabetes is rapidly rising all over the globe at an alarming rate. Over the last ... more The ubiquity of diabetes is rapidly rising all over the globe at an alarming rate. Over the last three decades, the status of diabetes has been changed, earlier it was considered as a mild disorder of the elderly people. Now it becomes a major cause affecting the youth and middle aged people. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a complex disease. It is inability of the body to conserve water. Polydipsia and polyuria are the major manifestations of DI. The proper management of DI is the replenishment of water loss. The best management for primary polydipsia is fluid restriction while fluid intake is used for adipsic diabetes insipidus. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinological or metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence and incidence. High blood glucose levels are symptom of diabetes mellitus. It is associated with metabolic complications that can subsequently lead to premature death. The most disturbing trend is the shift in age of onset of diabetes to a younger age in the recent years. It is necessary to identify the diabetic patients at the earliest and provide appropriate lifestyle changes in preventing the onset of diabetes.

A REVIEW ON ACNE

Acne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by non-inflammatory (open ... more Acne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by non-inflammatory (open and closed comedones) and inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules, and nodules). Its pathogenesis is multifactorial-the interplay of hormonal, bacterial, and immunological (inflammatory) factors results in the formation of acne lesions. Although acne is not a life-threatening condition, it can have detrimental effects on the quality of life of affected individuals. Fortunately, acne is readily responsive to the wide-range of available medications, with the goals of therapy being to clear the lesions, prevent scarring, and limit any treatment-related sideeffects and psychosocial sequelae. Newer fixed-dose combination products target multiple acne pathogenic factors and offer simplified dosing regimens, which may potentially enhance both efficacy and patient adherence when compared with single agent therapy.

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to diss... more Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to dissolution but also because of a chemical reaction. Solubility is the phenomenon of dissolution of solid in liquid phase to provide a homogenous system. Solubility is one of the vital factors for accomplishing desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem seen with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. With all new discovered chemical entities about 40% drugs are lipophilic and doesn't shown therapeutic range due to their poor water solubility. Drug with poor water solubility shows slow dissolution rates, incomplete absorption and low bioavailability when taken orally. Drug solubility and bioavailability enhancement are the important in the formulation of pharmaceuticals. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System shows that Class II and IV drugs have low water solubility, poor dissolution, and low bioavailability. This review mentions different approaches used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs that includes particle size reduction, pH adjustment, and solid dispersion. This describes the techniques of solubilizaton for the attainment of effective absorption and improved bioavailability.

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to diss... more Solubility is not the ability to dissolve or thaw a substance; it may happen not only due to dissolution but also because of a chemical reaction. Solubility is the phenomenon of dissolution of solid in liquid phase to provide a homogenous system. Solubility is one of the vital factors for accomplishing desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem seen with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. With all new discovered chemical entities about 40% drugs are lipophilic and doesn't shown therapeutic range due to their poor water solubility. Drug with poor water solubility shows slow dissolution rates, incomplete absorption and low bioavailability when taken orally. Drug solubility and bioavailability enhancement are the important in the formulation of pharmaceuticals. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System shows that Class II and IV drugs have low water solubility, poor dissolution, and low bioavailability. This review mentions different approaches used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs that includes particle size reduction, pH adjustment, and solid dispersion. This describes the techniques of solubilizaton for the attainment of effective absorption and improved bioavailability.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern me... more Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern medicines, herbal formulations are extensively used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines. Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality & purity of crude drug by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical &biological observation. Fingerprint analysis approach is the most important in quality control of herbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability. DNA fingerprinting is defined as the application of genetic/ molecular marker techniques which is used to identify cultivars. Fingerprinting is a process as it determines the concentrations of chemical substances in an herb by several methods like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR sequencing of rDNA-ITS region and DNA bar-coding. Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identification and standardization of plant species.

A Review on Acne

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016

Acne is a cutaneous pleomorphic disorder of the pilosebaceous unit involving abnormalities in seb... more Acne is a cutaneous pleomorphic disorder of the pilosebaceous unit involving abnormalities in sebum production and is characterized by both inflammatory (papules, pustules and nodules) and non inflammatory (comedones, open and closed) lesions. Propioni bacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are common pus-forming microbes responsible for the development of various forms of, acne vulgaris. Common therapies that are used for the treatment of acne include topical, systemic, hormonal, herbal and combination therapy. It is the sequelae of the disease that are the distinguishing characteristics of acne in skin of color, namely post inflammatory hyperpigmentation and keloidal or hypertrophic scarring. Although often perceived as a self limited disease of adolescence, its prevalence remains high into adulthood. Nearly 90% of teenagers have acne, and half of them continue to experience symptoms as adults. By age 40 years, 1% of men and 5% of women still have lesions. Recent analyse...

