Accurate 3D indoor positioning is a sought-after feature in many applications. To achieve this, w... more Accurate 3D indoor positioning is a sought-after feature in many applications. To achieve this, we perform a comparative study of proposed anchor selection methods applied to a hybrid RF-acoustic indoor positioning system. The positioning accuracy is evaluated for two 3D positioning mechanisms. In the first positioning approach, the proposed anchor selection methods are tested in a classical system which uses the selected noisy range estimates which are converted into a 3D position using a least squares (LS) estimator. This mechanism requires the exact knowledge of the anchor locations, which introduces undesired anchor position calibration, identification and commissioning steps when deploying such a system. In order to overcome this problem, a second positioning mechanism, by means of circular convolutional neural network (CCNN), is proposed. This model does not require the knowledge of the anchor locations, as it is implicitly learned during training. The proposed anchor selection methods are evaluated both for the classical LS estimator and the circular convolutional neural network (CCNN) model in both a shoebox and L-shaped room. The results indicate a significant improvement in accuracy when using anchor selection and/or the machine learning (ML) based models, primarily in rooms where Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) situations are encountered. For the classical system, it is more effective to use fewer, but more pertinent anchors, whereas using all anchors is optimal for ML methods. Nevertheless, ML methods outperform traditional positioning algorithms, and anchor selection addresses scalability.
The emergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks has spurred the development of novel testbeds, in... more The emergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks has spurred the development of novel testbeds, including sub-THz networks, cell-free systems, and 6G simulators. To maximize the benefits of these systems, it is crucial to make the generated data publicly available and easily reusable by others. Although data sharing has become a common practice, a lack of standardization hinders data accessibility and interoperability. In this study, we propose the Dataset Storage Standard (DSS) to address these challenges by facilitating data exchange and enabling convenient processing script creation in a testbed-agnostic manner. DSS supports both experimental and simulated data, allowing researchers to employ the same processing scripts and tools across different datasets. Unlike existing standardization efforts such as SigMF and NI RF Data Recording API, DSS provides a broader scope by accommodating a common definition file for testbeds and is not limited to RF data storage. The dataset format utilizes a hierarchical structure, with a tensor representation for specific experiment scenarios. In summary, DSS offers a comprehensive and flexible framework for enhancing the FAIR principles (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) in 6G testbeds, promoting open and efficient data sharing in the research community.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
We present an indoor acoustic simulation framework that supports both ultrasonic and audible sign... more We present an indoor acoustic simulation framework that supports both ultrasonic and audible signaling. The framework opens the opportunity for fast indoor acoustic data generation and positioning development. The improved Pyroomacoustics-based physical model includes both an imagesource model (ISM) and ray tracing method to simulate acoustic signaling in geometric spaces that extend typical shoe-box rooms. Moreover, it offers the convenience to facilitate multiple speakers and microphones with different directivity patterns. In addition to temperature and air absorption, the room reverberation is taken into account characterized by the RT60 value or the combination of building materials. Additional noise sources can be added by means of post processing and/or extra speakers. Indoor positioning methods assessed in simulation are compared with real measurements in a testbed, called 'Techtile'. This analysis confirms that the simulation results are close to the measurements and form a realistic representation of the reality. The simulation framework is constructed in a modular way, and parts can be replaced or modified to support different application domains. The code is made available open source.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Oct 11, 2021
This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use ca... more This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use case specifications, representative deployment scenarios, technical requirements and KPIs for the four focus domains. D1.1 includes the initial channel model based on existing measurements and models. It reports on the particular investigation of the origin of latency in wireless applications. Keywords Use cases, technical requirements, deployment scenarios, channel model, cell-free operation D1.1-Use case-driven specifications & technical requirements and initial channel model REINDEER D1.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use ca... more This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use case specifications, representative deployment scenarios, technical requirements and KPIs for the four focus domains. D1.1 includes the initial channel model based on existing measurements and models. It reports on the particular investigation of the origin of latency in wireless applications.
Wireless power transfer provides a most convenient solution to charge devices remotely and withou... more Wireless power transfer provides a most convenient solution to charge devices remotely and without contacts. R&D has advanced the capabilities, variety, and maturity of solutions greatly in recent years. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art on different technological concepts, including electromagnetic coupled and uncoupled systems and acoustic technologies. Solutions to transfer mW to MW of power, over distances ranging from millimeters to kilometers, and exploiting wave concepts from kHz to THz, are covered. It is an attractive charging option for many existing applications and moreover opens new opportunities. Various technologies are proposed to provide wireless power to these devices. The main challenges reside in the efficiency and range of the transfer. We highlight innovation in beamforming and UV-assisted approaches. Of particular interest for designers is the discussion of implementation and operational aspects, standards, and safety relati...
