International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2008
... Barry Cotton is an Associate Professor of Marketing at the School of Commerce and Administrat... more ... Barry Cotton is an Associate Professor of Marketing at the School of Commerce and Administration, Faculty of Management, Laurentian ... Another research by McLarty (2005) reports self-employment levels among university graduates ranging between 2% and 10% in the UK, but ...
Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 2007
Mega-retailers are widely criticized as causing devastation among smaller retailers, particularly... more Mega-retailers are widely criticized as causing devastation among smaller retailers, particularly in mid-sized markets in the United States. Others argue that small retailers can survive "in the shadow of the retail giants," by offering levels of customer service that the mega-retailers can't provide due to their very size. This paper reports the findings of an empirical study of the perceived impact of the recent opening of box-retailers, such as Costco and Home Depot on locally owned/operated small retailers in the northeastern Ontario city of Greater Sudbury, Canada from 1999 to 2003. The sample included 78 smaller store owners, on average in oper ation for the last 21 years. Aggregate results confinned the hypotheses that small retailers suffered lower sales and clientele since the arrival of mega-retailers, and could clearly identity their and mega-retailers' respective competitive advantages and disadvantages as compared to each other. Respondents had a significant perception of having an advantage over their mega-competitors in the areas of Store Cleanliness, Value for the Customer, Products' Quality, and Store Layout. While a number of respondents suffered lower sales, about one-third of them (the Resisting Retailers) had average sales growth of over 21 %. Differentiation and Niche Marketing were the main aspects of a successful competing strategy adopted by resisting retailers against mega-retailers. Some of the strategic moves adopted by resisting retailers amounted to a "Vacuum Strategy," which includes the refusal to carry brands available at mega-stores, and the refusal to service such brands or to have anything to do with mega retailers, refusing any alliance with them and making it known to customers. SOMMAIRE. Les mega-detaillants se font souvent critiquer pour semer la ruine chez les petits detaillants, surtout dans les marches moyens des Etats-Unis. Certains, par contre, maintiennent que les petits detaillants peuvent survivre « a l'ombre des geants du detail» en offrant un service ala clientele qui n'est pas disponible aux mega-detaillants. Le present article presente les conclusions d'une etude empirique sur I'impact ressenti a I'occasion de l'ouverture recente de grandes surfaces telles que Costco et Home Depot par les petits detaillants de Greater Sudbury, au nord-ouest de I'Ontario (Canada), entre 1999 et 2003. L'echantillon comprenait 78 proprietaires de petits magasins, en service pour la plupart depuis 21 ans. Les resultats d'ensemble confinnent I'hypothese que les petits detaillants confrontent une baisse des ventes et de la clientele depuis l'arrivee des mega-detaillants, et identifient clairement, en les comparant, les avantages et desavantages concurrentiels des deux groupes. Les repondants avaient la forte impression de posseder un avantage sur leurs mega-concurrents dans ces domaines : proprete du magasin, qualite du service, qualite du produit, et arnenagement du magasin. Tandis qu'un certain nombre de repondants ont subi une baisse des ventes, environ un tiers d'entre eux (les resistants) ont vu leurs ventes monter en moyenne de 21%. La differenciation et la mercatique de creneau representent les principaux aspects d'une strategie concurrentielle fructueuse adoptee par les resistants contre les mega-detaillants. Certaines des actions adoptees equivalaient a une «strategie par Ie vide» consistant arefuser de vendre les marques disponibles dans les grandes surfaces ou de s'occuper de leur service apres vente, a eviter tout rapport avec leurs concurrents, et a faire connaitre leur demarche aleur clientele.
ABSTRACT First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nip... more ABSTRACT First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nipissing area of Ontario, Canada, including the territory of the Indigenous Nipissing First Nation (Anishinabe). A full version of the book is available at Laurentian University's J.N. Desmarais Library HD 2346 O5 C33 1997. Une version française complète du document est disponible sur le site researchgate.net de l'auteur principal.
