Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium, 2016
The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban populat... more The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban population increase. Gombe Metropolis is among the urban areas of Nigeria affected by the consequence of frequent seasonal floods leading to an unpropitious effect on the metropolitan communities. These urbanization dynamics has caused a rapid urban growth through the transformation of many different land uses into the built-up environment. As a result, flood risk in the metropolis has been rising in recent years and efforts by the people and government to mitigate the flood risk have not been fully successful. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the nature of flood risk on the major downstream areas of Gombe metropolis. Fundamentally, this study applied Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing as a tool for integration of spatiotemporal data for modeling and comparison of urban development scenarios and its consequential effect in creating flood risk on the downstream areas of Gombe Metropolis. Thus, GIS and Remote Sensing have been applied to detect land use/land cover changes, by looking at the trend in Land use/Land Cover Change from 2003 to 2014 in the Gombe Metropolis. Accordingly, the study identified Land use/Land cover types in different residential areas of the metropolis with more emphasis on the building density in each area. Finally, Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Zones were detected and developed into Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Map. The paper was able to reveal a significant growth of built-up environment and the occupation of floodplains in the downstream areas as the main factors for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, the flood risk index established that the residential areas found on the very high to high flood risk zones include Barunde, Government Residential Areas/Gabuka, Pantami, Dawaki, and Tudun Wada. It was further revealed that the residential areas in the moderate flood risk zone are, Jankai, Jekadafari, Herwagana, Bolari/Madaki and MUAK.
Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so beca... more Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so because, people cannot live without water, and since it does not have alternative, they will not reside where there is none. Water is found in a locked up system called the hydrologic system, which involves huge quantity of water storage and transfer between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Yet, renewable fresh water resources at all levels are insufficient to satisfy growing needs. The challenge for water service in light of growing competition for water is to ensure that sufficient quantities of good quality water are available for domestic and other uses. In order to have robust water service delivery, there is the need for every community or water consuming entity to have a framework which recognizes acquiring a stock of the available sources from which plans are to be made. This work attempted an enumeration of surface and underground rural water supply points, described the functional...
Criminality is one societal hazard bedevilling Gombe state in the last two decades. It manifests ... more Criminality is one societal hazard bedevilling Gombe state in the last two decades. It manifests in various forms and is being committed by individuals, political thugs and of recent, armed groups. The study has assessed the recent trends in criminality with the objectives of identifying the hot spots of criminality and the perpetrators of crime, the trends, causes and its implication for state development. The study also looked at the implications of criminality to the state's development and proffered strategies to curb it. The study was exploratory and was conducted using existing literature as its secondary source of data. Hence, data were collected from books, journals, the internet, and security reports. Unstructured interviews with the public, state security operatives, the Police Community Relation Committee, voluntary security operatives, the vigilante formed the sources of primary data. Data collected were analyzed leading to logical deductions and recommendations. The results were presented quantitatively using tables and bar charts. The results revealed that high level poverty, unemployment, drug abuse are the contributing factors to criminality in the study area. The study revealed also that the trend in criminality in the last few months were theft, armed robbery, insurgency, communal conflicts and kidnapping. The study recommends a combination of training in entrepreneurship, employment of youths, creation of security outpost in flash point areas, clamp down on illicit drug peddlers and consumers and quick dispensation of justice and public enlightenment among other ways to curb the menace of criminality.
The increasing probability of flood risk in terms of its magnitude and frequency in urban areas p... more The increasing probability of flood risk in terms of its magnitude and frequency in urban areas prompted man to act for flood mitigation measures. Various flood risk control measures were carried out in different parts of the world but flood events persisted. This paper assessed the main causes of flood risk in urban areas and the various flood risk management measures for flood control so as to come out with a sustainable flood risk mitigation measures for urban areas. Related theories and empirical studies were reviewed as a method to acquire relevant information for analyzing the factors of flood risk and the trend in flood risk mitigation measures. The result points out the inability of both structural and non-structural measures to completely stop flood occurrences. Hence, an integration of the current measures and a partial systematic conversion of land use to its natural state can sustainably reduce flood risk in urban places.
