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Andrew Morris

Loughborough University, Design School, Faculty Member

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Michael Freeman

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

University of Cincinnati

Katarina Bohman

Oregon Health & Science University

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Papers by Andrew Morris

Thoracic Aortic Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes: The Effect of Impact Direction, Side of Body Struck, and Seat Belt Use

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2004

Background: Using in-depth, realworld motor vehicle crash data from the United States and the Uni... more Background: Using in-depth, realworld motor vehicle crash data from the United States and the United Kingdom, we aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors associated with thoracic aorta injuries. Methods: De-identified National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (U.S.) and Cooperative Crash Injury Study (U.K.) data formed the basis of this retrospective analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the level of risk of thoracic aorta injury associated with impact direction, seat belt use and, given the asymmetry of the thoracic cavity, whether being struck toward the left side of the body was associated with increased risk in side-impact crashes. Results: A total of 13,436 U.S. and 3,756 U.K. drivers and front seat passengers were analyzed. The incidence of thoracic aorta injury in the U.S. and U.K. samples was 1.5% (n ‫؍‬ 197) and 1.9% (n ‫؍‬ 70), respectively. The risk was higher for occupants seated on the side closest to the impact than for occupants involved in frontal impact crashes. This was the case irrespective of whether the force was applied toward the left (belted: relative risk [RR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-7.1; p < 0.001) or the right side (belted: RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-5.1; p < 0.004) of the occupant's body. For occupants involved in side-impact crashes, there was no difference in the risk of thoracic aorta injury whether the impacting force was applied toward the left or toward the right side of the occupant's body. Seat belt use provided a protective benefit such that the risk of thoracic aorta injury among un-belted occupants was three times higher than among belted occupants (RR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-4.3; p < 0.001); however, the benefit varied across impact direction. Thoracic aorta injuries were found to be associated with high impact severity, and being struck by a sports utility vehicle relative to a passenger vehicle (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3; p ‫؍‬ 0.001). Conclusion: Aortic injuries have been conventionally associated with frontal impacts. However, emergency clinicians should be aware that occupants of side-impact crashes are at greater risk, particularly if the occupant was unbelted and involved in a crash of high impact severity.

An approach to the derivation of the cost of UK vehicle crash injuries

Annual proceedings / Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 2006

An approach to costing of road crash injury has been developed using data from a 'Willingness... more An approach to costing of road crash injury has been developed using data from a 'Willingness-to-pay' survey mapped to injuries listed in the Abbreviated Injury Scale 1998 Revision. The costs derived have been applied to a database of real-world crash injuries that have been collected as part of the UK Cooperative Crash Injury Study (CCIS). The approach has been developed in order to determine future research priorities in vehicle passive safety. When all injuries in all crash-types are examined, the results highlight the cost of 'Whiplash' in the UK. When more serious injuries are considered, specifically those at AIS 2+, the cost of head injuries becomes evident in both frontal and side impacts.

An overview of requirements for the crash protection of older drivers

Annual proceedings / Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 2002

For some time now, it has been recognised that a major shift is occurring in the population age d... more For some time now, it has been recognised that a major shift is occurring in the population age distributions of most motorised countries resulting in a growing number of older persons with an increasing need for mobility. It is expected that the mobility of older persons will become even more reliant on the motor vehicle as European countries in particular undergo transitions towards decentralisation and suburbanisation and because of the well-established longevity factor. As a group, older drivers do not currently represent a major road safety problem in most Western societies when compared with other age groups such as the young. However, they are involved in significantly more serious injury and casualty crashes per head of population. Furthermore, as older drivers are likely to become a more significant problem in the years ahead, it is now necessary to examine some vehicle design factors that affect the safety of the older driver in a crash.

