Razlike u pokazateljima energetskih kapaciteta trkača i nogometaša
RAZLIKE U POKAZATELJIMA ENERGETSKIH KAPACITETA TRKAČA I NOGOMETAA. Marko Puček, Vlatko Vučetić, ... more RAZLIKE U POKAZATELJIMA ENERGETSKIH KAPACITETA TRKAČA I NOGOMETAA. Marko Puček, Vlatko Vučetić, Davor entija. Sportsko dijagnostički centar Kineziolokog fakulteta Sveučilita u Zagrebu. 1.UVOD. Po strukturalnoj ...
The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold fro... more The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold from two different treadmill protocols. forty-eight Croatian runners of national rank (ten sprinters, fifteen 400-m runners, ten middle distance runners and thirteen long distance runners), mean age 21.7±5.1 years, participated in the study. They performed two graded maximal exercise tests on a treadmill, a standard ramp treadmill test (T SR, speed increments of 1 km•h-1 every 60 seconds) and a fast ramp treadmill test (T FR, speed increments of 1 km•h-1 every 30 seconds) to determine and compare the parameters at peak values and at heart rate at the deflection point (hr dP) and ventilation threshold (vt). There were no significant differences between protocols (p>0.05) for peak values of oxygen uptake (vO 2max , 4.48±0.43 and 4.44±0.45 L•min-1), weight related vO 2max (62.5±6.2 and 62.0±6.0 mL•kg-1 •min-1), pulmonary ventilation (ve max , 163.1±18.7 and 161.3±19.9 L•min-1) and heart rate (hr max , 192.3±8.5 and 194.4±8.7 bpm) (t fr and t Sr , respectively). moreover, no significant differences between t fr and t Sr where found for vt and hr dP when expressed as vO 2 and hr. however, there was a significant effect of ramp slope on running speed at vO 2max and at the anaerobic threshold (Ant) , independent of the method used (vt: 16.0±2.2 vs 14.9±2.2 km•h-1 ;hr dP : 16.5±1.9 vs 14.9±2.0 km•h-1 for t fr and t Sr respectively). linear regression analysis revealed high between-test and between-method correlations for vO 2 , hr and running speed parameters (r=0.78-0.89, p<0.01). The present study has indicated that the vt and hr dP for running (vO 2 , ventilation, and heart rate at vt/hr dP) are independent of test protocol, while there is a significant effect of ramp slope on vt and hr dP when expressed as running speed. moreover, this study demonstrates that the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate may be an accurate predictor of the anaerobic threshold in trained runners, independently of the protocol used.
The aim of the study was to establish possible differences in both aerobic and anaerobic fitness ... more The aim of the study was to establish possible differences in both aerobic and anaerobic fitness parameters among different positions (point guards, shooting guards, small forwards, power forwards, and centers) in basketball. Based on previous research on certain differences among play positions in basketball, aerobic and anaerobic fitness capacity values of basketballers in different positions were analyzed. Seventy adult basketball players (age 24.37±4.05 years) from the Croatian Division 1 league were classified as point guards (n=20), shooting guards and small forwards (n=26), and power forwards and centers (n=24). Six variables of cardiopulmonary function were obtained using spirometry and spiroergometry test. Regarding aerobic abilities, a significant difference among the three positions was found only in the VO 2max parameters (p=.00) in favor of power forwards and centers (5.55± 0.6 l/min) when compared to point guards (4.7± 0.6 L/min) and shooting guards and small forwards (5.01±0.6 l/min). No significant difference was found in the Croatian basketballers' anaerobic capacity parameters among the three different play positions.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Feb 1, 2011
Mikulic, P, Vucetic, V, and Sentija, D. Strong relationship between heart rate deflection point a... more Mikulic, P, Vucetic, V, and Sentija, D. Strong relationship between heart rate deflection point and ventilatory threshold in trained rowers. J Strength Cond Res 25(2): 360-366, 2011-The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and ventilatory threshold (VT) to the physiological and performance variables in a relatively large group of trained men rowers. We proposed the hypothesis that physiological and performance variables corresponding to HRDP are not significantly different from corresponding variables at VT, which would justify the use of HRDP as a simple, affordable, and noninvasive method of anaerobic threshold assessment in trained rowers. Eighty-nine trained men rowers (mean 6 SD: age 21.2 6 4.1 years; stature 1.89 6 0.06 m; body mass 89.2 6 8.4 kg; _ VO 2 max [maximum oxygen uptake] 5.39 6 0.62 L/min 21) completed an incremental rowing ergometer exercise test to exhaustion. Three independent, experienced observers determined both HRDP and VT. HRDP was determined by visual and computer-aided regression analyses and was evident in all rowers. The main findings include (a) there is a strong relationship among all observed physiological and performance variables corresponding to HR HRDP and HR VT (r = 0.79-0.96; p , 0.001) and (b) power output, oxygen uptake, ventilation, tidal volume and breathing rate corresponding to HR HRDP and HR VT were not significantly different (p $ 0.011), whereas HR HRDP was slightly but significantly higher than HR VT (174.5 vs. 172.8 beatsÁmin 21 ; p = 0.003). The standard error of the estimate in predicting the HR VT based on HR HRDP was 5.1 beatsÁmin 21. The subsequent data suggest that, in general, trained rowers may be able to periodically assess their aerobic endurance and evaluate the effects of training programs using the HRDP method.