The proposed infrastructure, named Techtile, provides a unique R&D facility as features dispersed... more The proposed infrastructure, named Techtile, provides a unique R&D facility as features dispersed electronics enables transmission and capturing of a multitude of signals in 3D. Specific available equipment that enhances the design process from smooth prototyping to a commercial product is discussed. The acoustic parameters of the room, particularly the reverberation and ambient noise, are measured to take these into account for future innovative acoustic indoor positioning and sensing systems. This can have a positive influence on the accuracy and precision. The wooden construction represents an acoustically challenging room for audible sound with a maximum measured RT60 value of 1.17s at 5kHz, while for ultrasound it is rather challenging due to the present ambient noise sources. In general, the Techtile room can be compared with a home or quiet office environment, in terms of sound pressure levels (SPLs). In addition to the acoustic properties, possible research and development options are discussed in combination with the associated challenges. Many of the designs described are available through open source.
New concepts for next-generation wireless systems are being developed. It is expected that these ... more New concepts for next-generation wireless systems are being developed. It is expected that these 6G and beyond systems will incorporate more than only communication, but also sensing, positioning, (deep) edge computing, and other services. The discussed measurement facility and approach, named Techtile, is an open, both in design and operation, and unique testbed to evaluate these newly envisioned systems. Techtile is a multi-functional and versatile testbed, providing finegrained distributed resources for new communication, positioning and sensing technologies. The facility enables experimental research on hyperconnected interactive environments and validation of new algorithms and topologies. The backbone connects 140 resource units equipped with edge computing devices, software-defined radios (SDRs), sensors, and LED sources. By doing so, different network topologies and local-versuscentral computing can be assessed. The introduced diversity of i) the technologies (e.g., RF, acou...
Emerging applications in fields such as extended reality require both a high throughput and low l... more Emerging applications in fields such as extended reality require both a high throughput and low latency. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is considered because of the potential in the large available bandwidth. The present work studies mmWave Wi-Fi physical layer latency management mechanisms, a key factor in providing low-latency communications for time-critical applications. We calculate physical layer latency in an ideal scenario and simulate it using a tailor-made simulation framework, based on the IEEE 802.11ad standard. Assessing data reception quality over a noisy channel yielded latency’s dependency on transmission parameters, channel noise, and digital baseband tuning. Latency in function of the modulation and coding scheme was found to span 0.28–2.71 ms in the ideal scenario, whereas simulation results also revealed its tight bond with the demapping algorithm and the number of low-density parity-check decoder iterations. The findings yielded tuning parameter combinati...
Accurate 3D indoor positioning is a sought-after feature in many applications. To achieve this, w... more Accurate 3D indoor positioning is a sought-after feature in many applications. To achieve this, we perform a comparative study of proposed anchor selection methods applied to a hybrid RF-acoustic indoor positioning system. The positioning accuracy is evaluated for two 3D positioning mechanisms. In the first positioning approach, the proposed anchor selection methods are tested in a classical system which uses the selected noisy range estimates which are converted into a 3D position using a least squares (LS) estimator. This mechanism requires the exact knowledge of the anchor locations, which introduces undesired anchor position calibration, identification and commissioning steps when deploying such a system. In order to overcome this problem, a second positioning mechanism, by means of circular convolutional neural network (CCNN), is proposed. This model does not require the knowledge of the anchor locations, as it is implicitly learned during training. The proposed anchor selection methods are evaluated both for the classical LS estimator and the circular convolutional neural network (CCNN) model in both a shoebox and L-shaped room. The results indicate a significant improvement in accuracy when using anchor selection and/or the machine learning (ML) based models, primarily in rooms where Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) situations are encountered. For the classical system, it is more effective to use fewer, but more pertinent anchors, whereas using all anchors is optimal for ML methods. Nevertheless, ML methods outperform traditional positioning algorithms, and anchor selection addresses scalability.
The emergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks has spurred the development of novel testbeds, in... more The emergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks has spurred the development of novel testbeds, including sub-THz networks, cell-free systems, and 6G simulators. To maximize the benefits of these systems, it is crucial to make the generated data publicly available and easily reusable by others. Although data sharing has become a common practice, a lack of standardization hinders data accessibility and interoperability. In this study, we propose the Dataset Storage Standard (DSS) to address these challenges by facilitating data exchange and enabling convenient processing script creation in a testbed-agnostic manner. DSS supports both experimental and simulated data, allowing researchers to employ the same processing scripts and tools across different datasets. Unlike existing standardization efforts such as SigMF and NI RF Data Recording API, DSS provides a broader scope by accommodating a common definition file for testbeds and is not limited to RF data storage. The dataset format utilizes a hierarchical structure, with a tensor representation for specific experiment scenarios. In summary, DSS offers a comprehensive and flexible framework for enhancing the FAIR principles (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) in 6G testbeds, promoting open and efficient data sharing in the research community.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
We present an indoor acoustic simulation framework that supports both ultrasonic and audible sign... more We present an indoor acoustic simulation framework that supports both ultrasonic and audible signaling. The framework opens the opportunity for fast indoor acoustic data generation and positioning development. The improved Pyroomacoustics-based physical model includes both an imagesource model (ISM) and ray tracing method to simulate acoustic signaling in geometric spaces that extend typical shoe-box rooms. Moreover, it offers the convenience to facilitate multiple speakers and microphones with different directivity patterns. In addition to temperature and air absorption, the room reverberation is taken into account characterized by the RT60 value or the combination of building materials. Additional noise sources can be added by means of post processing and/or extra speakers. Indoor positioning methods assessed in simulation are compared with real measurements in a testbed, called 'Techtile'. This analysis confirms that the simulation results are close to the measurements and form a realistic representation of the reality. The simulation framework is constructed in a modular way, and parts can be replaced or modified to support different application domains. The code is made available open source.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Oct 11, 2021
This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use ca... more This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use case specifications, representative deployment scenarios, technical requirements and KPIs for the four focus domains. D1.1 includes the initial channel model based on existing measurements and models. It reports on the particular investigation of the origin of latency in wireless applications. Keywords Use cases, technical requirements, deployment scenarios, channel model, cell-free operation D1.1-Use case-driven specifications & technical requirements and initial channel model REINDEER D1.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use ca... more This deliverable reports on the results of Task 1.1, providing an inventory of interactive use case specifications, representative deployment scenarios, technical requirements and KPIs for the four focus domains. D1.1 includes the initial channel model based on existing measurements and models. It reports on the particular investigation of the origin of latency in wireless applications.
Wireless power transfer provides a most convenient solution to charge devices remotely and withou... more Wireless power transfer provides a most convenient solution to charge devices remotely and without contacts. R&D has advanced the capabilities, variety, and maturity of solutions greatly in recent years. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art on different technological concepts, including electromagnetic coupled and uncoupled systems and acoustic technologies. Solutions to transfer mW to MW of power, over distances ranging from millimeters to kilometers, and exploiting wave concepts from kHz to THz, are covered. It is an attractive charging option for many existing applications and moreover opens new opportunities. Various technologies are proposed to provide wireless power to these devices. The main challenges reside in the efficiency and range of the transfer. We highlight innovation in beamforming and UV-assisted approaches. Of particular interest for designers is the discussion of implementation and operational aspects, standards, and safety relati...
The proposed infrastructure, named Techtile, provides a unique R&D facility as features dispersed... more The proposed infrastructure, named Techtile, provides a unique R&D facility as features dispersed electronics enables transmission and capturing of a multitude of signals in 3D. Specific available equipment that enhances the design process from smooth prototyping to a commercial product is discussed. The acoustic parameters of the room, particularly the reverberation and ambient noise, are measured to take these into account for future innovative acoustic indoor positioning and sensing systems. This can have a positive influence on the accuracy and precision. The wooden construction represents an acoustically challenging room for audible sound with a maximum measured RT60 value of 1.17s at 5kHz, while for ultrasound it is rather challenging due to the present ambient noise sources. In general, the Techtile room can be compared with a home or quiet office environment, in terms of sound pressure levels (SPLs). In addition to the acoustic properties, possible research and development options are discussed in combination with the associated challenges. Many of the designs described are available through open source.
New concepts for next-generation wireless systems are being developed. It is expected that these ... more New concepts for next-generation wireless systems are being developed. It is expected that these 6G and beyond systems will incorporate more than only communication, but also sensing, positioning, (deep) edge computing, and other services. The discussed measurement facility and approach, named Techtile, is an open, both in design and operation, and unique testbed to evaluate these newly envisioned systems. Techtile is a multi-functional and versatile testbed, providing finegrained distributed resources for new communication, positioning and sensing technologies. The facility enables experimental research on hyperconnected interactive environments and validation of new algorithms and topologies. The backbone connects 140 resource units equipped with edge computing devices, software-defined radios (SDRs), sensors, and LED sources. By doing so, different network topologies and local-versuscentral computing can be assessed. The introduced diversity of i) the technologies (e.g., RF, acou...
Emerging applications in fields such as extended reality require both a high throughput and low l... more Emerging applications in fields such as extended reality require both a high throughput and low latency. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is considered because of the potential in the large available bandwidth. The present work studies mmWave Wi-Fi physical layer latency management mechanisms, a key factor in providing low-latency communications for time-critical applications. We calculate physical layer latency in an ideal scenario and simulate it using a tailor-made simulation framework, based on the IEEE 802.11ad standard. Assessing data reception quality over a noisy channel yielded latency’s dependency on transmission parameters, channel noise, and digital baseband tuning. Latency in function of the modulation and coding scheme was found to span 0.28–2.71 ms in the ideal scenario, whereas simulation results also revealed its tight bond with the demapping algorithm and the number of low-density parity-check decoder iterations. The findings yielded tuning parameter combinati...
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