An opinion survey on road side speed control devices

Vehicle speeds have been identified as a contributory factor to the severity of road traffic cras... more Vehicle speeds have been identified as a contributory factor to the severity of road traffic crashes (Perez et al., 2007; World Health Organisation [WHO], 2013). Considering that car manufacturers are consistently portraying speed as a key performance feature or a higher standard of sporting performance, it is important to establish the true worth of speed to drivers and how vehicle speeds can be managed effectively if road crash deaths are to be reduced. This paper presents the findings of an online questionnaire conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) to ascertain the opinion about six selected roadside speed control devices. These speed control devices comprised two main categories; punitive (example; speed camera) and non-punitive (example; 'Bend Ahead' flashing sign) devices. In total 502 respondents were obtained from drivers and/or motorcyclists, 52% of whom were male. There were 76.1% of drivers who had more than ten years of driving experience and 32.9% who had never had a crash as a driver. The results indicate that drivers are knowledgeable about the purpose of the speed control devices. More people indicated that speed cameras had an influence on their driving speed than the vehicle activated signs which is understandable considering that speed cameras have punitive consequences. In general, respondents expressed positive views about the speed control devices. Other findings about the speed control devices are presented in this paper.

Mechanisms of Ankle and Hind-foot Injuries to Drivers and Passengers in Frontal Crashes as Deduced from Field Studies

International Journal of Crashworthiness, 1999

A cost effective far side crash simulation

International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2003

According to real-life crash data, one of the most harmful events among all side impacts is when ... more According to real-life crash data, one of the most harmful events among all side impacts is when the driverhead hits the far-side door when the car is hit from the far side. There is currently no established test method to simulate a crash where such an event is at risk of occurring. In order to assess real life injuries and develop countermeasures for far side crashes, standardized cost-effective test methods are needed. This paper presents a bending bar sled-test setup simulating a full-scale 3 o'clock far side crash. In the full scale crash-test a deformable barrier with a speed of 65 km/h struck the passenger side of a passenger car with a BioSID in the driver seat. The intrusion of the vehicle was over when the dummy hit the far side door and therefore there was no requirement to simulate intrusion rate and extent in the sled test. The remaining part of the deformed vehicle was chopped in front of the instrument panel and behind the front seats and was then fastened transversely onto a sled. The intruded passenger side was fixed and reinforced. The mid-console, the passenger door-trim and the belt system were replaced. A BioSID was placed in the driver seat according to the full scale crash and the sled impacted the chosen set of iron bars with a resulting ∆v of 24 km/h. As a result, the kinematics, accelerations and loading of the dummy were essentially the same as in the corresponding full scale crash. In conclusion, a sled test setup can be used to assess real life injuries and in the development of dummies and countermeasures for far side crashes of similar types as considered in the paper.

Designing the European road safety observatory

International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2005

Preliminary Experience of Passenger Airbag Deployments in Australia

19 cases of passenger airbag deployments in a frontal crash in which a passenger was present have... more 19 cases of passenger airbag deployments in a frontal crash in which a passenger was present have been investigated. These investigations were conducted as part of an on-going study of vehicle crash performance and occupant injury currently ongoing at the Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC). Preliminary results suggest that the US experience of fatalities caused by interaction of the passenger with the deploying airbag is not shared in Australia. This is probably because the seatbelt use in ...

Benefits of airbag refitment in second-hand cars in New Zealand

REPORT, 2001

Abstract: The Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA) has a policy of allowing second-hand vehicle... more Abstract: The Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA) has a policy of allowing second-hand vehicles to be imported into New Zealand. Current policy in this country requires airbags to be reinstalled when they have been deployed, following a crash or for some other reason if the vehicle was originally certified to comply with a frontal impact standard. Given the governments policy of" Safety at Reasonable Cost", it is important to demonstrate the likely benefits and costs associated with this policy. The Monash University Accident Research ...

The European road accident observatory

The development of a multidisciplinary system to understand causal factors in road crashes

The persistent lack of crash causation data to help inform and monitor road and vehicle safety po... more The persistent lack of crash causation data to help inform and monitor road and vehicle safety policy is a major obstacle. Data are needed to assess the performance of road and vehicle safety stakeholders and is needed to support the development of further actions. A recent analysis conducted by the European Transport Safety Council identified that there was no single system in place that could meet all of the needs and that there were major gaps including in-depth crash causation information. This paper describes the process of ...

Implementing the European road safety observatory in the safetynet project

In 2004 there were over 43,000 people who were killed on the roads of the 25 member states of the... more In 2004 there were over 43,000 people who were killed on the roads of the 25 member states of the European Union (EU), additionally around 3.3 million people were injured 1. The costs to society exceeded€ 180 billion which is around twice the annual budget of the European Commission and 2% of EU GDP. In 2001 the European Commission adopted a target of reducing fatalities by 50% 2 within a decade and identified several areas where it could make a direct contribution within the constraints of ...