Can an incremental kettlebell swinging test be used to assess aerobic capacity
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel incremental kettlebell test (... more The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel incremental kettlebell test (IKT) by comparing the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response to those of a standard incremental running treadmill test (ITT). Eleven subjects (9 men and 2 women) volunteered to perform both tests. The kettlebell test was performed with the swing technique increasing the load every 30 seconds to exhaustion, without rest between stages. It starts with a 4 kg kettlebell load and with each successive stage the kettlebell weight is increased for 2 kg. A week later the subjects performed an ITT test, with speed increments of 0.5 km/h every 30 seconds (at a constant 1% incline) up to volitional exhaustion. Blood lactate concentration (BL), heart rate (HR) and gas exchange variables were monitored in both tests. There was a strong correlation between tests for peak oxygen uptake (r=0.92), and low to moderate for the other variables. However, the mean peak values differed significantly for VO2, HR, BL and ventilation, with lower values recorded in IKT than in ITT. The values of the remaining parameters were also lower in IKT, but the differences were not significant (p >0.05). The mean values of all IKT variables were in the range of 82% - 103% of ITT values (88% on average). In most subjects, muscle fatigue rather than cardio-respiratory factors caused exhaustion in the IKT test. In conclusion, the kettlebell test may be considered for athletes who train with external loads, as well as in subjects that are poor runners. However, several methodological issues need to be addressed in future research to obtain a valid and reliable kettlebell swinging test protocol.
Comparison of VO2 kinetics in walking and running at the ‘energetically optimal’ gait transition speed
Walking and running, as two distinctive patterns of locomotion, may be considered the most natura... more Walking and running, as two distinctive patterns of locomotion, may be considered the most natural forms of physical activity in humans. It is surprising, therefore, that no attempts have been made, to our knowledge, to compare the VO2 kinetics in walking and running.The aim of this study was to examine VO2 kinetics during walking and running at the preferred gait transition speed (PTS). Twenty-two physical education students (21.4± ; 2.4y, 182± ; 7cm), performed treadmill tests for determination of the aerobic gas exchange thresholds (for walking, ATw, and running, ATr), VO2max and PTS. Thereafter, they completed two square-wave 30-minute walking (W30) and running (R30) tests at the PTS ; VO2 was determined breath-by-breath, and computorised non-linear regression techniques were used to describe either a mono-, bi- exponential or exponential+linear VO2 response. ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to test for differences between walking and running parameters. The PTS had the same average value as ATw and ATr (7.1± ; 0.4 km/h). The time constant for the fast VO2 component ("tau") in the 30- minute tests was significantly smaller for running than for walking (29.1± ; 8.4 s vs 33.0± ; 8.2 s, p 0.05). The mean time to achieve stable state (tss) and the aerobic energy cost (Css) were significantly lower for walking (tss = 316± ; 306 s and 588± ; 419 s ; Css = 157± ; 20 ml O2/kg/km and 218± ; 20 ml O2/kg/km, for W30 and R30, respectively). In W30, the aerobic energy cost centered at the 3rd minute of exercise (C3=153± ; 18 ml O2/kg/km) and Css did not differ significantly (p> 0.05), while in the R30 test, C3 was significantly lower than Css (C3=197± ; 21 ml O2/kg/km, p<0.05), although explaining effectively the variability of Css (r2 = 0.93). Oxygen uptake kinetics ("tau") are significantly faster in running compared to walking at the preferred gait transition speed in young healthy subjects. Although all tests were equally distributed within the moderate and heavy intensity domains, walking at the PTS is characterized by a monoexponential VO2 response, while a VO2 slow component is present during running at the PTS, in most subjects. References. 1. Barstow TJ, Mole’ PA (1991). Linear and nonlinear characteristics of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 71(3):2099-106.