The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban populat... more The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban population increase. Gombe Metropolis is among the urban areas of Nigeria affected by the consequence of frequent seasonal floods leading to a unpropitious effect on the flood communities in many parts of the metropolis. These urbanization dynamics has caused a rapid urban growth through the transformation of many different land uses into the builtup environment. As a result flood risk in the metropolis has been rising in recent years and efforts by the people and government to mitigate the flood risk have not been entirely successful. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the nature of flood risk on the major downstream areas of Gombe metropolis. Fundamentally, this study applied Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing as a tool for integration of spatiotemporal data for modeling and comparison of urban development scenarios and its consequential effect in creating flood risk on the downstream areas of Gombe Metropolis. Therefore, GIS and Remote Sensing have been applied to detect land use/land cover changes, by looking at the trend in Land use/Land Cover Change from 2003 to 2014 in the Gombe Metropolis. In addition, the study identified Land use/Land cover types in different residential areas of the metropolis with more emphasis on the building density in each area. Finally, Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Zones were detected and developed into Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Map. The paper was able to reveal a significant growth of built-up environment and the occupation of floodplains in the downstream areas as the main factors for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, the flood risk index established that the residential areas found on the very high to high flood risk zones include Barunde, Government Residential Areas/Gabuka, Pantami, Dawaki, and Tudun Wada. It was further reveal that the residential areas in the moderate flood risk zone are, Jankai, Jekadafari, Herwagana, Bolari/Madaki and MUAK.
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Apr 30, 2016
The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, prop... more The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, properties, resources and the environment as a whole has posed a serious concern to environmental scientist the world over. There are many different perspectives regarding factors responsible for flood risk in urban areas, which range from hydrological extremes to man-induced factors. This paper examines the impact of built environment on the increasing flood occurrences in Gombe Metropolis in Nigeria. Data was essentially collected through questionnaire survey and analyzed using statistical model so as to discover the main factors causing flood in the metropolis. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied for data collection, where Gombe Metropolis was categorized into eleven residential quarters and a total of two hundred and fifty one questionnaires were administered to chief householders in the respective residential quarters in the metropolis, and finally multi-linear regression analysis was conducted, where flood risk is conveyed as a function of some selected urban development variables and used to examine the relationships and impact of these variables on causing flooding and the increasing flood risk via a statistical model. The result shows that rapid growth of built-up environment with poor implementation of building control measures is the main factor for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, construction of built-up areas on floodplains as well as inadequate space between building structures as recommended by the town planning laws, has also contributed immensely to the increasing flood risk in Gombe Metropolis.
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Apr 30, 2016
The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, prop... more The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, properties, resources and the environment as a whole has posed a serious concern to environmental scientist the world over. There are many different perspectives regarding factors responsible for flood risk in urban areas, which range from hydrological extremes to man-induced factors. This paper examines the impact of built environment on the increasing flood occurrences in Gombe Metropolis in Nigeria. Data was essentially collected through questionnaire survey and analyzed using statistical model so as to discover the main factors causing flood in the metropolis. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied for data collection, where Gombe Metropolis was categorized into eleven residential quarters and a total of two hundred and fifty one questionnaires were administered to chief householders in the respective residential quarters in the metropolis, and finally multi-linear regression analysis was conducted, where flood risk is conveyed as a function of some selected urban development variables and used to examine the relationships and impact of these variables on causing flooding and the increasing flood risk via a statistical model. The result shows that rapid growth of built-up environment with poor implementation of building control measures is the main factor for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, construction of built-up areas on floodplains as well as inadequate space between building structures as recommended by the town planning laws, has also contributed immensely to the increasing flood risk in Gombe Metropolis.
Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2016
Aim: There is no doubt that the world is now under a serious threat from the environmental hazard... more Aim: There is no doubt that the world is now under a serious threat from the environmental hazards due to the fact that the frequency and intensity of hydrological hazards such as floods have been increasing in recent years. Flood risk is a probability of loss which depends on three elements or concepts, namely 1) hazard, 2) vulnerability, and 3) exposure. A clear understanding and distinction between the three elements that create risk-hazard, exposure and vulnerability-gives the necessary information for factoring in most flood-related aspects. This paper focuses on developing a new method for measuring flood risk using the main indicators for geophysical exposure of the risk (percent built-up density, proximity to floodplains and elevation). The new method was afterward applied to study flood risk in Gombe Metropolis using Remote Sensing and GIS so as to achieve the set objectives. Methods: The residential areas, streams were digitized, Multi-temporal satellite images were obtained from Land sat 8 Enhance Thematic Mapper (ETM) for 2014 and used for classification of Land cover/use type in the study area. Furthermore, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was also used to collect elevation data for the entire Gombe Metropolis residential areas. The classified 2014 land use/land cover type of Gombe metropolis was overlaid with the digitized Gombe Metropolis residential areas map. Subsequently, the Structured Query Language (SQL) functions and attribute table of the GIS Arc map was applied to calculate the area coverage for the percent of built up areas and building constructions within 50-meter stream buffer in Gombe metropolis. Results: The result revealed a remarkable outcome necessary to mitigate flood risk and thereby improving the well-being of the vulnerable flood communities in the metropolis. The finding proves that seven residential areas in Gombe metropolis are within a very high to high flood risk zones. These residential areas include Government Residential Area/Gabuka, Jankai, Checheniya, Pantami, Barunde, Dawaki and Bolari/ Madaki. However, Tudun Wada, MUAK, New Developed Areas, Jekadafari, Herwagana and Urban Fringe residential areas fall within the moderate to low flood risk. Conclusion: Thus, priorities for flood risk mitigations measures should be focused towards the very high and high flood risk areas in the metropolis.
