The year 2018 ended with a pleasant surprise for emerging economies in the form of the Nature Gro... more The year 2018 ended with a pleasant surprise for emerging economies in the form of the Nature Groups' research productivity statistics, with Egypt and Pakistan leading the way, closely followed by China, India, Brazil, and Mexico.1 While, this exponential growth was in relative terms to the previous year's 'performance and could be explained by a variety of factors, the progress was nonetheless impressive and a step in the right direction. Knowledge synthesis has long been established as a key driver for a Nation's growth, and in the realization of this fact, most countries have started pouring resources into research, e f f e c t i v e l y s t r i v i n g t o w a r d s a knowledge-based economy.2 The emphasis on research productivity, however, has brought along its own set of problems. The most important issue in research is adherence to the core values of research, which include "objectivity, honesty, openness, f a i r n e s s , a c c o u n t a b i l i t y, a n d stewardship".3 A breach of these core values during any research process, from conception to conducting and reporting of research is known as scientific misconduct. The US Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) defines "research misconduct" as "fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results, and does not include honest error or differences of opinion".4 This definition, however, covers the socalled "Big Three" of research misconduct only, i.e. Fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism. There are however, some "other serious deviations" from the core values, proposed by Ryan Commission as "misappropriation, interference, and
Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in imp... more Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in implementing accreditation standards by Pakistan Medical Commission during accreditation inspection 2019. Methods: In this qualitative case study, four medical colleges and their affiliated hospitals from three cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGD) through Open-ended questions, based on CIPP (context, input, process, and product) model. Each focus group comprised of Dean, the Director Department of Medical Education (DME) and the Medical Director of the hospital. Data were thematically analyzed and results were based on the CIPP model. Results: Three themes identified were administrative challenges, accreditation challenges and resource challenges. The administrative challenges theme was further explained under subthemes of rules and regulation challenges, documentation and record ...
Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in imp... more Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in implementing accreditation standards by Pakistan Medical Commission during accreditation inspection 2019. Methods: In this qualitative case study, four medical colleges and their affiliated hospitals from three cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGD) through Open-ended questions, based on CIPP (context, input, process, and product) model. Each focus group comprised of Dean, the Director Department of Medical Education (DME) and the Medical Director of the hospital. Data were thematically analyzed and results were based on the CIPP model. Results: Three themes identified were administrative challenges, accreditation challenges and resource challenges. The administrative challenges theme was further explained under subthemes of rules and regulation challenges, documentation and record ...
Childhood vaccination program provides one of the most cost-effective public health interventions... more Childhood vaccination program provides one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Vaccination prevents about 2-3 million deaths a year.1 Disease elimination and eradication programs are one of the most effective way to interrupt disease transmission, which results in reducing morbidity and mortality. After successful eradication of small pox in 19772, the world is close to achieve the goal of polio eradication. Polio eradication program has evolved since its beginning around three decades ago. However, the program has seen several challenges during this time around the globe. Hesitation to vaccinate remains one of the most important factors to determine the course of eradication program. Vaccine hesitancy is “the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines”.1 Any factor affecting the public trust in vaccine safety, purity or efficacy can result in variable level of vaccine hesitancy.3-5 Vaccine hesitancy, if not addressed timely and effec...
th century the 1 st scientific French journal “ Journal des Savants” was launched. The medical jo... more th century the 1 st scientific French journal “ Journal des Savants” was launched. The medical journals were started in 18 th century. The Lancet was founded by Thomas Wakley in 1823. Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (now published as BMJ-British Medical Journal) was launched in October 1840. Since then, the number of scientific research journals including medical journals is increasing day by day and the amount of research available for readers of medical journals is beyond our expectations. MEDLINE, compiled by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) is the world’s leading source of life sciences and biomedical bibliographic information. It contains about eleven million records from over 7,300 different publications from 1965 to 2005. 1 Yet there is a significant under-representation of authors of developing and low income countries in the published scientific literature. 2,3 This creates a serious concern in the minds of practising doctors from developing countries tha...