Comparison of ventilation threshold and heart rate deflection point in fast and standard treadmill test protocols
PubMed, Jun 1, 2014
The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold fro... more The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold from two different treadmill protocols. Forty-eight Croatian runners of national rank (ten sprinters, fifteen 400-m runners, ten middle distance runners and thirteen long distance runners), mean age 21.7 +/- 5.1 years, participated in the study. They performed two graded maximal exercise tests on a treadmill, a standard ramp treadmill test (T(SR), speed increments of 1 km x h(-1) every 60 seconds) and a fast ramp treadmill test (T(FR), speed increments of 1 km x h(-1) every 30 seconds) to determine and compare the parameters at peak values and at heart rate at the deflection point (HR(DP)) and ventilation threshold (VT). There were no significant differences between protocols (p > 0.05) for peak values of oxygen uptake (VO(2max), 4.48 +/- 0.43 and 4.44 +/- 0.45 L x min(-1)), weight related VO(2max) (62.5 +/- 6.2 and 62.0 +/- 6.0 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)), pulmonary ventilation (VE(max), 163.1 +/- 18.7 and 161.3 +/- 19.9 L x min(-1)) and heart rate (HR(max), 192.3 +/- 8.5 and 194.4 +/- 8.7 bpm) (T(FR) and T(SR), respectively). Moreover, no significant differences between T(FR) and T(SR) where found for VT and HR(DP) when expressed as VO2 and HR. However, there was a significant effect of ramp slope on running speed at VO(2max) and at the anaerobic threshold (AnT), independent of the method used (VT: 16.0 +/- 2.2 vs 14.9 +/- 2.2 km x h(-1);HR(DP): 16.5 +/- 1.9 vs 14.9 +/- 2.0 km x h(-1) for T(FR) and T(SR) respectively). Linear regression analysis revealed high between-test and between-method correlations for VO2, HR and running speed parameters (r = 0.78-0.89, p < 0.01). The present study has indicated that the VT and HR(DP) for running (VO2, ventilation, and heart rate at VT/HR(DP)) are independent of test protocol, while there is a significant effect of ramp slope on VT and HR(DP) when expressed as running speed. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate may be an accurate predictor of the anaerobic threshold in trained runners, independently of the protocol used.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, Oct 16, 2009
lowing gait transition is signifi cantly higher than the maximum spontaneous walking speed. This ... more lowing gait transition is signifi cantly higher than the maximum spontaneous walking speed. This gap between spontaneously chosen walking and running speeds may overlap the range between PTS and EOTS, resulting in spontaneous avoidance of running (i. e. the less economical gait) within this range, and thus supporting the metabolic cost hypothesis. On the basis of the metabolic cost per stride , Minetti et al. [24] suggested a comfort criterion (mediated by peripheral aff erents signals) as a possible trigger of gait transition in humans. Namely, the metabolic costs for walking and running, expressed per stride, intersect approximately at PTS [24]. Other proposed triggers of gait transition include reaching a critical velocity of ankle fl exion [12] and / or critical angle between the thighs [24] , tibialis anterior muscle fatigue [33] , the dynamics of inverted-pendulum system [19] , the kinetic variables of time to fi rst peak force and loading rate [28] , and intrinsic contractile properties of ankle plantar fl exors [26]. It should be emphasized that most of the above mentioned determinants of the PTS in humans are not mutually exclusive and were investigated only in the walk-to-run transition [12, 19, 24, 26, 33]. Therefore, our knowledge about the mechanisms or triggers that determine the PTS of an individual is far from being complete.