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2016
The world's population is quickly becoming more urbanized as the world witnessed a rapid urban po... more The world's population is quickly becoming more urbanized as the world witnessed a rapid urban population growth. Gombe Metropolis being one of the urban areas of Nigeria suffers the consequences of frequent annual flooding causing an unpropitious effect on the populace in many parts of the metropolis. These urbanization dynamics has led to a rapid urban growth through conversion of vegetated cover, open spaces, farmlands and bare lands into the built-up environment. As a consequence flood risk in the city has been increasing in recent years and approaches and efforts by both public and government to control and mitigate the flood risk have not been fully successful. Thus, this paper strives to examine and estimate the urban development variables influencing the increasing flood risk and the frequency of floods in Gombe Metropolis. Basically, field survey such as questionnaire survey, correlation, and regression analysis was carried out to find answers to the research problem. The result obtained from the questionnaire survey was utilized to establish a statistically relationship between flood risk, and the set of independent variables including social vulnerability factors, geographical factors and urban development factors using Spearman's Correlation and Multi-Linear Regression model. The paper was able to reveal that urban development dynamics are responsible for the seasonal floods and the increasing flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. The most important variables influencing flood risk are poor flood control measures, inadequate and narrow drainage facilities, lack of obtaining building plan approval, poor housing type as well as poor management of solid waste.
This article provides in-depth review of the prevailing controversy among environmental determini... more This article provides in-depth review of the prevailing controversy among environmental determinists and possibilists, and searches the linkage among them. The issue of environmental determinism and possibilism is still being debated for more than a century among both geographers and nongeographers, which is a paradox. This work was analyzed based on content and document. The article tries to analyze the thesis differently, looks for the gaps and makes an Interface. And it also identifies the gaps in the existing literature and an inference for the further research which would be conducted in the area and also a better tool to be used as a teaching material for both underground and postgraduate levels. Determinist argues that 'man is entirely under the influence of nature'. However, the possibilist believes that man is never entirely free from the influence of environment, but there is a room for the effort of man, such as technology, attitude, habits, and values of human, which influence man's action and it also bring the physical environment. So, it is obvious that both factors (Man and nature) are equally important to make an influence on each other. The geographers have not denied the visa -vis effects of both man and environment like early determinist says 'man influences environment, just as the earth influences man.' Therefore, both viewers should lessen their stand rather than to elasticize it into different extreme; they should come to a common ground and do more on how much the environment can influence man and how man can influence the environment.
One of the basic necessities of man’s life is water, especially fresh water. However, regardless ... more One of the basic necessities of man’s life is water, especially fresh water. However, regardless of quality, rivers the world over supply substantial volume of water for man’s diverse uses. Rivers in form of drainage basin is more than a geomopologic unit, it is also a hydranlic and hydrological unit having a unifying factor in water as a natural resource. A river channel with or without water possessess a utility that contributes to the livelihood of the people within and beyond it.This paper assess the contribution of Moron River Basin situated in the north-east part of Gombe to the livelihood of the communities residing within the basin. The work observed the uses of river system in the work of multidisplinary analysis of the Lake Chad Basin by Neitherland and Bene in 2002 and compared it with that of Morom River Basin in order to explore areas of similirities and more importantly to show case how Morom River Basin is put to use to alliviate poverty. A field questionnaire survey ...