1 THIS ARTICLE MAY BE CITED AS: Sherin A. Evidence-based medicine and clinical practice in Pakis... more 1 THIS ARTICLE MAY BE CITED AS: Sherin A. Evidence-based medicine and clinical practice in Pakistan. Khyber Med Univ J 2014; 6(1): 1-2. EDITORIAL Optimum patient care is the hallmark of clinical practice. It depends upon the clinician's knowledge, clinical skills and judgement in identifying the patient's problems, diagnosing the basic pathology and making a clinical decision regarding best available care for the problem. Clinical decision making regarding safe and best available care is not an easy job. Clinical decision depends upon the gravity of situation (simple to very com-plex) and may range from fast intuitive 1 (gut feelings), heuristic 2 (experience based, task-specific) to more analytical and evidence-based. 3 Variations in the approach of individual clinicians towards a similar clinical problem are not unusual as some clinicians prefer personal ex-periences; some may take guidance of other colleagues and some may gather information through various tools before t...
Obei ngs are facing the worst challenges of violence, terrorism and wars apart from health relate... more Obei ngs are facing the worst challenges of violence, terrorism and wars apart from health related challenges. Health and peace are the fundamental rights of every human being and are interlinked. Relationship between health and peace is dynamic and bilateral. Peace is an important determinant of health while attainment of peace depends upon health of all 1-3 people. Both health and peace have a very broad meaning. World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence 3 of disease or infirmity". Similarly, "peace" is currently taken as not just the absence or reduction of war but include negation of violence, presence of harmony, justice, equity; and the capacity to handle conflict in a 4 nonviolent manner.
Background Management of diabetes during fasting is a clinical challenge. Sodium glucose co-trans... more Background Management of diabetes during fasting is a clinical challenge. Sodium glucose co-transporter -2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are considered safe with a low risk of hypoglycemia. However, studies on SGLT2i are scarce. This study was designed to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of empagliflozin with metformin during Ramadan in comparison with sitagliptin and metformin. Methods It was a prospective, observational study, conducted at 11 different sites all across Pakistan on an outpatient basis during Ramadan (May 2021–June 2021). including 132 patients, 88 who received metformin and sitagliptin, and 44 patients who received metformin and empagliflozin. Results Patients of the SGLT-2i group experienced similar symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes (15.9%) as the sitagliptin group. There was an improvement in blood sugar levels after the use of SGLT-2i (RBS 181 ± 64 before Ramadan vs 162 ± 53 after Ramadan). HbA1c also improved after the use of SGLT-2i before and after Ramada...
Pakistan is the 6th most populous country of the world with a total population of 184.35 millions... more Pakistan is the 6th most populous country of the world with a total population of 184.35 millions in 2012-13.1 Coping with a decade long war on terror, Pakistan is facing lot of other challenges to the health of its population. The health related issues are contributing to the fi-nancial burden on the struggling economy of Pakistan. Pakistan spent about 448 billion rupees as total health expenditure in the fiscal year 2009-10 with a 29% increase than 2008-9.2 Although the male and female life expectancy has increased up to 62.6 % & 67.8 % respectively in the year 2010 as compared to 61.5 % & 64.5 % in the year 2000,3 still the years
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 2020
Little is known about the pathophysiology and immunology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Cor... more Little is known about the pathophysiology and immunology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is not yet clear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection produces long-term immune protection, or a short-lived immunity that would fade with the passage of time. We report a first case of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in second wave from Pakistan. A 41-year-old male, health care worker developed flu-like illness, tested positive on 6th June 2020 and became PCR negative on 19th June 2020 with reactive antibodies. After 4 months and 13 days of negative PCR, he developed symptoms again and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with non-reactive antibodies.
Global population is growing rapidly with recent figures of 7.3 billion people living across the ... more Global population is growing rapidly with recent figures of 7.3 billion people living across the world. As expected, more than 6 billion people are living in less developed countries.1 This huge population is threatened by diseases, disabilities, injuries and death. According to Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, only 4·3% of the global population was without any disease or injury sequelae, while 2·3 billion people were having more than five illnesses.2 Global disease burden is shared more by the less developed countries as compared to developed countries. However, research to prevent and treat these health related problems is mainly conducted in developed countries. Research output in general and conducting clinical trials in particular, is lacking in developing countries.3 From 2005 to 2012, out of 189,213 trials registered with 15 World Health Organization-approved clinical trial registries, only 13% of the clinical trials were contributed by lower-middle income countries and ...