The relationship between ventilatory anaerobic threshold and critical power
The aim of this study was to determine the ralationship between ventilatory anaerobic threshold a... more The aim of this study was to determine the ralationship between ventilatory anaerobic threshold and critical power in Croatian nationally ranked rowers. The subject sample comprised 17 male senior rowers of the Croatian national rowing team. All subjects performed three tests on the rowing ergometer ConceptII. First test was an incremental laboratory test for the evaluation of the aerobic capacity and second and third were all-out tests on 2000 and 6000 meters. Both variables that measure anaerobic threshold (VT and CP) were significantly correlated with all other variables exept with relative aerobic capacity. The correlations with E6000 were higher than with E2000, which can be explained with the more aerobic nature of the longer (E6000) test. There was also a statistically significant correlation between VT and CP. The critical power, or fatigue threshold that is derived from two maximal all-out tests on 2000 and 6000 meters performed on a rowing ergometer is a valid predictor of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Moreover, it correlates even better with performed all-out ergometer tests and with VO2 max than VT so it can be recommended as a valid parameter for programming and control in the training process of rowers.
The Relationship between Heart RateE Deflection Point and the Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold in Basketball Players
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE DEFLECTION POINT AND THE VENTILATORY ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN B... more THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE DEFLECTION POINT AND THE VENTILATORY ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS. Jurica ango 1 , Davor entija 1 , Vlatko Vučetić 1. Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia. ABSTRACT. ...
Razlike u pokazateljima energetskih kapaciteta trkača i nogometaša
RAZLIKE U POKAZATELJIMA ENERGETSKIH KAPACITETA TRKAČA I NOGOMETAA. Marko Puček, Vlatko Vučetić, ... more RAZLIKE U POKAZATELJIMA ENERGETSKIH KAPACITETA TRKAČA I NOGOMETAA. Marko Puček, Vlatko Vučetić, Davor entija. Sportsko dijagnostički centar Kineziolokog fakulteta Sveučilita u Zagrebu. 1.UVOD. Po strukturalnoj ...
The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold fro... more The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold from two different treadmill protocols. forty-eight Croatian runners of national rank (ten sprinters, fifteen 400-m runners, ten middle distance runners and thirteen long distance runners), mean age 21.7±5.1 years, participated in the study. They performed two graded maximal exercise tests on a treadmill, a standard ramp treadmill test (T SR, speed increments of 1 km•h-1 every 60 seconds) and a fast ramp treadmill test (T FR, speed increments of 1 km•h-1 every 30 seconds) to determine and compare the parameters at peak values and at heart rate at the deflection point (hr dP) and ventilation threshold (vt). There were no significant differences between protocols (p>0.05) for peak values of oxygen uptake (vO 2max , 4.48±0.43 and 4.44±0.45 L•min-1), weight related vO 2max (62.5±6.2 and 62.0±6.0 mL•kg-1 •min-1), pulmonary ventilation (ve max , 163.1±18.7 and 161.3±19.9 L•min-1) and heart rate (hr max , 192.3±8.5 and 194.4±8.7 bpm) (t fr and t Sr , respectively). moreover, no significant differences between t fr and t Sr where found for vt and hr dP when expressed as vO 2 and hr. however, there was a significant effect of ramp slope on running speed at vO 2max and at the anaerobic threshold (Ant) , independent of the method used (vt: 16.0±2.2 vs 14.9±2.2 km•h-1 ;hr dP : 16.5±1.9 vs 14.9±2.0 km•h-1 for t fr and t Sr respectively). linear regression analysis revealed high between-test and between-method correlations for vO 2 , hr and running speed parameters (r=0.78-0.89, p<0.01). The present study has indicated that the vt and hr dP for running (vO 2 , ventilation, and heart rate at vt/hr dP) are independent of test protocol, while there is a significant effect of ramp slope on vt and hr dP when expressed as running speed. moreover, this study demonstrates that the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate may be an accurate predictor of the anaerobic threshold in trained runners, independently of the protocol used.