Dengue: A Continuing Global Threat

Journal of drug discovery and therapeutics, 2016

Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne infection. An arbovirus named dengue virus is the causativ... more Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne infection. An arbovirus named dengue virus is the causative agent. Due to the nature of the mosquito-borne infection, dengue has become a significant public health threat in many developing tropical countries. Dengue had been present throughout tropical regions of the world for more than 50 years. Of several tropical regions, Southeast Asia is accepted as the area with the highest prevalence of this disease. A severe hemorrhagic form of dengue infection has become a leading infectious cause of death for local people in Southeast Asia. Francisco Pinheiro, a former researcher from the Division of Disease Prevention and Control, and the Special Program for Vaccines and Immunization, Pan American Health Organization (DC, USA), said that the highest incidence of dengue could be seen in Southeast Asia, particularly in Vietnam and Thailand, which together account for more than two-thirds of the overall reported cases in Asia. Hence, several groups are...

Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutic Delivery System

Nucleic acids have change biomedical research and become essential research tools. Nucleic acid m... more Nucleic acids have change biomedical research and become essential research tools. Nucleic acid molecules are useful in a variety of biochemical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Gene therapy is a technique used to correct defective genes which are responsible for disease development. Gene therapy involves the transference of new genetic material to the cell for obtaining a therapeutic benefit, which offers new option for the treatment of various diseases. Nucleic acid-based molecules (deoxyribonucleic acid, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid, complete genes, ribonucleic acid, and oligonucleotides) are used as research tools within the gene therapy and in molecular medicine

An Overview on Tannins

This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structur... more This review was investigated and identification structure, role of the tannins in plants structure. Tannins are a complex group of polyphenolic compounds found in a wide range of plant species commonly consumed by ruminants. They are conventionally classified into two major groups: - the hydrolysable and the condensed tannins. During growth and maturation period in plants some substances can be found in structure of them which they have essential role in plant fortune. These substances are called plants secondary metabolites. One of the most important of secondary metabolites is Tannins. A great deal of research with tannins has followed an approach that looks at biological relationships: taxonomy, phylogeny, biosynthesis, nutritional and physiological effects on herbivorous animals e.g. ruminants. Their antimicrobial properties seemed to be associated with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits. Tannins in the...

Gleevec (Imatinib): A Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment

Journal of drug discovery and therapeutics, 2017

Deregulated protein tyrosine kinase activity is central to the pathogenesis of human cancers. Tar... more Deregulated protein tyrosine kinase activity is central to the pathogenesis of human cancers. Targeted therapy in the form of selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has transformed the approach to management of various cancers and represents a therapeutic breakthrough. Imatinib was one of the first cancer therapies to show the potential for such targeted action. Imatinib, an oral targeted therapy, inhibits tyrosine kinases specifically BCR-ABL, c-KIT, and PDGFRA. Apart from its remarkable success in CML and GIST, Imatinib benefits various other tumors caused by Imatinib-specific abnormalities of PDGFR and c-KIT. Imatinib has also been proven to be effective in steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease because of its anti-PDGFR action. Gleevec has been approved for the treatment of patients with positive inoperable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Gleevec is a signal transduction inhibitor that works by targeting the activity of enz...

An Overview on Lagenaria Siceraria (Bottle Gourd)

Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents’ science ancient times. Various plants... more Cucurbitaceae family is a major source of medicinal agents’ science ancient times. Various plants parts including fruits of this family have been established for their pharmacological effect. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley (LS) is an annual herbaceous climbing plant Swith a long history of traditional medicinal uses in many countries, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Since ancient times the climber has been known for its curative properties, and has been utilized for treatment of various ailments, including jaundice, diabetes, ulcer, piles, colitis, insanity, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and skin diseases. Its fruit pulp is used both as an emetic and purgative, and for its cooling, diuretic, antibilious, and pectoral properties. Boiled in oil this pulp is used to treat rheumatism and insomnia. A wide range of chemical compounds including sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins have been isolated from the species. Its extracts have been ...

Short Review on Dna-Fingerprinting and Standardization of Herbal Drugs

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies

Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern me... more Medicinal plants play a key role in world health. In spite of new advances developed in modern medicines, herbal formulations are extensively used as therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases. Herbal drug technology is used for converting botanicals materials into medicines. Standardization is a process of evaluating the quality & purity of crude drug by various parameters like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical &biological observation. Fingerprint analysis approach is the most important in quality control of herbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability. DNA fingerprinting is defined as the application of genetic/ molecular marker techniques which is used to identify cultivars. Fingerprinting is a process as it determines the concentrations of chemical substances in an herb by several methods like RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR sequencing of rDNA-ITS region and DNA bar-coding. Development of fingerprints based on DNA markers is necessary for proper identi...