To find out the frequency of various congenital heart diseases (CHD) in patients less than 12 yea... more To find out the frequency of various congenital heart diseases (CHD) in patients less than 12 years of age at Lady Reading hospital, Peshawar.
Akhtar SherinOver the last few years, Pakistan has faced devas-tating natural calamities like ear... more Akhtar SherinOver the last few years, Pakistan has faced devas-tating natural calamities like earthquake, torrential rainsand floods that not only destroyed the local infrastruc-ture but also threatened the health status of general pub-lic. Due to overcrowded cities, unsafe drinking water, in-adequate sanitation facilities, huge number of refugeesand poor vaccination, Pakistan is prone to large epidem-ics of various water borne and vector borne diseases.
Road traffic crashes (RTCs) represent the 8th leading cause of global mortality. Worldwide, about... more Road traffic crashes (RTCs) represent the 8th leading cause of global mortality. Worldwide, about 3,700 people lose their lives daily and 1.35 million people die annually due to RTCs. Majority of these deaths occur among children and young adults and almost 93% deaths are from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Every year, around 50 million people are disabled due to non-fatal injuries during RTCs, posing serious threats to the global public health. 1,2 In 2004, on the recommendations of United Nations (UN) General Assembly, World Health Organization (WHO) established UN Road Safety Collaboration to address the road safety issues across the world. In March 2010, UN General Assembly proclaimed 2011–2020 as the “Decade of Action for road safety” to reduce the RTCs related deaths through safe system approach at national, regional and global levels.3 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target 3.6 was aimed to halve the number of global deaths and injuries due to RTCs by the ...
. Besides developing guidelinesfor authors regarding preparation and submission ofmanuscripts, IC... more . Besides developing guidelinesfor authors regarding preparation and submission ofmanuscripts, ICMJE is deeply concerned with the issuesrelated to publication ethics like authorship, contributor-ship, editorship, peer review, conflicts of interest, privacy,confidentiality and protection of human subjects andanimals in research.A major issue in publishing medical research is thepublication bias
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are the major cause of mortality, accounting for 38 million ann... more Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are the major cause of mortality, accounting for 38 million annual deaths around the world.The four main NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes) are accounting for 82% of all NCD deaths.1 About, 80% of all NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.2 In Pakistan, NCDs are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality.3 According to WHO country profile, NCDs are contributing for 50% of total deaths in Pakistan and the probability of dying from 30- 70 years of age, due to four main NCDs is 26%.4 Diabetes mellitus is ranked 4th among NCDs causing deaths, accounting for 1.5 million global deaths each year.1 Worldwide, estimated prevalence of diabetes was 9% among adults (aged 18+ years) in 2014.5 According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF)6, 382 million people, aging between 40 and 59 years across the world, are currently living with diabetes and the estimat...
Epilepsy is the third major cause of global burden of neurological diseases after stroke and head... more Epilepsy is the third major cause of global burden of neurological diseases after stroke and headache.1 Out of 50 million people with epilepsy worldwide, about 80% are living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).2 The magnitude of the problem in these countries is worsened by high treatment gap as over 75% of epilepsy patients in low-income countries and more than 50% in middle-income countries, are not receiving the required treatment.3 Although epilepsy is relatively more common in males, gender variation in prevalence rates of subtypes of epilepsy has been reported.4,5 Under-reporting of epilepsy in women due to various social reasons may contribute to lower prevalence of epilepsy in women.6Although epilepsy has its own impact on both genders, being woman with epilepsy (WWE) has some special concerns and issues related to reproductive and social life.5,7 The most critical issues in WWE in LMIC are the ignorance, stigma, myths and misconception of people about the nature a...