The aim of the study was to establish possible differences in both aerobic and anaerobic fitness ... more The aim of the study was to establish possible differences in both aerobic and anaerobic fitness parameters among different positions (point guards, shooting guards, small forwards, power forwards, and centers) in basketball. Based on previous research on certain differences among play positions in basketball, aerobic and anaerobic fitness capacity values of basketballers in different positions were analyzed. Seventy adult basketball players (age 24.37±4.05 years) from the Croatian Division 1 league were classified as point guards (n=20), shooting guards and small forwards (n=26), and power forwards and centers (n=24). Six variables of cardiopulmonary function were obtained using spirometry and spiroergometry test. Regarding aerobic abilities, a significant difference among the three positions was found only in the VO 2max parameters (p=.00) in favor of power forwards and centers (5.55± 0.6 l/min) when compared to point guards (4.7± 0.6 L/min) and shooting guards and small forwards (5.01±0.6 l/min). No significant difference was found in the Croatian basketballers' anaerobic capacity parameters among the three different play positions.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Feb 1, 2011
Mikulic, P, Vucetic, V, and Sentija, D. Strong relationship between heart rate deflection point a... more Mikulic, P, Vucetic, V, and Sentija, D. Strong relationship between heart rate deflection point and ventilatory threshold in trained rowers. J Strength Cond Res 25(2): 360-366, 2011-The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and ventilatory threshold (VT) to the physiological and performance variables in a relatively large group of trained men rowers. We proposed the hypothesis that physiological and performance variables corresponding to HRDP are not significantly different from corresponding variables at VT, which would justify the use of HRDP as a simple, affordable, and noninvasive method of anaerobic threshold assessment in trained rowers. Eighty-nine trained men rowers (mean 6 SD: age 21.2 6 4.1 years; stature 1.89 6 0.06 m; body mass 89.2 6 8.4 kg; _ VO 2 max [maximum oxygen uptake] 5.39 6 0.62 L/min 21) completed an incremental rowing ergometer exercise test to exhaustion. Three independent, experienced observers determined both HRDP and VT. HRDP was determined by visual and computer-aided regression analyses and was evident in all rowers. The main findings include (a) there is a strong relationship among all observed physiological and performance variables corresponding to HR HRDP and HR VT (r = 0.79-0.96; p , 0.001) and (b) power output, oxygen uptake, ventilation, tidal volume and breathing rate corresponding to HR HRDP and HR VT were not significantly different (p $ 0.011), whereas HR HRDP was slightly but significantly higher than HR VT (174.5 vs. 172.8 beatsÁmin 21 ; p = 0.003). The standard error of the estimate in predicting the HR VT based on HR HRDP was 5.1 beatsÁmin 21. The subsequent data suggest that, in general, trained rowers may be able to periodically assess their aerobic endurance and evaluate the effects of training programs using the HRDP method.