The world‘s population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban populat... more The world‘s population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban population increase. Gombe Metropolis is among the urban areas of Nigeria affected by the consequence of frequent seasonal floods leading to an unpropitious effect on the metropolitan communities. These urbanization dynamics has caused a rapid urban growth through the transformation of many different land uses into the built-up environment. As a result, flood risk in the metropolis has been rising in recent years and efforts by the people and government to mitigate the flood risk have not been fully successful. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the nature of flood risk on the major downstream areas of Gombe metropolis. Fundamentally, this study applied Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing as a tool for integration of spatiotemporal data for modeling and comparison of urban development scenarios and its consequential effect in creating flood risk on the downstream areas of Gombe M...
Modernity is the exposure of societies (especially developing countries) to industrial technology... more Modernity is the exposure of societies (especially developing countries) to industrial technology and urban social experience. In an academic sphere today modernity theory relies on the key idea of rationalization to give explanation on the distinctiveness of the modern societies. The rationales for creating fresh federal and state capital cities in the third world especially Nigeria is to accomplish national ambition of a modern capital as a sign of state identity. As a consequence states aspire to be seen as coming of age in terms of development or “catching up with the west”. Improvement in quality of urban life in the course of provision of housing and basic services, and healthier environment is very important aspect of being modern and that is why this paper examined the degree of modernity of residential areas in Bauchi Metropolis to see how areas have improved and modernised in order to keep phase with modernity. The paper specifically assessed the nature of the build up env...
Several empirical works in developing countries have shown a relationship between solid waste man... more Several empirical works in developing countries have shown a relationship between solid waste management and vulnerability of cities to floods. Gombe Metropolis being one of the cities in the developing countries is not an exception. Thus, this research aimed at studying the relationship between solid waste management and vulnerability to floods in Gombe Metropolis. Specifically, it examined the population dynamics and its impact on the amount of solid waste it generates. The research also studied the current solid waste management system with efforts to establish an association between the solid waste management and the recent floods in the metropolis. To achieve these objectives, questionnaire was developed and administered to one hundred and seven sampled households in all the wards of the metropolis. The data collected from the questionnaire survey was analysed using Statistical Parkage for Social Sciences. The result shows that the number of individual in each household have be...
The goal of all economic and other public policies is the overall wellbeing of the people and tha... more The goal of all economic and other public policies is the overall wellbeing of the people and that is why government at different time reiterated its resolve to eradicate or minimize poverty. In Nigeria some programmes and initiative includes: the Directorate for Foods, the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP), and the recent National Fadama Development Project, all geared toward improving the wellbeing of the people. But project implementations has suffered a lot of setbacks in Nigeria, leading to a number of abandoned or poorly performed projects in the country. Therefore, to effectively track down the progress of the efforts put into the achievement of the project objectives, it is important to evaluate those projects. The aim of this paper is to appraise the implementation of the objectives and the design of the National Fadama 2 project of the Gwagwalada Fadama Development Area in order to determine whether the implementation of the project matches its design and the ...
Wind speed is the principal climatic element that drives the Marmaton season in West African sub ... more Wind speed is the principal climatic element that drives the Marmaton season in West African sub region. It drives the season by conveying huge amount of dust across the Northeastern Nigeria. The presence of dust in the atmosphere brought by the Northeast trade winds during the Harmattan season plays a vital role in absorbing and scattering solar radiation. The study examines the spatial and temporal variations of wind speed in Northeastern Nigeria during the Harmattan season with the sole aim of ascertaining its variability, patterns and trends from1984 to 2014. Descriptive and statistics such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and time series analysis with ArcGIS 10.3 was used in examine the temporal and spatial variations of wind speed from 1984–2014 in six synoptic stations of Northeastern Nigeria. The findings show that wind speed varied both temporally and spatially in the last three decades. The pattern of variations in the six synoptic stations shows risi...
Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so beca... more Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so because, people cannot live without water, and since it does not have alternative, they will not reside where there is none. Water is found in a locked up system called the hydrologic system, which involves huge quantity of water storage and transfer between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Yet, renewable fresh water resources at all levels are insufficient to satisfy growing needs. The challenge for water service in light of growing competition for water is to ensure that sufficient quantities of good quality water are available for domestic and other uses.
In an academic sphere today modernity theory relies on the key idea of rationalization to give ex... more In an academic sphere today modernity theory relies on the key idea of rationalization to give explanation on the distinctiveness of the modern societies. The rationales for creating fresh federal and state capital cities in the third world especially Nigeria is to accomplish national ambition of a modern capital as a sign of state identity. As a consequence states aspire to be seen as coming of age in terms of development or "catching up with the west".
Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium, 2016
The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban populat... more The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban population increase. Gombe Metropolis is among the urban areas of Nigeria affected by the consequence of frequent seasonal floods leading to an unpropitious effect on the metropolitan communities. These urbanization dynamics has caused a rapid urban growth through the transformation of many different land uses into the built-up environment. As a result, flood risk in the metropolis has been rising in recent years and efforts by the people and government to mitigate the flood risk have not been fully successful. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the nature of flood risk on the major downstream areas of Gombe metropolis. Fundamentally, this study applied Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing as a tool for integration of spatiotemporal data for modeling and comparison of urban development scenarios and its consequential effect in creating flood risk on the downstream areas of Gombe Metropolis. Thus, GIS and Remote Sensing have been applied to detect land use/land cover changes, by looking at the trend in Land use/Land Cover Change from 2003 to 2014 in the Gombe Metropolis. Accordingly, the study identified Land use/Land cover types in different residential areas of the metropolis with more emphasis on the building density in each area. Finally, Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Zones were detected and developed into Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Map. The paper was able to reveal a significant growth of built-up environment and the occupation of floodplains in the downstream areas as the main factors for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, the flood risk index established that the residential areas found on the very high to high flood risk zones include Barunde, Government Residential Areas/Gabuka, Pantami, Dawaki, and Tudun Wada. It was further revealed that the residential areas in the moderate flood risk zone are, Jankai, Jekadafari, Herwagana, Bolari/Madaki and MUAK.
Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so beca... more Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so because, people cannot live without water, and since it does not have alternative, they will not reside where there is none. Water is found in a locked up system called the hydrologic system, which involves huge quantity of water storage and transfer between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Yet, renewable fresh water resources at all levels are insufficient to satisfy growing needs. The challenge for water service in light of growing competition for water is to ensure that sufficient quantities of good quality water are available for domestic and other uses. In order to have robust water service delivery, there is the need for every community or water consuming entity to have a framework which recognizes acquiring a stock of the available sources from which plans are to be made. This work attempted an enumeration of surface and underground rural water supply points, described the functional...
Criminality is one societal hazard bedevilling Gombe state in the last two decades. It manifests ... more Criminality is one societal hazard bedevilling Gombe state in the last two decades. It manifests in various forms and is being committed by individuals, political thugs and of recent, armed groups. The study has assessed the recent trends in criminality with the objectives of identifying the hot spots of criminality and the perpetrators of crime, the trends, causes and its implication for state development. The study also looked at the implications of criminality to the state's development and proffered strategies to curb it. The study was exploratory and was conducted using existing literature as its secondary source of data. Hence, data were collected from books, journals, the internet, and security reports. Unstructured interviews with the public, state security operatives, the Police Community Relation Committee, voluntary security operatives, the vigilante formed the sources of primary data. Data collected were analyzed leading to logical deductions and recommendations. The results were presented quantitatively using tables and bar charts. The results revealed that high level poverty, unemployment, drug abuse are the contributing factors to criminality in the study area. The study revealed also that the trend in criminality in the last few months were theft, armed robbery, insurgency, communal conflicts and kidnapping. The study recommends a combination of training in entrepreneurship, employment of youths, creation of security outpost in flash point areas, clamp down on illicit drug peddlers and consumers and quick dispensation of justice and public enlightenment among other ways to curb the menace of criminality.
The increasing probability of flood risk in terms of its magnitude and frequency in urban areas p... more The increasing probability of flood risk in terms of its magnitude and frequency in urban areas prompted man to act for flood mitigation measures. Various flood risk control measures were carried out in different parts of the world but flood events persisted. This paper assessed the main causes of flood risk in urban areas and the various flood risk management measures for flood control so as to come out with a sustainable flood risk mitigation measures for urban areas. Related theories and empirical studies were reviewed as a method to acquire relevant information for analyzing the factors of flood risk and the trend in flood risk mitigation measures. The result points out the inability of both structural and non-structural measures to completely stop flood occurrences. Hence, an integration of the current measures and a partial systematic conversion of land use to its natural state can sustainably reduce flood risk in urban places.