children with excessive internet gaming are more likely to have craving for the screen associated... more children with excessive internet gaming are more likely to have craving for the screen associated mood disorders, irritability, impulsivity, attention decit, c o n d u c t p r o b l e m , e m o t i o n a l 10 dysregulations and lower self-esteem. The biological consequences may include poor sleeping, unhealthy dietary habits, v i s i o n i m p a i r m e n t , o b e s i t y , musculoskeletal problems and peripheral 6
The year 2018 ended with a pleasant surprise for emerging economies in the form of the Nature Gro... more The year 2018 ended with a pleasant surprise for emerging economies in the form of the Nature Groups' research productivity statistics, with Egypt and Pakistan leading the way, closely followed by China, India, Brazil, and Mexico.1 While, this exponential growth was in relative terms to the previous year's 'performance and could be explained by a variety of factors, the progress was nonetheless impressive and a step in the right direction. Knowledge synthesis has long been established as a key driver for a Nation's growth, and in the realization of this fact, most countries have started pouring resources into research, e f f e c t i v e l y s t r i v i n g t o w a r d s a knowledge-based economy.2 The emphasis on research productivity, however, has brought along its own set of problems. The most important issue in research is adherence to the core values of research, which include "objectivity, honesty, openness, f a i r n e s s , a c c o u n t a b i l i t y, a n d stewardship".3 A breach of these core values during any research process, from conception to conducting and reporting of research is known as scientific misconduct. The US Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) defines "research misconduct" as "fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results, and does not include honest error or differences of opinion".4 This definition, however, covers the socalled "Big Three" of research misconduct only, i.e. Fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism. There are however, some "other serious deviations" from the core values, proposed by Ryan Commission as "misappropriation, interference, and
Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in imp... more Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in implementing accreditation standards by Pakistan Medical Commission during accreditation inspection 2019. Methods: In this qualitative case study, four medical colleges and their affiliated hospitals from three cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGD) through Open-ended questions, based on CIPP (context, input, process, and product) model. Each focus group comprised of Dean, the Director Department of Medical Education (DME) and the Medical Director of the hospital. Data were thematically analyzed and results were based on the CIPP model. Results: Three themes identified were administrative challenges, accreditation challenges and resource challenges. The administrative challenges theme was further explained under subthemes of rules and regulation challenges, documentation and record ...
Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in imp... more Objectives: To explore the challenges faced by medical colleges and coping strategies used in implementing accreditation standards by Pakistan Medical Commission during accreditation inspection 2019. Methods: In this qualitative case study, four medical colleges and their affiliated hospitals from three cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGD) through Open-ended questions, based on CIPP (context, input, process, and product) model. Each focus group comprised of Dean, the Director Department of Medical Education (DME) and the Medical Director of the hospital. Data were thematically analyzed and results were based on the CIPP model. Results: Three themes identified were administrative challenges, accreditation challenges and resource challenges. The administrative challenges theme was further explained under subthemes of rules and regulation challenges, documentation and record ...
Childhood vaccination program provides one of the most cost-effective public health interventions... more Childhood vaccination program provides one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Vaccination prevents about 2-3 million deaths a year.1 Disease elimination and eradication programs are one of the most effective way to interrupt disease transmission, which results in reducing morbidity and mortality. After successful eradication of small pox in 19772, the world is close to achieve the goal of polio eradication. Polio eradication program has evolved since its beginning around three decades ago. However, the program has seen several challenges during this time around the globe. Hesitation to vaccinate remains one of the most important factors to determine the course of eradication program. Vaccine hesitancy is “the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines”.1 Any factor affecting the public trust in vaccine safety, purity or efficacy can result in variable level of vaccine hesitancy.3-5 Vaccine hesitancy, if not addressed timely and effec...
th century the 1 st scientific French journal “ Journal des Savants” was launched. The medical jo... more th century the 1 st scientific French journal “ Journal des Savants” was launched. The medical journals were started in 18 th century. The Lancet was founded by Thomas Wakley in 1823. Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (now published as BMJ-British Medical Journal) was launched in October 1840. Since then, the number of scientific research journals including medical journals is increasing day by day and the amount of research available for readers of medical journals is beyond our expectations. MEDLINE, compiled by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) is the world’s leading source of life sciences and biomedical bibliographic information. It contains about eleven million records from over 7,300 different publications from 1965 to 2005. 1 Yet there is a significant under-representation of authors of developing and low income countries in the published scientific literature. 2,3 This creates a serious concern in the minds of practising doctors from developing countries tha...