Can an incremental kettlebell swinging test be used to assess aerobic capacity
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel incremental kettlebell test (... more The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel incremental kettlebell test (IKT) by comparing the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response to those of a standard incremental running treadmill test (ITT). Eleven subjects (9 men and 2 women) volunteered to perform both tests. The kettlebell test was performed with the swing technique increasing the load every 30 seconds to exhaustion, without rest between stages. It starts with a 4 kg kettlebell load and with each successive stage the kettlebell weight is increased for 2 kg. A week later the subjects performed an ITT test, with speed increments of 0.5 km/h every 30 seconds (at a constant 1% incline) up to volitional exhaustion. Blood lactate concentration (BL), heart rate (HR) and gas exchange variables were monitored in both tests. There was a strong correlation between tests for peak oxygen uptake (r=0.92), and low to moderate for the other variables. However, the mean peak values differed significantly for VO2, HR, BL and ventilation, with lower values recorded in IKT than in ITT. The values of the remaining parameters were also lower in IKT, but the differences were not significant (p >0.05). The mean values of all IKT variables were in the range of 82% - 103% of ITT values (88% on average). In most subjects, muscle fatigue rather than cardio-respiratory factors caused exhaustion in the IKT test. In conclusion, the kettlebell test may be considered for athletes who train with external loads, as well as in subjects that are poor runners. However, several methodological issues need to be addressed in future research to obtain a valid and reliable kettlebell swinging test protocol.
Comparison of VO2 kinetics in walking and running at the ‘energetically optimal’ gait transition speed
Walking and running, as two distinctive patterns of locomotion, may be considered the most natura... more Walking and running, as two distinctive patterns of locomotion, may be considered the most natural forms of physical activity in humans. It is surprising, therefore, that no attempts have been made, to our knowledge, to compare the VO2 kinetics in walking and running.The aim of this study was to examine VO2 kinetics during walking and running at the preferred gait transition speed (PTS). Twenty-two physical education students (21.4± ; 2.4y, 182± ; 7cm), performed treadmill tests for determination of the aerobic gas exchange thresholds (for walking, ATw, and running, ATr), VO2max and PTS. Thereafter, they completed two square-wave 30-minute walking (W30) and running (R30) tests at the PTS ; VO2 was determined breath-by-breath, and computorised non-linear regression techniques were used to describe either a mono-, bi- exponential or exponential+linear VO2 response. ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to test for differences between walking and running parameters. The PTS had the same average value as ATw and ATr (7.1± ; 0.4 km/h). The time constant for the fast VO2 component ("tau") in the 30- minute tests was significantly smaller for running than for walking (29.1± ; 8.4 s vs 33.0± ; 8.2 s, p 0.05). The mean time to achieve stable state (tss) and the aerobic energy cost (Css) were significantly lower for walking (tss = 316± ; 306 s and 588± ; 419 s ; Css = 157± ; 20 ml O2/kg/km and 218± ; 20 ml O2/kg/km, for W30 and R30, respectively). In W30, the aerobic energy cost centered at the 3rd minute of exercise (C3=153± ; 18 ml O2/kg/km) and Css did not differ significantly (p> 0.05), while in the R30 test, C3 was significantly lower than Css (C3=197± ; 21 ml O2/kg/km, p<0.05), although explaining effectively the variability of Css (r2 = 0.93). Oxygen uptake kinetics ("tau") are significantly faster in running compared to walking at the preferred gait transition speed in young healthy subjects. Although all tests were equally distributed within the moderate and heavy intensity domains, walking at the PTS is characterized by a monoexponential VO2 response, while a VO2 slow component is present during running at the PTS, in most subjects. References. 1. Barstow TJ, Mole’ PA (1991). Linear and nonlinear characteristics of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 71(3):2099-106.