SafetyNet Deliverable 5.7; Fatal Accident Database Development and Analysis-Final Report

Detta är en databas som innehåller referenser till publikationer i lärosäten.

SafetyNet Deliverable 5.5; Glossary of Data Variables for Fatal and Accident Causation Databases

Chalmers Publication Library (CPL). Forskningspublikationer från Chalmers Tekniska Högskola.

Integrated protocols for accident research on the scene (OTS)

VSRC, Loughborough University). Report prepared for UK DETR (VSE Division), Dec 8, 1999

Summary This report set out to develop an 'On-The-Scene'(OTS) protocol for investigatio... more Summary This report set out to develop an 'On-The-Scene'(OTS) protocol for investigation of road traffic accidents. It was intended that the main outcome would be to produce a methodology for investigating both accident and injury causation factors relating to road traffic accidents. These protocols are intended for use in a new research project working closely alongside police forces to gain a level of insight beyond existing studies without overtly concentrating on any one aspect of transport safety. This protocol report is an ...

Some characteristics of side-impact crashes involving modern passenger vehicles

This study examines some characteristics of side impact crashes involving modern passenger cars. ... more This study examines some characteristics of side impact crashes involving modern passenger cars. The UK National Accident Database (STATS 19) and UK In-depth Accident Database (CCIS) were analysed to determine crash characteristics and injury outcomes in side impacts. UK national accident data shows that clear improvements in injury outcomes in side impacts have been observed when a sample of 'older'vehicle designs are compared to 'newer'vehicle designs. The same is true in frontal and non-struck side impact crashes ( ...

Real-world Accident Data-Coordinated Methodologies for Data Collection to Improve Vehicle and Road Safety

PROCEEDINGS OF 18TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD NAGOYA, JAPAN, 19-22 MAY 2003, 2003

Real-world accident data is used as part of the process by which vehicles and roads are made safe... more Real-world accident data is used as part of the process by which vehicles and roads are made safer. Typically data is used to identify priorities in injury prevention and to support the development of test procedures. However the provision, nature and integration of accident data with safety policy is in many cases unsystematic and not fully capable of meeting the requirements of it. This paper examines the existing structures that utilise accident data to improve safety, and compares the existing systems in the US, UK, and EU ...

Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas

PROLOGUE Deliverable D, 2010

Naturalistic driving observation is a relatively new method for studying road safety issues, a me... more Naturalistic driving observation is a relatively new method for studying road safety issues, a method by which one can objectively observe various driver-and accident related behaviour. Typically, participants get their own vehicles equipped with some sort of data logging device that can record various driving behaviours such as speed, braking, lane keeping/variations, acceleration, deceleration etc., as well as one or more video cameras. In this way normal drivers are observed in their normal driving context while driving their own vehicles. Optimally, this allows for observation of the driver, vehicle, road and traffic environments and interaction between these factors. | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas | | PROLOGUE Deliverable D2.1| | 5 | | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas | | PROLOGUE Deliverable D2.1 | | 8 | | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas | | PROLOGUE Deliverable D2.1 | | 10 | | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas |

Effectiveness of ADR 69: a case-control study of crashed vehicles equipped with airbags

Australian Design Rule (ADR) 69 called for all new passenger cars to comply with a dynamic full f... more Australian Design Rule (ADR) 69 called for all new passenger cars to comply with a dynamic full frontal barrier crash test requirement, similar to US safety standard FMVSS 208 but with restrained test dummies. This study set out to evaluate how effective ADR 69 has been at preventing injuries and Harm to passenger car occupants in Australia since its introduction. A case-control study of real-world crashed vehicles equipped with and without Supplementary Restraint Systems was conducted. Data included 253 drivers in airbag- ...

An overview of upper extremity injuries to car occupants in UK vehicle crashes

To date, little is known about the biomechanics and epidemiology (in car crashes) of upper extrem... more To date, little is known about the biomechanics and epidemiology (in car crashes) of upper extremity injury and yet this body region, consisting of the shoulder, arms and hands is perhaps the most useful and versatile segment of the human body. Injury to this region is rarely life threatening but can produce impairment and disability. In this study, specifically AIS 2+ upper extremity injuries (most of which were fractures) were examined. In frontal struck side and rollover crashes, the risk of these injuries was found to be higher than that ...