The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban populat... more The world's population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban population increase. Gombe Metropolis is among the urban areas of Nigeria affected by the consequence of frequent seasonal floods leading to a unpropitious effect on the flood communities in many parts of the metropolis. These urbanization dynamics has caused a rapid urban growth through the transformation of many different land uses into the builtup environment. As a result flood risk in the metropolis has been rising in recent years and efforts by the people and government to mitigate the flood risk have not been entirely successful. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the nature of flood risk on the major downstream areas of Gombe metropolis. Fundamentally, this study applied Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing as a tool for integration of spatiotemporal data for modeling and comparison of urban development scenarios and its consequential effect in creating flood risk on the downstream areas of Gombe Metropolis. Therefore, GIS and Remote Sensing have been applied to detect land use/land cover changes, by looking at the trend in Land use/Land Cover Change from 2003 to 2014 in the Gombe Metropolis. In addition, the study identified Land use/Land cover types in different residential areas of the metropolis with more emphasis on the building density in each area. Finally, Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Zones were detected and developed into Gombe Metropolis Flood Risk Map. The paper was able to reveal a significant growth of built-up environment and the occupation of floodplains in the downstream areas as the main factors for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, the flood risk index established that the residential areas found on the very high to high flood risk zones include Barunde, Government Residential Areas/Gabuka, Pantami, Dawaki, and Tudun Wada. It was further reveal that the residential areas in the moderate flood risk zone are, Jankai, Jekadafari, Herwagana, Bolari/Madaki and MUAK.
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Apr 30, 2016
The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, prop... more The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, properties, resources and the environment as a whole has posed a serious concern to environmental scientist the world over. There are many different perspectives regarding factors responsible for flood risk in urban areas, which range from hydrological extremes to man-induced factors. This paper examines the impact of built environment on the increasing flood occurrences in Gombe Metropolis in Nigeria. Data was essentially collected through questionnaire survey and analyzed using statistical model so as to discover the main factors causing flood in the metropolis. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied for data collection, where Gombe Metropolis was categorized into eleven residential quarters and a total of two hundred and fifty one questionnaires were administered to chief householders in the respective residential quarters in the metropolis, and finally multi-linear regression analysis was conducted, where flood risk is conveyed as a function of some selected urban development variables and used to examine the relationships and impact of these variables on causing flooding and the increasing flood risk via a statistical model. The result shows that rapid growth of built-up environment with poor implementation of building control measures is the main factor for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, construction of built-up areas on floodplains as well as inadequate space between building structures as recommended by the town planning laws, has also contributed immensely to the increasing flood risk in Gombe Metropolis.
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Apr 30, 2016
The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, prop... more The increasing frequency of flood events in urban areas and its devastating impact on lives, properties, resources and the environment as a whole has posed a serious concern to environmental scientist the world over. There are many different perspectives regarding factors responsible for flood risk in urban areas, which range from hydrological extremes to man-induced factors. This paper examines the impact of built environment on the increasing flood occurrences in Gombe Metropolis in Nigeria. Data was essentially collected through questionnaire survey and analyzed using statistical model so as to discover the main factors causing flood in the metropolis. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied for data collection, where Gombe Metropolis was categorized into eleven residential quarters and a total of two hundred and fifty one questionnaires were administered to chief householders in the respective residential quarters in the metropolis, and finally multi-linear regression analysis was conducted, where flood risk is conveyed as a function of some selected urban development variables and used to examine the relationships and impact of these variables on causing flooding and the increasing flood risk via a statistical model. The result shows that rapid growth of built-up environment with poor implementation of building control measures is the main factor for flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. However, construction of built-up areas on floodplains as well as inadequate space between building structures as recommended by the town planning laws, has also contributed immensely to the increasing flood risk in Gombe Metropolis.
Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2016
Aim: There is no doubt that the world is now under a serious threat from the environmental hazard... more Aim: There is no doubt that the world is now under a serious threat from the environmental hazards due to the fact that the frequency and intensity of hydrological hazards such as floods have been increasing in recent years. Flood risk is a probability of loss which depends on three elements or concepts, namely 1) hazard, 2) vulnerability, and 3) exposure. A clear understanding and distinction between the three elements that create risk-hazard, exposure and vulnerability-gives the necessary information for factoring in most flood-related aspects. This paper focuses on developing a new method for measuring flood risk using the main indicators for geophysical exposure of the risk (percent built-up density, proximity to floodplains and elevation). The new method was afterward applied to study flood risk in Gombe Metropolis using Remote Sensing and GIS so as to achieve the set objectives. Methods: The residential areas, streams were digitized, Multi-temporal satellite images were obtained from Land sat 8 Enhance Thematic Mapper (ETM) for 2014 and used for classification of Land cover/use type in the study area. Furthermore, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was also used to collect elevation data for the entire Gombe Metropolis residential areas. The classified 2014 land use/land cover type of Gombe metropolis was overlaid with the digitized Gombe Metropolis residential areas map. Subsequently, the Structured Query Language (SQL) functions and attribute table of the GIS Arc map was applied to calculate the area coverage for the percent of built up areas and building constructions within 50-meter stream buffer in Gombe metropolis. Results: The result revealed a remarkable outcome necessary to mitigate flood risk and thereby improving the well-being of the vulnerable flood communities in the metropolis. The finding proves that seven residential areas in Gombe metropolis are within a very high to high flood risk zones. These residential areas include Government Residential Area/Gabuka, Jankai, Checheniya, Pantami, Barunde, Dawaki and Bolari/ Madaki. However, Tudun Wada, MUAK, New Developed Areas, Jekadafari, Herwagana and Urban Fringe residential areas fall within the moderate to low flood risk. Conclusion: Thus, priorities for flood risk mitigations measures should be focused towards the very high and high flood risk areas in the metropolis.