Comparison of ventilation threshold and heart rate deflection point in fast and standard treadmill test protocols
PubMed, Jun 1, 2014
The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold fro... more The purpose of this study was to compare two methods for determination of anaerobic threshold from two different treadmill protocols. Forty-eight Croatian runners of national rank (ten sprinters, fifteen 400-m runners, ten middle distance runners and thirteen long distance runners), mean age 21.7 +/- 5.1 years, participated in the study. They performed two graded maximal exercise tests on a treadmill, a standard ramp treadmill test (T(SR), speed increments of 1 km x h(-1) every 60 seconds) and a fast ramp treadmill test (T(FR), speed increments of 1 km x h(-1) every 30 seconds) to determine and compare the parameters at peak values and at heart rate at the deflection point (HR(DP)) and ventilation threshold (VT). There were no significant differences between protocols (p > 0.05) for peak values of oxygen uptake (VO(2max), 4.48 +/- 0.43 and 4.44 +/- 0.45 L x min(-1)), weight related VO(2max) (62.5 +/- 6.2 and 62.0 +/- 6.0 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)), pulmonary ventilation (VE(max), 163.1 +/- 18.7 and 161.3 +/- 19.9 L x min(-1)) and heart rate (HR(max), 192.3 +/- 8.5 and 194.4 +/- 8.7 bpm) (T(FR) and T(SR), respectively). Moreover, no significant differences between T(FR) and T(SR) where found for VT and HR(DP) when expressed as VO2 and HR. However, there was a significant effect of ramp slope on running speed at VO(2max) and at the anaerobic threshold (AnT), independent of the method used (VT: 16.0 +/- 2.2 vs 14.9 +/- 2.2 km x h(-1);HR(DP): 16.5 +/- 1.9 vs 14.9 +/- 2.0 km x h(-1) for T(FR) and T(SR) respectively). Linear regression analysis revealed high between-test and between-method correlations for VO2, HR and running speed parameters (r = 0.78-0.89, p < 0.01). The present study has indicated that the VT and HR(DP) for running (VO2, ventilation, and heart rate at VT/HR(DP)) are independent of test protocol, while there is a significant effect of ramp slope on VT and HR(DP) when expressed as running speed. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate may be an accurate predictor of the anaerobic threshold in trained runners, independently of the protocol used.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, Oct 16, 2009
lowing gait transition is signifi cantly higher than the maximum spontaneous walking speed. This ... more lowing gait transition is signifi cantly higher than the maximum spontaneous walking speed. This gap between spontaneously chosen walking and running speeds may overlap the range between PTS and EOTS, resulting in spontaneous avoidance of running (i. e. the less economical gait) within this range, and thus supporting the metabolic cost hypothesis. On the basis of the metabolic cost per stride , Minetti et al. [24] suggested a comfort criterion (mediated by peripheral aff erents signals) as a possible trigger of gait transition in humans. Namely, the metabolic costs for walking and running, expressed per stride, intersect approximately at PTS [24]. Other proposed triggers of gait transition include reaching a critical velocity of ankle fl exion [12] and / or critical angle between the thighs [24] , tibialis anterior muscle fatigue [33] , the dynamics of inverted-pendulum system [19] , the kinetic variables of time to fi rst peak force and loading rate [28] , and intrinsic contractile properties of ankle plantar fl exors [26]. It should be emphasized that most of the above mentioned determinants of the PTS in humans are not mutually exclusive and were investigated only in the walk-to-run transition [12, 19, 24, 26, 33]. Therefore, our knowledge about the mechanisms or triggers that determine the PTS of an individual is far from being complete.
The relationship between ventilatory anaerobic threshold and critical power
The aim of this study was to determine the ralationship between ventilatory anaerobic threshold a... more The aim of this study was to determine the ralationship between ventilatory anaerobic threshold and critical power in Croatian nationally ranked rowers. The subject sample comprised 17 male senior rowers of the Croatian national rowing team. All subjects performed three tests on the rowing ergometer ConceptII. First test was an incremental laboratory test for the evaluation of the aerobic capacity and second and third were all-out tests on 2000 and 6000 meters. Both variables that measure anaerobic threshold (VT and CP) were significantly correlated with all other variables exept with relative aerobic capacity. The correlations with E6000 were higher than with E2000, which can be explained with the more aerobic nature of the longer (E6000) test. There was also a statistically significant correlation between VT and CP. The critical power, or fatigue threshold that is derived from two maximal all-out tests on 2000 and 6000 meters performed on a rowing ergometer is a valid predictor of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Moreover, it correlates even better with performed all-out ergometer tests and with VO2 max than VT so it can be recommended as a valid parameter for programming and control in the training process of rowers.
The Relationship between Heart RateE Deflection Point and the Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold in Basketball Players
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE DEFLECTION POINT AND THE VENTILATORY ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN B... more THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE DEFLECTION POINT AND THE VENTILATORY ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS. Jurica ango 1 , Davor entija 1 , Vlatko Vučetić 1. Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia. ABSTRACT. ...
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