The article proposes a framework for educating university students into successful business plann... more The article proposes a framework for educating university students into successful business planning.
First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nipissing ar... more First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nipissing area of Ontario, Canada, including the territory of the Indigenous Nipissing First Nation (Anishinabe). A full version of the book is available at Laurentian University's J.N. Desmarais Library HD 2346 O5 C33 1997. Une version française complète du document est disponible sur le site researchgate.net de l'auteur principal.
Étude empirique sur l'entrepreneurship dans la région de Nipissing ouest, incluant la Premièr... more Étude empirique sur l'entrepreneurship dans la région de Nipissing ouest, incluant la Première Nation Autochtone Nipissing en Ontario, Canada. Empirical study of entrepreneurship in the West Nipissing region of Ontario, Canada, including the Indigenous Nipissing First Nation. Library of Congress code HD 2346 O5 C33 1997.
This article shows how small retailers develop strategies to compete against new large retailers ... more This article shows how small retailers develop strategies to compete against new large retailers who invade their market. Three main strategies are described relative to brands and customer service.
The INOVE Project: Developing Entrepreneurship among the West Nipissing Communities, Jun 1997
A study about the state of small business in the West Nipissing region, a touristic and rural reg... more A study about the state of small business in the West Nipissing region, a touristic and rural region of Ontario, Canada, which includes the Nipissing First Nation, as well as several communities including Sturgeon Falls and Verner. American writer Ernest Hemingway had a cottage in the area, known for its pristine rivers and lakes.
Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 1987
ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial investigation of the possibility of identifying an entrep... more ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial investigation of the possibility of identifying an entrepreneurial orientation among subjects who have undergone a venture identification and creation experience. The basis for the development of the measurement model were characteristics identified from the literature as forming the emerging entrepreneur paradigm. The purpose of the longitudinal research is to establish a methodology for the identification of people possessing entrepreneurial potential and whose further development could then be encouraged. Variables in the model which proved to be predictors of entrepreneurial orientation included Locus of Control which is a very strong entrepreneurial orientation. Attitude Towards Risk proved to be a predictor of a general interest in entrepreneurial activities, supporting findings in the literature. Significantly, a new variable was identified out of scales measuring Personal Objectives (PO). A strong link was found between the nature of personal skill advantages, objectives and interests fulfilled during the experimental project and entrepreneurial orientation. SOMMAIRE Cet article rend compte de travaux initiaux sur la determination de l'esprit d'entreprise de sujets qui ont fait une experience supposant la prise de risques et un recours à la création. Le modèle de mesure a été élaboré à partir de caractéristiques trouvées dans les livres pertinents sur ce qui constitue l'archetype de l'entrepreneur en puissance. La recherche longitudinale vise a trouver des méthodes pour déterminer les personnes douées d'un esprit d'entreprise dont on peut favoriser le développement. Parmi les variables du modèle qui se sont révélées être des indices d'esprit d'entreprise, figure le "lieu géométrique d'autorité", un critère très important. II s'est avéré que l'attitude face au risque était un indice d'intérêt général pour les activités reliées à l'esprit d'entreprise, ce qui corrobore les constatations des écrits sur la question. Une nouvelle variable a été dégagée des échelles qui mesurent les objectifs personnels(OP). On a, en effet, découvert un lien étroit entre les aptitudes, les objectifs et les intérêts personnels concrétisés au cours du projet expérimental, d'une part, et l'esprit d'entreprise, d'autre part. This research was funded in part by a Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council of Canada block grant.