Thoracic Aortic Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes: The Effect of Impact Direction, Side of Body Struck, and Seat Belt Use

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2004

Background: Using in-depth, realworld motor vehicle crash data from the United States and the Uni... more Background: Using in-depth, realworld motor vehicle crash data from the United States and the United Kingdom, we aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors associated with thoracic aorta injuries. Methods: De-identified National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (U.S.) and Cooperative Crash Injury Study (U.K.) data formed the basis of this retrospective analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the level of risk of thoracic aorta injury associated with impact direction, seat belt use and, given the asymmetry of the thoracic cavity, whether being struck toward the left side of the body was associated with increased risk in side-impact crashes. Results: A total of 13,436 U.S. and 3,756 U.K. drivers and front seat passengers were analyzed. The incidence of thoracic aorta injury in the U.S. and U.K. samples was 1.5% (n ‫؍‬ 197) and 1.9% (n ‫؍‬ 70), respectively. The risk was higher for occupants seated on the side closest to the impact than for occupants involved in frontal impact crashes. This was the case irrespective of whether the force was applied toward the left (belted: relative risk [RR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-7.1; p < 0.001) or the right side (belted: RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-5.1; p < 0.004) of the occupant's body. For occupants involved in side-impact crashes, there was no difference in the risk of thoracic aorta injury whether the impacting force was applied toward the left or toward the right side of the occupant's body. Seat belt use provided a protective benefit such that the risk of thoracic aorta injury among un-belted occupants was three times higher than among belted occupants (RR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-4.3; p < 0.001); however, the benefit varied across impact direction. Thoracic aorta injuries were found to be associated with high impact severity, and being struck by a sports utility vehicle relative to a passenger vehicle (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3; p ‫؍‬ 0.001). Conclusion: Aortic injuries have been conventionally associated with frontal impacts. However, emergency clinicians should be aware that occupants of side-impact crashes are at greater risk, particularly if the occupant was unbelted and involved in a crash of high impact severity.

An approach to the derivation of the cost of UK vehicle crash injuries

Annual proceedings / Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 2006

An approach to costing of road crash injury has been developed using data from a 'Willingness... more An approach to costing of road crash injury has been developed using data from a 'Willingness-to-pay' survey mapped to injuries listed in the Abbreviated Injury Scale 1998 Revision. The costs derived have been applied to a database of real-world crash injuries that have been collected as part of the UK Cooperative Crash Injury Study (CCIS). The approach has been developed in order to determine future research priorities in vehicle passive safety. When all injuries in all crash-types are examined, the results highlight the cost of 'Whiplash' in the UK. When more serious injuries are considered, specifically those at AIS 2+, the cost of head injuries becomes evident in both frontal and side impacts.

An overview of requirements for the crash protection of older drivers

Annual proceedings / Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 2002

For some time now, it has been recognised that a major shift is occurring in the population age d... more For some time now, it has been recognised that a major shift is occurring in the population age distributions of most motorised countries resulting in a growing number of older persons with an increasing need for mobility. It is expected that the mobility of older persons will become even more reliant on the motor vehicle as European countries in particular undergo transitions towards decentralisation and suburbanisation and because of the well-established longevity factor. As a group, older drivers do not currently represent a major road safety problem in most Western societies when compared with other age groups such as the young. However, they are involved in significantly more serious injury and casualty crashes per head of population. Furthermore, as older drivers are likely to become a more significant problem in the years ahead, it is now necessary to examine some vehicle design factors that affect the safety of the older driver in a crash.

An opinion survey on road side speed control devices

Vehicle speeds have been identified as a contributory factor to the severity of road traffic cras... more Vehicle speeds have been identified as a contributory factor to the severity of road traffic crashes (Perez et al., 2007; World Health Organisation [WHO], 2013). Considering that car manufacturers are consistently portraying speed as a key performance feature or a higher standard of sporting performance, it is important to establish the true worth of speed to drivers and how vehicle speeds can be managed effectively if road crash deaths are to be reduced. This paper presents the findings of an online questionnaire conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) to ascertain the opinion about six selected roadside speed control devices. These speed control devices comprised two main categories; punitive (example; speed camera) and non-punitive (example; 'Bend Ahead' flashing sign) devices. In total 502 respondents were obtained from drivers and/or motorcyclists, 52% of whom were male. There were 76.1% of drivers who had more than ten years of driving experience and 32.9% who had never had a crash as a driver. The results indicate that drivers are knowledgeable about the purpose of the speed control devices. More people indicated that speed cameras had an influence on their driving speed than the vehicle activated signs which is understandable considering that speed cameras have punitive consequences. In general, respondents expressed positive views about the speed control devices. Other findings about the speed control devices are presented in this paper.