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2016
The world's population is quickly becoming more urbanized as the world witnessed a rapid urban po... more The world's population is quickly becoming more urbanized as the world witnessed a rapid urban population growth. Gombe Metropolis being one of the urban areas of Nigeria suffers the consequences of frequent annual flooding causing an unpropitious effect on the populace in many parts of the metropolis. These urbanization dynamics has led to a rapid urban growth through conversion of vegetated cover, open spaces, farmlands and bare lands into the built-up environment. As a consequence flood risk in the city has been increasing in recent years and approaches and efforts by both public and government to control and mitigate the flood risk have not been fully successful. Thus, this paper strives to examine and estimate the urban development variables influencing the increasing flood risk and the frequency of floods in Gombe Metropolis. Basically, field survey such as questionnaire survey, correlation, and regression analysis was carried out to find answers to the research problem. The result obtained from the questionnaire survey was utilized to establish a statistically relationship between flood risk, and the set of independent variables including social vulnerability factors, geographical factors and urban development factors using Spearman's Correlation and Multi-Linear Regression model. The paper was able to reveal that urban development dynamics are responsible for the seasonal floods and the increasing flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. The most important variables influencing flood risk are poor flood control measures, inadequate and narrow drainage facilities, lack of obtaining building plan approval, poor housing type as well as poor management of solid waste.
This article provides in-depth review of the prevailing controversy among environmental determini... more This article provides in-depth review of the prevailing controversy among environmental determinists and possibilists, and searches the linkage among them. The issue of environmental determinism and possibilism is still being debated for more than a century among both geographers and nongeographers, which is a paradox. This work was analyzed based on content and document. The article tries to analyze the thesis differently, looks for the gaps and makes an Interface. And it also identifies the gaps in the existing literature and an inference for the further research which would be conducted in the area and also a better tool to be used as a teaching material for both underground and postgraduate levels. Determinist argues that 'man is entirely under the influence of nature'. However, the possibilist believes that man is never entirely free from the influence of environment, but there is a room for the effort of man, such as technology, attitude, habits, and values of human, which influence man's action and it also bring the physical environment. So, it is obvious that both factors (Man and nature) are equally important to make an influence on each other. The geographers have not denied the visa -vis effects of both man and environment like early determinist says 'man influences environment, just as the earth influences man.' Therefore, both viewers should lessen their stand rather than to elasticize it into different extreme; they should come to a common ground and do more on how much the environment can influence man and how man can influence the environment.
One of the basic necessities of man’s life is water, especially fresh water. However, regardless ... more One of the basic necessities of man’s life is water, especially fresh water. However, regardless of quality, rivers the world over supply substantial volume of water for man’s diverse uses. Rivers in form of drainage basin is more than a geomopologic unit, it is also a hydranlic and hydrological unit having a unifying factor in water as a natural resource. A river channel with or without water possessess a utility that contributes to the livelihood of the people within and beyond it.This paper assess the contribution of Moron River Basin situated in the north-east part of Gombe to the livelihood of the communities residing within the basin. The work observed the uses of river system in the work of multidisplinary analysis of the Lake Chad Basin by Neitherland and Bene in 2002 and compared it with that of Morom River Basin in order to explore areas of similirities and more importantly to show case how Morom River Basin is put to use to alliviate poverty. A field questionnaire survey ...