A n m enriironiiicntnl perforirinnce niodcl is developed, explained and sribseq~iently npplied to... more A n m enriironiiicntnl perforirinnce niodcl is developed, explained and sribseq~iently npplied to a strrdy of the Cnnadinn recycled pnper indristry. The strntegic position of the industry is explored ns it takes the progressioe steps needed to iiiiprove its enz~ironriicntal perforiiiance and coiiipetitive ndvantage in response to this rising regirlntory ngcnda. Three polinj options fncing the Cnnndinn p i i l p and pnper indiistry nre examined: the stntiis quo, process teclinology innovntion and product dmelopmcnt. The strategic position of the industry is also cxaiiiined rising iiiensiircriient of stance, attitude, gowrnriienf response, values, planning horizon and environiiientd intcgrntion. The sir~p~ier-consrri?ler relationship, cnpita/-tcchno/ogy and locational factors arc also rised to frirtlzer discuss the links betuieen coiiipetitive advantnge and environniental perfbrinance. From this discussion, conclrrsions nre drarun on coiiipefilioe environiiientalisiii: ethics and profit ore coinpatibk; nmusprint mills iirirst iniprove their locntional, technology and ninrkef actions; the indirstry iiirist pronctirdy scck out environiircntnl iiinrket and stnkelioldcr opportirnities and; further rtinnagciiient rescorch is needed to dciironstrnte the links betrc~cen cnz~ironiiientnl perfbriiiance, innozJation and coriipetit ivencss.
International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2008
At Laurentian University (Ontario, Canada), all second-year Business students complete an entrepr... more At Laurentian University (Ontario, Canada), all second-year Business students complete an entrepreneurial active learning experience by preparing a comprehensive business plan over six months. Students develop an original business idea, perform a market research, and prepare a detailed business plan. This activity involves active, collaborative, and small group learning, and 'learning by doing'. This research verified whether Personal Objectives, Attitude towards Risk, Internality and Perceptions on Tutoring variables were associated with a high Entrepreneurial Orientation and whether highly entrepreneurial students had attitudes similar to those of self-employed graduates. Results showed that personal attitudes of students towards the business plan project related to the strength of their entrepreneurial orientation. Laurentian graduates high rate of self-employment was over 20%.
International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2008
... Barry Cotton is an Associate Professor of Marketing at the School of Commerce and Administrat... more ... Barry Cotton is an Associate Professor of Marketing at the School of Commerce and Administration, Faculty of Management, Laurentian ... Another research by McLarty (2005) reports self-employment levels among university graduates ranging between 2% and 10% in the UK, but ...
Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 2007
Mega-retailers are widely criticized as causing devastation among smaller retailers, particularly... more Mega-retailers are widely criticized as causing devastation among smaller retailers, particularly in mid-sized markets in the United States. Others argue that small retailers can survive "in the shadow of the retail giants," by offering levels of customer service that the mega-retailers can't provide due to their very size. This paper reports the findings of an empirical study of the perceived impact of the recent opening of box-retailers, such as Costco and Home Depot on locally owned/operated small retailers in the northeastern Ontario city of Greater Sudbury, Canada from 1999 to 2003. The sample included 78 smaller store owners, on average in oper ation for the last 21 years. Aggregate results confinned the hypotheses that small retailers suffered lower sales and clientele since the arrival of mega-retailers, and could clearly identity their and mega-retailers' respective competitive advantages and disadvantages as compared to each other. Respondents had a significant perception of having an advantage over their mega-competitors in the areas of Store Cleanliness, Value for the Customer, Products' Quality, and Store Layout. While a number of respondents suffered lower sales, about one-third of them (the Resisting Retailers) had average sales growth of over 21 %. Differentiation and Niche Marketing were the main aspects of a successful competing strategy adopted by resisting retailers against mega-retailers. Some of the strategic