1 THIS ARTICLE MAY BE CITED AS: Sherin A. Evidence-based medicine and clinical practice in Pakis... more 1 THIS ARTICLE MAY BE CITED AS: Sherin A. Evidence-based medicine and clinical practice in Pakistan. Khyber Med Univ J 2014; 6(1): 1-2. EDITORIAL Optimum patient care is the hallmark of clinical practice. It depends upon the clinician's knowledge, clinical skills and judgement in identifying the patient's problems, diagnosing the basic pathology and making a clinical decision regarding best available care for the problem. Clinical decision making regarding safe and best available care is not an easy job. Clinical decision depends upon the gravity of situation (simple to very com-plex) and may range from fast intuitive 1 (gut feelings), heuristic 2 (experience based, task-specific) to more analytical and evidence-based. 3 Variations in the approach of individual clinicians towards a similar clinical problem are not unusual as some clinicians prefer personal ex-periences; some may take guidance of other colleagues and some may gather information through various tools before t...
Obei ngs are facing the worst challenges of violence, terrorism and wars apart from health relate... more Obei ngs are facing the worst challenges of violence, terrorism and wars apart from health related challenges. Health and peace are the fundamental rights of every human being and are interlinked. Relationship between health and peace is dynamic and bilateral. Peace is an important determinant of health while attainment of peace depends upon health of all 1-3 people. Both health and peace have a very broad meaning. World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence 3 of disease or infirmity". Similarly, "peace" is currently taken as not just the absence or reduction of war but include negation of violence, presence of harmony, justice, equity; and the capacity to handle conflict in a 4 nonviolent manner.
Background Management of diabetes during fasting is a clinical challenge. Sodium glucose co-trans... more Background Management of diabetes during fasting is a clinical challenge. Sodium glucose co-transporter -2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are considered safe with a low risk of hypoglycemia. However, studies on SGLT2i are scarce. This study was designed to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of empagliflozin with metformin during Ramadan in comparison with sitagliptin and metformin. Methods It was a prospective, observational study, conducted at 11 different sites all across Pakistan on an outpatient basis during Ramadan (May 2021–June 2021). including 132 patients, 88 who received metformin and sitagliptin, and 44 patients who received metformin and empagliflozin. Results Patients of the SGLT-2i group experienced similar symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes (15.9%) as the sitagliptin group. There was an improvement in blood sugar levels after the use of SGLT-2i (RBS 181 ± 64 before Ramadan vs 162 ± 53 after Ramadan). HbA1c also improved after the use of SGLT-2i before and after Ramada...
Pakistan is the 6th most populous country of the world with a total population of 184.35 millions... more Pakistan is the 6th most populous country of the world with a total population of 184.35 millions in 2012-13.1 Coping with a decade long war on terror, Pakistan is facing lot of other challenges to the health of its population. The health related issues are contributing to the fi-nancial burden on the struggling economy of Pakistan. Pakistan spent about 448 billion rupees as total health expenditure in the fiscal year 2009-10 with a 29% increase than 2008-9.2 Although the male and female life expectancy has increased up to 62.6 % & 67.8 % respectively in the year 2010 as compared to 61.5 % & 64.5 % in the year 2000,3 still the years
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 2020
Little is known about the pathophysiology and immunology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Cor... more Little is known about the pathophysiology and immunology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is not yet clear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection produces long-term immune protection, or a short-lived immunity that would fade with the passage of time. We report a first case of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in second wave from Pakistan. A 41-year-old male, health care worker developed flu-like illness, tested positive on 6th June 2020 and became PCR negative on 19th June 2020 with reactive antibodies. After 4 months and 13 days of negative PCR, he developed symptoms again and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with non-reactive antibodies.
Global population is growing rapidly with recent figures of 7.3 billion people living across the ... more Global population is growing rapidly with recent figures of 7.3 billion people living across the world. As expected, more than 6 billion people are living in less developed countries.1 This huge population is threatened by diseases, disabilities, injuries and death. According to Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, only 4·3% of the global population was without any disease or injury sequelae, while 2·3 billion people were having more than five illnesses.2 Global disease burden is shared more by the less developed countries as compared to developed countries. However, research to prevent and treat these health related problems is mainly conducted in developed countries. Research output in general and conducting clinical trials in particular, is lacking in developing countries.3 From 2005 to 2012, out of 189,213 trials registered with 15 World Health Organization-approved clinical trial registries, only 13% of the clinical trials were contributed by lower-middle income countries and ...