The world‘s population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban populat... more The world‘s population is rapidly becoming more urbanized as the world seen a swift urban population increase. Gombe Metropolis is among the urban areas of Nigeria affected by the consequence of frequent seasonal floods leading to an unpropitious effect on the metropolitan communities. These urbanization dynamics has caused a rapid urban growth through the transformation of many different land uses into the built-up environment. As a result, flood risk in the metropolis has been rising in recent years and efforts by the people and government to mitigate the flood risk have not been fully successful. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the nature of flood risk on the major downstream areas of Gombe metropolis. Fundamentally, this study applied Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing as a tool for integration of spatiotemporal data for modeling and comparison of urban development scenarios and its consequential effect in creating flood risk on the downstream areas of Gombe M...
Modernity is the exposure of societies (especially developing countries) to industrial technology... more Modernity is the exposure of societies (especially developing countries) to industrial technology and urban social experience. In an academic sphere today modernity theory relies on the key idea of rationalization to give explanation on the distinctiveness of the modern societies. The rationales for creating fresh federal and state capital cities in the third world especially Nigeria is to accomplish national ambition of a modern capital as a sign of state identity. As a consequence states aspire to be seen as coming of age in terms of development or “catching up with the west”. Improvement in quality of urban life in the course of provision of housing and basic services, and healthier environment is very important aspect of being modern and that is why this paper examined the degree of modernity of residential areas in Bauchi Metropolis to see how areas have improved and modernised in order to keep phase with modernity. The paper specifically assessed the nature of the build up env...
Several empirical works in developing countries have shown a relationship between solid waste man... more Several empirical works in developing countries have shown a relationship between solid waste management and vulnerability of cities to floods. Gombe Metropolis being one of the cities in the developing countries is not an exception. Thus, this research aimed at studying the relationship between solid waste management and vulnerability to floods in Gombe Metropolis. Specifically, it examined the population dynamics and its impact on the amount of solid waste it generates. The research also studied the current solid waste management system with efforts to establish an association between the solid waste management and the recent floods in the metropolis. To achieve these objectives, questionnaire was developed and administered to one hundred and seven sampled households in all the wards of the metropolis. The data collected from the questionnaire survey was analysed using Statistical Parkage for Social Sciences. The result shows that the number of individual in each household have be...
The goal of all economic and other public policies is the overall wellbeing of the people and tha... more The goal of all economic and other public policies is the overall wellbeing of the people and that is why government at different time reiterated its resolve to eradicate or minimize poverty. In Nigeria some programmes and initiative includes: the Directorate for Foods, the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP), and the recent National Fadama Development Project, all geared toward improving the wellbeing of the people. But project implementations has suffered a lot of setbacks in Nigeria, leading to a number of abandoned or poorly performed projects in the country. Therefore, to effectively track down the progress of the efforts put into the achievement of the project objectives, it is important to evaluate those projects. The aim of this paper is to appraise the implementation of the objectives and the design of the National Fadama 2 project of the Gwagwalada Fadama Development Area in order to determine whether the implementation of the project matches its design and the ...
Wind speed is the principal climatic element that drives the Marmaton season in West African sub ... more Wind speed is the principal climatic element that drives the Marmaton season in West African sub region. It drives the season by conveying huge amount of dust across the Northeastern Nigeria. The presence of dust in the atmosphere brought by the Northeast trade winds during the Harmattan season plays a vital role in absorbing and scattering solar radiation. The study examines the spatial and temporal variations of wind speed in Northeastern Nigeria during the Harmattan season with the sole aim of ascertaining its variability, patterns and trends from1984 to 2014. Descriptive and statistics such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and time series analysis with ArcGIS 10.3 was used in examine the temporal and spatial variations of wind speed from 1984–2014 in six synoptic stations of Northeastern Nigeria. The findings show that wind speed varied both temporally and spatially in the last three decades. The pattern of variations in the six synoptic stations shows risi...
Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so beca... more Water of different types and circumstances is always available where people live. This is so because, people cannot live without water, and since it does not have alternative, they will not reside where there is none. Water is found in a locked up system called the hydrologic system, which involves huge quantity of water storage and transfer between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Yet, renewable fresh water resources at all levels are insufficient to satisfy growing needs. The challenge for water service in light of growing competition for water is to ensure that sufficient quantities of good quality water are available for domestic and other uses.
In an academic sphere today modernity theory relies on the key idea of rationalization to give ex... more In an academic sphere today modernity theory relies on the key idea of rationalization to give explanation on the distinctiveness of the modern societies. The rationales for creating fresh federal and state capital cities in the third world especially Nigeria is to accomplish national ambition of a modern capital as a sign of state identity. As a consequence states aspire to be seen as coming of age in terms of development or "catching up with the west".
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