moves adopted by resisting retailers amounted to a "Vacuum Strategy," which includes the refusal to carry brands available at mega-stores, and the refusal to service such brands or to have anything to do with mega retailers, refusing any alliance with them and making it known to customers. SOMMAIRE. Les mega-detaillants se font souvent critiquer pour semer la ruine chez les petits detaillants, surtout dans les marches moyens des Etats-Unis. Certains, par contre, maintiennent que les petits detaillants peuvent survivre « a l'ombre des geants du detail» en offrant un service ala clientele qui n'est pas disponible aux mega-detaillants. Le present article presente les conclusions d'une etude empirique sur I'impact ressenti a I'occasion de l'ouverture recente de grandes surfaces telles que Costco et Home Depot par les petits detaillants de Greater Sudbury, au nord-ouest de I'Ontario (Canada), entre 1999 et 2003. L'echantillon comprenait 78 proprietaires de petits magasins, en service pour la plupart depuis 21 ans. Les resultats d'ensemble confinnent I'hypothese que les petits detaillants confrontent une baisse des ventes et de la clientele depuis l'arrivee des mega-detaillants, et identifient clairement, en les comparant, les avantages et desavantages concurrentiels des deux groupes. Les repondants avaient la forte impression de posseder un avantage sur leurs mega-concurrents dans ces domaines : proprete du magasin, qualite du service, qualite du produit, et arnenagement du magasin. Tandis qu'un certain nombre de repondants ont subi une baisse des ventes, environ un tiers d'entre eux (les resistants) ont vu leurs ventes monter en moyenne de 21%. La differenciation et la mercatique de creneau representent les principaux aspects d'une strategie concurrentielle fructueuse adoptee par les resistants contre les mega-detaillants. Certaines des actions adoptees equivalaient a une «strategie par Ie vide» consistant arefuser de vendre les marques disponibles dans les grandes surfaces ou de s'occuper de leur service apres vente, a eviter tout rapport avec leurs concurrents, et a faire connaitre leur demarche aleur clientele.
ABSTRACT First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nip... more ABSTRACT First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nipissing area of Ontario, Canada, including the territory of the Indigenous Nipissing First Nation (Anishinabe). A full version of the book is available at Laurentian University's J.N. Desmarais Library HD 2346 O5 C33 1997. Une version française complète du document est disponible sur le site researchgate.net de l'auteur principal.
The article proposes a framework for educating university students into successful business plann... more The article proposes a framework for educating university students into successful business planning.
First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nipissing ar... more First part of the book manuscript describing the state of small business in the West Nipissing area of Ontario, Canada, including the territory of the Indigenous Nipissing First Nation (Anishinabe). A full version of the book is available at Laurentian University's J.N. Desmarais Library HD 2346 O5 C33 1997. Une version française complète du document est disponible sur le site researchgate.net de l'auteur principal.
Étude empirique sur l'entrepreneurship dans la région de Nipissing ouest, incluant la Premièr... more Étude empirique sur l'entrepreneurship dans la région de Nipissing ouest, incluant la Première Nation Autochtone Nipissing en Ontario, Canada. Empirical study of entrepreneurship in the West Nipissing region of Ontario, Canada, including the Indigenous Nipissing First Nation. Library of Congress code HD 2346 O5 C33 1997.
This article shows how small retailers develop strategies to compete against new large retailers ... more This article shows how small retailers develop strategies to compete against new large retailers who invade their market. Three main strategies are described relative to brands and customer service.
The INOVE Project: Developing Entrepreneurship among the West Nipissing Communities, Jun 1997
A study about the state of small business in the West Nipissing region, a touristic and rural reg... more A study about the state of small business in the West Nipissing region, a touristic and rural region of Ontario, Canada, which includes the Nipissing First Nation, as well as several communities including Sturgeon Falls and Verner. American writer Ernest Hemingway had a cottage in the area, known for its pristine rivers and lakes.
Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 1987
ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial investigation of the possibility of identifying an entrep... more ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial investigation of the possibility of identifying an entrepreneurial orientation among subjects who have undergone a venture identification and creation experience. The basis for the development of the measurement model were characteristics identified from the literature as forming the emerging entrepreneur paradigm. The purpose of the longitudinal research is to establish a methodology for the identification of people possessing entrepreneurial potential and whose further development could then be encouraged. Variables in the model which proved to be predictors of entrepreneurial orientation included Locus of Control which is a very strong entrepreneurial orientation. Attitude Towards Risk proved to be a predictor of a general interest in entrepreneurial activities, supporting findings in the literature. Significantly, a new variable was identified out of scales measuring Personal Objectives (PO). A strong link was found between the nature of personal skill advantages, objectives and interests fulfilled during the experimental project and entrepreneurial orientation. SOMMAIRE Cet article rend compte de travaux initiaux sur la determination de l'esprit d'entreprise de sujets qui ont fait une experience supposant la prise de risques et un recours à la création. Le modèle de mesure a été élaboré à partir de caractéristiques trouvées dans les livres pertinents sur ce qui constitue l'archetype de l'entrepreneur en puissance. La recherche longitudinale vise a trouver des méthodes pour déterminer les personnes douées d'un esprit d'entreprise dont on peut favoriser le développement. Parmi les variables du modèle qui se sont révélées être des indices d'esprit d'entreprise, figure le "lieu géométrique d'autorité", un critère très important. II s'est avéré que l'attitude face au risque était un indice d'intérêt général pour les activités reliées à l'esprit d'entreprise, ce qui corrobore les constatations des écrits sur la question. Une nouvelle variable a été dégagée des échelles qui mesurent les objectifs personnels(OP). On a, en effet, découvert un lien étroit entre les aptitudes, les objectifs et les intérêts personnels concrétisés au cours du projet expérimental, d'une part, et l'esprit d'entreprise, d'autre part. This research was funded in part by a Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council of Canada block grant.
A n m enriironiiicntnl perforirinnce niodcl is developed, explained and sribseq~iently npplied to... more A n m enriironiiicntnl perforirinnce niodcl is developed, explained and sribseq~iently npplied to a strrdy of the Cnnadinn recycled pnper indristry. The strntegic position of the industry is explored ns it takes the progressioe steps needed to iiiiprove its enz~ironriicntal perforiiiance and coiiipetitive ndvantage in response to this rising regirlntory ngcnda. Three polinj options fncing the Cnnndinn p i i l p and pnper indiistry nre examined: the stntiis quo, process teclinology innovntion and product dmelopmcnt. The strategic position of the industry is also cxaiiiined rising iiiensiircriient of stance, attitude, gowrnriienf response, values, planning horizon and environiiientd intcgrntion. The sir~p~ier-consrri?ler relationship, cnpita/-tcchno/ogy and locational factors arc also rised to frirtlzer discuss the links betuieen coiiipetitive advantnge and environniental perfbrinance. From this discussion, conclrrsions nre drarun on coiiipefilioe environiiientalisiii: ethics and profit ore coinpatibk; nmusprint mills iirirst iniprove their locntional, technology and ninrkef actions; the indirstry iiirist pronctirdy scck out environiircntnl iiinrket and stnkelioldcr opportirnities and; further rtinnagciiient rescorch is needed to dciironstrnte the links betrc~cen cnz~ironiiientnl perfbriiiance, innozJation and coriipetit ivencss.
International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2008
At Laurentian University (Ontario, Canada), all second-year Business students complete an entrepr... more At Laurentian University (Ontario, Canada), all second-year Business students complete an entrepreneurial active learning experience by preparing a comprehensive business plan over six months. Students develop an original business idea, perform a market research, and prepare a detailed business plan. This activity involves active, collaborative, and small group learning, and 'learning by doing'. This research verified whether Personal Objectives, Attitude towards Risk, Internality and Perceptions on Tutoring variables were associated with a high Entrepreneurial Orientation and whether highly entrepreneurial students had attitudes similar to those of self-employed graduates. Results showed that personal attitudes of students towards the business plan project related to the strength of their entrepreneurial orientation. Laurentian graduates high rate of self-employment was over 20%.
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Papers by Cotton, Barry