More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a wee... more More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a weekly or biweekly 'outdoor school' day for school children. This move towards schooling in non-classroom spaces presents a challenge for green space managers. Basic managerial knowledge related to what, who, when and where has thus far only been supported by anecdotal evidence, but seems fundamental to the decision-making of a range of green space providers. The present study aims to describe, characterise and discuss outdoor teachers' use, preferences and ecostrategies in relation to green space. A nationwide survey was conducted among Danish teachers practising outdoor teaching (107 respondents), and it showed that a majority used and preferred forest areas. The outdoor teachers used mainly school grounds and local green space for their outdoor teaching with a majority using the same place or mostly the same place and preferring natural environments with easy access. We recommend that green space managers try to accommodate the ecostrategy preferred by outdoor teachers, i.e. visits to local and well-known places.
This paper presents the findings of a Delphi survey, conducted in four European regions (Great Br... more This paper presents the findings of a Delphi survey, conducted in four European regions (Great Britain, Nordic Region, Central Europe and Iberia) to assess public preferences for 12 key structural attributes of forests. The objectives were to explore the extent to which generalisations can be made about preferences of forests as sites for recreational use, and how regional variations in preferences may be explained in terms of cultural differences in local populations and bio-physical characteristics of the forests in each region. Survey participants were asked to classify the relationship, and quantify the relative importance, of each attribute to the recreational value of forests in their respective regions. While there was agreement across regions on the type of relationship and level of importance for many of the attributes, there were some notable outliers, for example 'residue from felling and thinning' scored lowest in Central Europe and highly in the other three regions. Indicative explanations for regional variations are proposed, focusing on combinations of cultural and biophysical factors, and drawing on the literature on forest preferences, place attachment and cultural landscapes.
We estimate changes in the total recreative value over a 20 year time period of a large newly est... more We estimate changes in the total recreative value over a 20 year time period of a large newly established forest, using mixed specification of a random utility models and geographic information system. The models are estimated using data from two identical surveys in 1977 and 1997. We conduct three different spatial value transfers and test these on the new forest.
We conduct a functional benefit transfer over 20 years of total willingness to pay based on car-b... more We conduct a functional benefit transfer over 20 years of total willingness to pay based on car-borne forest recreation in 52 forests, using a mixed specification of a random utility model and geographic information systems to allow heterogeneous preferences across the population and for heterogeneity over space. Results show that some preferences of forest attributes, such as species diversity and
Education outside the classroom Green space management Outdoor learning a b s t r a c t Studies h... more Education outside the classroom Green space management Outdoor learning a b s t r a c t Studies have shown that outdoor environments lend themselves to particular types of learning at the same time promoting physical activity and well-being of children. In the past decade, Danish public and private schools have introduced curriculum-based outdoor learning as a weekly or bi-weekly 'outdoor school' day for children aged 7-16 -called udeskole in Danish. Based on a national population survey of Danish schools (N= 2082), information on the extent of udeskole activities, dissemination of udeskole, and barriers to teaching out-of-doors are presented. Findings show that 28% of the responding schools practice udeskole across the country. Furthermore, another 15% are planning to start udeskole within the next three years. It is argued that udeskole plays an increasing and important role in the Danish school system and constitutes a potential for green space management. As potentially key actors, we suggest that green space planners and managers regard udeskole as an important concept in the future development of public green space, and consider school teachers and pupils as an important contemporary and future user group.
The benefits of outdoor recreation and the need for recreation inventories and monitoring are des... more The benefits of outdoor recreation and the need for recreation inventories and monitoring are described in various policy and legislation documents at the European level. The objective of this paper is to analyse how these recreational aspects are reflected at the national level in core forest policy and legislation documents as well as related domains. The COST Action E33 network was used to extract information about national policies and monitoring practices for international comparison, using the Delphi method. The results provide insights into national policy setting and legislation in the field of outdoor recreation, and reveal similarities, differences, gaps and future needs. Among the main findings is a contradiction between the expressed political importance of outdoor recreation at the national level, and the absence of binding commitments for action. The majority of the countries surveyed recognise and express outdoor recreation in some form of political and/or legislative way. However, recreation monitoring or measurements are rarely mentioned in relevant policies or acts at the national, regional or local level, perhaps due to a lack of political will or resources. The analysis indicates that a consistent forest recreation monitoring system, linked to sustainable forest management, as described for example in the Helsinki process, should be better transferred into national policy and legislation. Comparable data across Europe could then provide a sound base for making decisions on outdoor recreation policy, planning and management, and furthermore provide a basis for the detection of societal changes and demands over time.
