Economics

The paper describes the concept of INSPIRE Kampala virtual hackathons, with the main focus to build and strengthen relationships between several European Union (EU) projects and African communities that started in 2019 with the Nairobi INSPIRE Hackathon. The main focus is exploring a new model for capacity building based on virtual hackathons as an excellent opportunity for bringing together people from different work environments, culture and disciplinary backgrounds. This paper is describing experience and lessons learned from the Kampala INSPIRE Hackathon. INSPIRE Hackathons have evolved over a five year period since it started and during this period we developed a model of fully virtual Hackathons, which we recognise as optimal for Africa. The paper describes all stages of Hackathon building: definition of themes, selection of mentors, development, webinars as tools for sharing experience, final presentation, selection of winners and awarding ceremony. As important we consider a...

Climate warming affects the water cycle, which impacts negatively on agricultural production and derails the cyclical effects associated with weather predictions and agricultural seasonality. Making use of weather data could help farmers to mitigate to the circumstances and increase farm productivity. To succeed, pragmatic public-private multi-stakeholder partnerships are required

The media spotlight on controversial 'slave labour' practices in the Asia-Pacific region has highlighted poor labour conditions across the seafood sector. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are being promoted by NGOs, businesses and governments to help handle such labour challenges. This systematic review examines the state of knowledge and trends in the peer-reviewed literature related to the use of ICTs in offshore fisheries. While we hoped to find a robust literature in the area of ICTs-fisheries-labour, a coherent literature does not yet exist. However, our initial analysis suggests that two technologies hold promise for addressing labour abuse in fisheries, namely, (a) detection technologies, which include surveillance of the high seas, and, (b) the creation of mobile apps, particularly to help workers navigate work in fishing. This is where further evidence-based research is needed. Keywords Offshore fishing. Working conditions. ICTs. Seafood sector Highlights • ICTs are being trialled to address work in fishing. • Further analysis is needed to demonstrate pros and cons of such technologies. • Detection technologies hold promise for monitoring the high seas. • Cross-platform apps hold promise for workers navigating work in fishing.

Community health nurses have a responsibility of identifying issue which affects the community and create a plan which deals with it. In the current society, there are a lot of diseases which affect our communities. These diseases end up causing a lot of deaths. It is therefore important that nurses come up with a strategy of managing these deadly diseases. Examples of these deadly diseases are the heart diseases and stroke.

What is capital gain tax?
This is a type of tax levied on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset. Capital gains are the profits that an investor realizes when he or she sells the capital asset for a price that is higher than the purchase price. Capital gains taxes are only triggered when an asset is realized, not while it is held by an investor. Example an investor can own shares that appreciate every year, but the investor does not incur a capital gains tax on the shares until they are sold or disposed in the market. The introduction of this tax in Kenya will affect sectors such as the capital market, real estate, mining and exploration sectors, the impact of this tax will have significant effect on the day to day business of the normal people because prices of things like rent will have to go up given that we are already on deficit, even more pressure will be on this commodity.

Indeed, economic theory is on its way to providing a unified framework for all behavior involving scarce resources whether the scarce resources are market as well as nonmonetary, small group as well as competitive. Yet, one type of behavior that has been almost completely ignored by economists, although scarce resources are used and is followed by all adults in every society is marriage. Marriage has major implications on among other things, the number of births and population growth, labor-force participation of women, inequality in income, ability, and other characteristics among families.

Development is considered an inherent goal for all individuals and societies. Economic development in particular has been the goal of most societies since the ancient times as exemplified by the works of pre-classical economists such as David Hume, Richard Cantillon and Jacques Turgot. It can indeed be argued that economic development is at the epicenter of economics.

Neither economic development nor under development is a given state of affairs. Both seem to result from a pattern of circular causation among economic, political and social factors; both can be measured by economic indices related to the production and productivity of land, labor and capital. Economic development as it is known today is however, a recent phenomenon in the study of economics. It emerged in the 1930s following the realization by economists that not all humankind lived in countries as economically advanced as Western Europe and North America. This realization prompted economists to seek to understand disparities in the levels of economic development between countries and regions. They particularly sought explanations for the perceived prevalence of ‘underdevelopment’ in Africa, Asia and Latin America as compared to Western Europe and North America. This initial focus has made development economics to be considered synonymous to the study of less developed societies in some quarters.

The quest to find rational explanations for the disparities in order to develop solutions intensified in the Post World War II period. Besides the establishment of the United Nations Organization and its affiliated institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), led the development of non-academia stream of discourse on economic development. Arguably, progress has been made both in understanding economic development and the effects of economic development. However, to date, no country can claim to have accomplished the task of development. This may be explained partly by the fact that development is a process and not an event, whose achievement is measured along an open-ended continuum. This continuum places countries at different levels as developed, developing and underdeveloped. The bulk of the explanation may, however lie in the fact that development is itself still evolving and with it, its measures.
The government of Kenya spells out its development policies in form of Sessional papers, which set the long term development agenda. These are implemented through medium-term development plans (usually five years long) that are further operationalized through the annual budget speeches. The two most significant Sessional Papers issued with regard to economic development in independent Kenya prior to the Vision 2030, are Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 and Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986. These papers together with development plans drawn under them define the road Kenya has followed in pursuit of economic development. They also reflect Kenya’s quest for community participation in development.
One of the most recent efforts of the Kenyan government to decentralize and involve communities in development programs is the Constituency Development Fund (CDF). On the other hand, the Kenya Vision 2030 provides the current development policy framework which seeks to enhance the use of the CDF strategy of community empowerment through devolved public funds. To achieve this, particpation of local communities in determing development priorities and transparency of resource allocation procedures are emphasised. Realisation of increased empowerment however, will highly depend on the realization of overall growth objectives projected in the Economic Pillar of Kenya Vision 2030. This implies that interms of redistribution of prospertity, rural development and development of other marginal areas, the Vision 2030 follows the ‘distribution through growth’ model of the early 1980s. This overview of Kenya’s development strategies indicates that Kenya has embraced development paradigm shifts to reflect changes in global development thinking; from technocratic, trickle-down strategies of the 1960s and 1970s to more participatory ones in recent times. Inspite of these developments, there is inadequate community participation in the entire process of conception, design, implimentation and management.