To find out the frequency of various congenital heart diseases (CHD) in patients less than 12 yea... more To find out the frequency of various congenital heart diseases (CHD) in patients less than 12 years of age at Lady Reading hospital, Peshawar.
Akhtar SherinOver the last few years, Pakistan has faced devas-tating natural calamities like ear... more Akhtar SherinOver the last few years, Pakistan has faced devas-tating natural calamities like earthquake, torrential rainsand floods that not only destroyed the local infrastruc-ture but also threatened the health status of general pub-lic. Due to overcrowded cities, unsafe drinking water, in-adequate sanitation facilities, huge number of refugeesand poor vaccination, Pakistan is prone to large epidem-ics of various water borne and vector borne diseases.
Road traffic crashes (RTCs) represent the 8th leading cause of global mortality. Worldwide, about... more Road traffic crashes (RTCs) represent the 8th leading cause of global mortality. Worldwide, about 3,700 people lose their lives daily and 1.35 million people die annually due to RTCs. Majority of these deaths occur among children and young adults and almost 93% deaths are from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Every year, around 50 million people are disabled due to non-fatal injuries during RTCs, posing serious threats to the global public health. 1,2 In 2004, on the recommendations of United Nations (UN) General Assembly, World Health Organization (WHO) established UN Road Safety Collaboration to address the road safety issues across the world. In March 2010, UN General Assembly proclaimed 2011–2020 as the “Decade of Action for road safety” to reduce the RTCs related deaths through safe system approach at national, regional and global levels.3 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target 3.6 was aimed to halve the number of global deaths and injuries due to RTCs by the ...
. Besides developing guidelinesfor authors regarding preparation and submission ofmanuscripts, IC... more . Besides developing guidelinesfor authors regarding preparation and submission ofmanuscripts, ICMJE is deeply concerned with the issuesrelated to publication ethics like authorship, contributor-ship, editorship, peer review, conflicts of interest, privacy,confidentiality and protection of human subjects andanimals in research.A major issue in publishing medical research is thepublication bias
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are the major cause of mortality, accounting for 38 million ann... more Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are the major cause of mortality, accounting for 38 million annual deaths around the world.The four main NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes) are accounting for 82% of all NCD deaths.1 About, 80% of all NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.2 In Pakistan, NCDs are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality.3 According to WHO country profile, NCDs are contributing for 50% of total deaths in Pakistan and the probability of dying from 30- 70 years of age, due to four main NCDs is 26%.4 Diabetes mellitus is ranked 4th among NCDs causing deaths, accounting for 1.5 million global deaths each year.1 Worldwide, estimated prevalence of diabetes was 9% among adults (aged 18+ years) in 2014.5 According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF)6, 382 million people, aging between 40 and 59 years across the world, are currently living with diabetes and the estimat...
Epilepsy is the third major cause of global burden of neurological diseases after stroke and head... more Epilepsy is the third major cause of global burden of neurological diseases after stroke and headache.1 Out of 50 million people with epilepsy worldwide, about 80% are living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).2 The magnitude of the problem in these countries is worsened by high treatment gap as over 75% of epilepsy patients in low-income countries and more than 50% in middle-income countries, are not receiving the required treatment.3 Although epilepsy is relatively more common in males, gender variation in prevalence rates of subtypes of epilepsy has been reported.4,5 Under-reporting of epilepsy in women due to various social reasons may contribute to lower prevalence of epilepsy in women.6Although epilepsy has its own impact on both genders, being woman with epilepsy (WWE) has some special concerns and issues related to reproductive and social life.5,7 The most critical issues in WWE in LMIC are the ignorance, stigma, myths and misconception of people about the nature a...
children with excessive internet gaming are more likely to have craving for the screen associated... more children with excessive internet gaming are more likely to have craving for the screen associated mood disorders, irritability, impulsivity, attention decit, c o n d u c t p r o b l e m , e m o t i o n a l 10 dysregulations and lower self-esteem. The biological consequences may include poor sleeping, unhealthy dietary habits, v i s i o n i m p a i r m e n t , o b e s i t y , musculoskeletal problems and peripheral 6
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