More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a wee... more More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a weekly or biweekly 'outdoor school' day for school children. This move towards schooling in non-classroom spaces presents a challenge for green space managers. Basic managerial knowledge related to what, who, when and where has thus far only been supported by anecdotal evidence, but seems fundamental to the decision-making of a range of green space providers. The present study aims to describe, characterise and discuss outdoor teachers' use, preferences and ecostrategies in relation to green space. A nationwide survey was conducted among Danish teachers practising outdoor teaching (107 respondents), and it showed that a majority used and preferred forest areas. The outdoor teachers used mainly school grounds and local green space for their outdoor teaching with a majority using the same place or mostly the same place and preferring natural environments with easy access. We recommend that green space managers try to accommodate the ecostrategy preferred by outdoor teachers, i.e. visits to local and well-known places.
We estimate changes in the total recreation value over a 20 year time period of a large newly est... more We estimate changes in the total recreation value over a 20 year time period of a large newly established forest, using a mixed specification of random utility models and a geographic information system. The models are estimated using data from two identical surveys in 1977 and 1997. We conduct three different spatial value transfers and test these on the new forest. Results suggest that the recreation value of the new forest increased 70 times over the 20 years, primarily due the maturing of the forest and changed patterns of visitor behaviour. The value transfer to the new forest ranges between an underestimate of 57% to an overestimate of 349%, depending on the sampling of the choice set used as the study sites in the transfer.
Wildlife is a critical component of protected areas worldwide. It can serve not only as a primary... more Wildlife is a critical component of protected areas worldwide. It can serve not only as a primary attraction or an enjoyable part of the visitor experience but also as a source of conflict. Managing wildlife in this context requires a broadbased approach that can account for the myriad factors underlying conservation effectiveness, including the nature of people's relationships with wildlife. These relationships stem from the cognitive foundation that shapes human behavior toward wildlife. Our theory of wildlife value orientations contends that, at an individual
More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a wee... more More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a weekly or biweekly 'outdoor school' day for school children. This move towards schooling in non-classroom spaces presents a challenge for green space managers. Basic managerial knowledge related to what, who, when and where has thus far only been supported by anecdotal evidence, but seems fundamental to the decision-making of a range of green space providers. The present study aims to describe, characterise and discuss outdoor teachers' use, preferences and ecostrategies in relation to green space. A nationwide survey was conducted among Danish teachers practising outdoor teaching (107 respondents), and it showed that a majority used and preferred forest areas. The outdoor teachers used mainly school grounds and local green space for their outdoor teaching with a majority using the same place or mostly the same place and preferring natural environments with easy access. We recommend that green space managers try to accommodate the ecostrategy preferred by outdoor teachers, i.e. visits to local and well-known places.
This paper presents the findings of a Delphi survey, conducted in four European regions (Great Br... more This paper presents the findings of a Delphi survey, conducted in four European regions (Great Britain, Nordic Region, Central Europe and Iberia) to assess public preferences for 12 key structural attributes of forests. The objectives were to explore the extent to which generalisations can be made about preferences of forests as sites for recreational use, and how regional variations in preferences may be explained in terms of cultural differences in local populations and bio-physical characteristics of the forests in each region. Survey participants were asked to classify the relationship, and quantify the relative importance, of each attribute to the recreational value of forests in their respective regions. While there was agreement across regions on the type of relationship and level of importance for many of the attributes, there were some notable outliers, for example 'residue from felling and thinning' scored lowest in Central Europe and highly in the other three regions. Indicative explanations for regional variations are proposed, focusing on combinations of cultural and biophysical factors, and drawing on the literature on forest preferences, place attachment and cultural landscapes.
We estimate changes in the total recreative value over a 20 year time period of a large newly est... more We estimate changes in the total recreative value over a 20 year time period of a large newly established forest, using mixed specification of a random utility models and geographic information system. The models are estimated using data from two identical surveys in 1977 and 1997. We conduct three different spatial value transfers and test these on the new forest.