Mangroves are ecologically important coastal wetland systems that are under severe threat globally. In Thailand, the main cause of mangrove conversion is shrimp farming, which is a major source of export income for the country. However, local communities benefit from many direct and indirect uses of mangrove ecosystems and may have a strong incentive to protect these areas, which puts them into direct confrontation with shrimp farm operators and, by proxy, government authorities. The article examines whether or not the full conversion of mangroves into commercial shrimp farms is worthwhile once the key environmental impacts are taken into account. The estimated economic value of mangrove forests to a local community is in the range of $27,264-$35,921 per hectare. This estimate includes the value to local communities of direct use of wood and other resources collected from the mangroves as well as additional external benefits in terms of offshore fishery linkages and coastline protection from shrimp farms. The results indicate that, although shrimp farming creates enormous private benefits, it is not so economically viable once the externalities generated by mangrove destruction and water pollution are included. There is also an incentive for local communities to protect mangroves, which in turn implies that the rights of local people to guard and protect this resource should be formally recognized and enforced by law. (JEL Q2, Q12, O1)

Malnutrtion – This is lack of enough food in the diet or excess food without excersice. Malnutrition in Sergoit location and the whole country has become a great disaster. Major contribution to this is the ignorance to parents. The children are expected to be fed on a diet that consist of all nutrients required by the body to make it to function well. Following poor perfomance in ECDE center and sudden death of young children, the researcher tries to find out if the real cause might be maturation or other factors. The researcher is expected to visit different schools in Sergoit location to find out on those causes of malnutrition and how it has affected their learning in class. The rearcher is to find out the causes of malnutrition in the area and its surrounding and the solution aimed at impoving the learning in ECDE centers at the location. If the causes are established and solution gotten, the researcher has been divided into various parts to be carried out and presented. The first step is the background information i.e the problem itself. Malnutrition has been a disaster since long ago in Sergoit location and most parts of the country such as Eastern, North Eastern and Upper parts of Rift Valley e.g Lodwar etc most ECDE centers have lost good number of chidren who would have come to ECDE but because of illness due to mllnutrition. Poverty has been the naive cause of malnutrition to chidren in the country since the past. Children who are born from the poor families are the most affected since their parents can not afford to buy or provide for them enough food. The litte mount they get cannot help since it is too small. The rate of iliteracy has led to poverty since they cannot budget for their food. Another mlnutrition cause is cuture or taboo of the community. The culture has led the community at large to suffer. This is because they eat some food and some are forbbiden and all this will cause lack of proteins, which causes kwashiakor among the communities. The communities in Sergoit location practice farming in large farms of maize and wheat but they sell them all and forget their children. These people

The Mediterranean and the middle east theatre was referred to as the principal theater of operations which happened during the second world war. Further, the size of the Mediterranean also contained the middle east which is its part that acted as a very significant element in the conflict since it acted as a connecting form of the naval, air and land operations where the battlefield took place. The areas it covered consisted of North Africa, the horn of Africa, the Mediterranean southern side of Europe and the middle east. 1 Moreover, the fighting of this war lasted for nearly two years of battle when Italy joined the Nazi of Germany which led to the surrender of the Axis forces at the end of the war. The fight also involved the Greek people at the early stages of a world war which forced the British army to assist this government in preventing the current civil wars among the people.

A review on Shakespeare and Women by Phyllis Rackin The presentation in Shakespeare and Women by Rackin can be described as one of the expected contents of the book. Further, the book focuses on addressing several challenges of the current assumptions regarding the correlation between Shakespeare and women. Substantially, this is based on the inclusion of women from his family, the women working in the London theatre industry as well as the other characters in his play and the dark lady from the sonnets. These aspects can be essential to depict and attract the attention in refining one topic to approach and can be imagined to result in seeming cumbersome pursuit of a daunting amount of room to any concern for women. The topic which has been provided the deft definition case where the reconsideration of criticism of feminist in the contemporary world is viewed as a future articulation of the existing past criticism. The aspects which demonstrates the issues of sex and gender, as well as its adaptational concept tool for men and women without serious commitment, is one of the feminist agenda to understand. Rackin looks into the matter by questioning the criticism for a possible case of maintaining the vision to meet the political ends (Rackin 16). Additionally, one of the primary aspects which have been presented from the book is the analysis on the implications and the consequences which emphasize on the patriarchal power, the oppression of women, male misogyny that has been dominant in the works of Shakespeare. Conversely, this can be surveyed from the studies of Shakespeare as of the Surname 1