Mechanisms of Ankle and Hind-foot Injuries to Drivers and Passengers in Frontal Crashes as Deduced from Field Studies

International Journal of Crashworthiness, 1999

A cost effective far side crash simulation

International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2003

According to real-life crash data, one of the most harmful events among all side impacts is when ... more According to real-life crash data, one of the most harmful events among all side impacts is when the driverhead hits the far-side door when the car is hit from the far side. There is currently no established test method to simulate a crash where such an event is at risk of occurring. In order to assess real life injuries and develop countermeasures for far side crashes, standardized cost-effective test methods are needed. This paper presents a bending bar sled-test setup simulating a full-scale 3 o'clock far side crash. In the full scale crash-test a deformable barrier with a speed of 65 km/h struck the passenger side of a passenger car with a BioSID in the driver seat. The intrusion of the vehicle was over when the dummy hit the far side door and therefore there was no requirement to simulate intrusion rate and extent in the sled test. The remaining part of the deformed vehicle was chopped in front of the instrument panel and behind the front seats and was then fastened transversely onto a sled. The intruded passenger side was fixed and reinforced. The mid-console, the passenger door-trim and the belt system were replaced. A BioSID was placed in the driver seat according to the full scale crash and the sled impacted the chosen set of iron bars with a resulting ∆v of 24 km/h. As a result, the kinematics, accelerations and loading of the dummy were essentially the same as in the corresponding full scale crash. In conclusion, a sled test setup can be used to assess real life injuries and in the development of dummies and countermeasures for far side crashes of similar types as considered in the paper.

Designing the European road safety observatory

International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2005

Preliminary Experience of Passenger Airbag Deployments in Australia

19 cases of passenger airbag deployments in a frontal crash in which a passenger was present have... more 19 cases of passenger airbag deployments in a frontal crash in which a passenger was present have been investigated. These investigations were conducted as part of an on-going study of vehicle crash performance and occupant injury currently ongoing at the Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC). Preliminary results suggest that the US experience of fatalities caused by interaction of the passenger with the deploying airbag is not shared in Australia. This is probably because the seatbelt use in ...

Benefits of airbag refitment in second-hand cars in New Zealand

REPORT, 2001

Abstract: The Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA) has a policy of allowing second-hand vehicle... more Abstract: The Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA) has a policy of allowing second-hand vehicles to be imported into New Zealand. Current policy in this country requires airbags to be reinstalled when they have been deployed, following a crash or for some other reason if the vehicle was originally certified to comply with a frontal impact standard. Given the governments policy of" Safety at Reasonable Cost", it is important to demonstrate the likely benefits and costs associated with this policy. The Monash University Accident Research ...

The European road accident observatory

The development of a multidisciplinary system to understand causal factors in road crashes

The persistent lack of crash causation data to help inform and monitor road and vehicle safety po... more The persistent lack of crash causation data to help inform and monitor road and vehicle safety policy is a major obstacle. Data are needed to assess the performance of road and vehicle safety stakeholders and is needed to support the development of further actions. A recent analysis conducted by the European Transport Safety Council identified that there was no single system in place that could meet all of the needs and that there were major gaps including in-depth crash causation information. This paper describes the process of ...

Implementing the European road safety observatory in the safetynet project

In 2004 there were over 43,000 people who were killed on the roads of the 25 member states of the... more In 2004 there were over 43,000 people who were killed on the roads of the 25 member states of the European Union (EU), additionally around 3.3 million people were injured 1. The costs to society exceeded€ 180 billion which is around twice the annual budget of the European Commission and 2% of EU GDP. In 2001 the European Commission adopted a target of reducing fatalities by 50% 2 within a decade and identified several areas where it could make a direct contribution within the constraints of ...

SafetyNet Deliverable 5.7; Fatal Accident Database Development and Analysis-Final Report

Detta är en databas som innehåller referenser till publikationer i lärosäten.