We conduct a functional benefit transfer over 20 years of total willingness to pay based on car-b... more We conduct a functional benefit transfer over 20 years of total willingness to pay based on car-borne forest recreation in 52 forests, using a mixed specification of a random utility model and geographic information systems to allow heterogeneous preferences across the population and for heterogeneity over space. Results show that some preferences of forest attributes, such as species diversity and
Education outside the classroom Green space management Outdoor learning a b s t r a c t Studies h... more Education outside the classroom Green space management Outdoor learning a b s t r a c t Studies have shown that outdoor environments lend themselves to particular types of learning at the same time promoting physical activity and well-being of children. In the past decade, Danish public and private schools have introduced curriculum-based outdoor learning as a weekly or bi-weekly 'outdoor school' day for children aged 7-16 -called udeskole in Danish. Based on a national population survey of Danish schools (N= 2082), information on the extent of udeskole activities, dissemination of udeskole, and barriers to teaching out-of-doors are presented. Findings show that 28% of the responding schools practice udeskole across the country. Furthermore, another 15% are planning to start udeskole within the next three years. It is argued that udeskole plays an increasing and important role in the Danish school system and constitutes a potential for green space management. As potentially key actors, we suggest that green space planners and managers regard udeskole as an important concept in the future development of public green space, and consider school teachers and pupils as an important contemporary and future user group.
The benefits of outdoor recreation and the need for recreation inventories and monitoring are des... more The benefits of outdoor recreation and the need for recreation inventories and monitoring are described in various policy and legislation documents at the European level. The objective of this paper is to analyse how these recreational aspects are reflected at the national level in core forest policy and legislation documents as well as related domains. The COST Action E33 network was used to extract information about national policies and monitoring practices for international comparison, using the Delphi method. The results provide insights into national policy setting and legislation in the field of outdoor recreation, and reveal similarities, differences, gaps and future needs. Among the main findings is a contradiction between the expressed political importance of outdoor recreation at the national level, and the absence of binding commitments for action. The majority of the countries surveyed recognise and express outdoor recreation in some form of political and/or legislative way. However, recreation monitoring or measurements are rarely mentioned in relevant policies or acts at the national, regional or local level, perhaps due to a lack of political will or resources. The analysis indicates that a consistent forest recreation monitoring system, linked to sustainable forest management, as described for example in the Helsinki process, should be better transferred into national policy and legislation. Comparable data across Europe could then provide a sound base for making decisions on outdoor recreation policy, planning and management, and furthermore provide a basis for the detection of societal changes and demands over time.
More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a wee... more More and more Danish teachers have started introducing curriculum-based outdoor learning as a weekly or biweekly 'outdoor school' day for school children. This move towards schooling in non-classroom spaces presents a challenge for green space managers. Basic managerial knowledge related to what, who, when and where has thus far only been supported by anecdotal evidence, but seems fundamental to the decision-making of a range of green space providers. The present study aims to describe, characterise and discuss outdoor teachers' use, preferences and ecostrategies in relation to green space. A nationwide survey was conducted among Danish teachers practising outdoor teaching (107 respondents), and it showed that a majority used and preferred forest areas. The outdoor teachers used mainly school grounds and local green space for their outdoor teaching with a majority using the same place or mostly the same place and preferring natural environments with easy access. We recommend that green space managers try to accommodate the ecostrategy preferred by outdoor teachers, i.e. visits to local and well-known places.
We estimate changes in the total recreation value over a 20 year time period of a large newly est... more We estimate changes in the total recreation value over a 20 year time period of a large newly established forest, using a mixed specification of random utility models and a geographic information system. The models are estimated using data from two identical surveys in 1977 and 1997. We conduct three different spatial value transfers and test these on the new forest. Results suggest that the recreation value of the new forest increased 70 times over the 20 years, primarily due the maturing of the forest and changed patterns of visitor behaviour. The value transfer to the new forest ranges between an underestimate of 57% to an overestimate of 349%, depending on the sampling of the choice set used as the study sites in the transfer.
Wildlife is a critical component of protected areas worldwide. It can serve not only as a primary... more Wildlife is a critical component of protected areas worldwide. It can serve not only as a primary attraction or an enjoyable part of the visitor experience but also as a source of conflict. Managing wildlife in this context requires a broadbased approach that can account for the myriad factors underlying conservation effectiveness, including the nature of people's relationships with wildlife. These relationships stem from the cognitive foundation that shapes human behavior toward wildlife. Our theory of wildlife value orientations contends that, at an individual
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Papers by Frank S Jensen