SafetyNet Deliverable 5.5; Glossary of Data Variables for Fatal and Accident Causation Databases

Chalmers Publication Library (CPL). Forskningspublikationer från Chalmers Tekniska Högskola.

Integrated protocols for accident research on the scene (OTS)

VSRC, Loughborough University). Report prepared for UK DETR (VSE Division), Dec 8, 1999

Summary This report set out to develop an 'On-The-Scene'(OTS) protocol for investigatio... more Summary This report set out to develop an 'On-The-Scene'(OTS) protocol for investigation of road traffic accidents. It was intended that the main outcome would be to produce a methodology for investigating both accident and injury causation factors relating to road traffic accidents. These protocols are intended for use in a new research project working closely alongside police forces to gain a level of insight beyond existing studies without overtly concentrating on any one aspect of transport safety. This protocol report is an ...

Some characteristics of side-impact crashes involving modern passenger vehicles

This study examines some characteristics of side impact crashes involving modern passenger cars. ... more This study examines some characteristics of side impact crashes involving modern passenger cars. The UK National Accident Database (STATS 19) and UK In-depth Accident Database (CCIS) were analysed to determine crash characteristics and injury outcomes in side impacts. UK national accident data shows that clear improvements in injury outcomes in side impacts have been observed when a sample of 'older'vehicle designs are compared to 'newer'vehicle designs. The same is true in frontal and non-struck side impact crashes ( ...

Real-world Accident Data-Coordinated Methodologies for Data Collection to Improve Vehicle and Road Safety

PROCEEDINGS OF 18TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON THE ENHANCED SAFETY OF VEHICLES, HELD NAGOYA, JAPAN, 19-22 MAY 2003, 2003

Real-world accident data is used as part of the process by which vehicles and roads are made safe... more Real-world accident data is used as part of the process by which vehicles and roads are made safer. Typically data is used to identify priorities in injury prevention and to support the development of test procedures. However the provision, nature and integration of accident data with safety policy is in many cases unsystematic and not fully capable of meeting the requirements of it. This paper examines the existing structures that utilise accident data to improve safety, and compares the existing systems in the US, UK, and EU ...

Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas

PROLOGUE Deliverable D, 2010

Naturalistic driving observation is a relatively new method for studying road safety issues, a me... more Naturalistic driving observation is a relatively new method for studying road safety issues, a method by which one can objectively observe various driver-and accident related behaviour. Typically, participants get their own vehicles equipped with some sort of data logging device that can record various driving behaviours such as speed, braking, lane keeping/variations, acceleration, deceleration etc., as well as one or more video cameras. In this way normal drivers are observed in their normal driving context while driving their own vehicles. Optimally, this allows for observation of the driver, vehicle, road and traffic environments and interaction between these factors. | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas | | PROLOGUE Deliverable D2.1| | 5 | | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas | | PROLOGUE Deliverable D2.1 | | 8 | | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas | | PROLOGUE Deliverable D2.1 | | 10 | | Data collection, analysis methods and equipment for naturalistic studies and requirements for the different application areas |

Effectiveness of ADR 69: a case-control study of crashed vehicles equipped with airbags

Australian Design Rule (ADR) 69 called for all new passenger cars to comply with a dynamic full f... more Australian Design Rule (ADR) 69 called for all new passenger cars to comply with a dynamic full frontal barrier crash test requirement, similar to US safety standard FMVSS 208 but with restrained test dummies. This study set out to evaluate how effective ADR 69 has been at preventing injuries and Harm to passenger car occupants in Australia since its introduction. A case-control study of real-world crashed vehicles equipped with and without Supplementary Restraint Systems was conducted. Data included 253 drivers in airbag- ...

An overview of upper extremity injuries to car occupants in UK vehicle crashes

To date, little is known about the biomechanics and epidemiology (in car crashes) of upper extrem... more To date, little is known about the biomechanics and epidemiology (in car crashes) of upper extremity injury and yet this body region, consisting of the shoulder, arms and hands is perhaps the most useful and versatile segment of the human body. Injury to this region is rarely life threatening but can produce impairment and disability. In this study, specifically AIS 2+ upper extremity injuries (most of which were fractures) were examined. In frontal struck side and rollover crashes, the risk of these injuries was found to be higher than that ...