The Index of Linguistic Diversity (ILD) is a new quantitative measure of trends in linguistic div... more The Index of Linguistic Diversity (ILD) is a new quantitative measure of trends in linguistic diversity. To derive the ILD we created a database of time-series data on language demographics, which we believe to be the world's largest. So far, the database contains information from nine editions of Ethnologue and five other compendia of speaker numbers. The initial version of the ILD, which draws solely on the Ethnologue subset of these data, is based on a representative random sample of 1,500 of the world's 7,299 languages (as listed in the 2005 edition). At the global level, the ILD measures how far, on average , the world's languages deviate from a hypothetical situation of stability in which each language is neither increasing nor decreasing its share of the total population of the grouping. The ILD can also be used to assess trends at various subglobal groupings. Key findings: • Globally, linguistic diversity declined 20% over the period 1970–2005. • The diversity of the world's indigenous languages declined 21%. • Regionally, indigenous linguistic diversity declined over 60% in the Americas, 30% in the Pacific (including Australia), and almost 20% in Africa.
The relationships between biological and cultural diversity are drawing increasing attention from... more The relationships between biological and cultural diversity are drawing increasing attention from scholars. Analyses of these relationships are beginning to crystallize around the concept of biocultural diversity, the total variety exhibited by the world's natural and cultural systems. Here, we present the first global measure of biocultural diversity, using a country-level index. The index is calculated using three methods: an unadjusted richness measure, one adjusted for land area, and one adjusted for the size of the human population. The adjusted measures are derived from the differences between observed and expected diversity values. Expected diversity was calculated using the species-area relationship. The index identifies three areas of exceptional biocultural diversity: the Amazon Basin, Central Africa, and Indomalaysia/Melanesia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2005
The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity o... more The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity over time. It uses time-series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3000 population time series for over 1100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2005
The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity o... more The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity over time. It uses time-series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3000 population time series for over 1100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index. The two methods show very similar results: terrestrial species declined on average by 25% from 1970 to 2000. Birds and mammals are over-represented in comparison with other vertebrate classes, and temperate species are over-represented compared with tropical species, but there is little difference in representation between threatened and non-threatened species. Some of the problems arising from over-representation are reduced by the way in which the index is calculated. It may be possible to reduce this further by post-stratification and weighting, but new information would first need to be collected for data-poor classes, realms and biomes.
The task of measuring the decline of global biodiversity and instituting changes to halt and reve... more The task of measuring the decline of global biodiversity and instituting changes to halt and reverse this downturn has been taken up in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 target. It is an undertaking made more difficult by the complex nature of biodiversity and the consequent difficulty in accurately gauging its depletion. In the Living Planet Index, aggregated population trends among vertebrate species indicate the rate of change in the status of biodiversity, and this index can be used to address the question of whether or not the 2010 target has been achieved. We investigated the use of generalized additive models in aggregating large quantities of population trend data, evaluated potential bias that results from collation of existing trends, and explored the feasibility of disaggregating the data (e.g., geographically, taxonomically, regionally, and by thematic area). Our results show strengths in length and completeness of data, little evidence of bias toward threatened species, and the possibility of disaggregation into meaningful subsets. Limitations of the data set are still apparent, in particular the dominance of bird data and gaps in tropical-species population coverage. Population-trend data complement the longer-term, but more coarse-grained, perspectives gained by evaluating species-level extinction rates. To measure progress toward the 2010 target, indicators must be adapted and strategically supplemented with existing data to generate meaningful indicators in time. Beyond 2010, it is critical a strategy be set out for the future development of indicators that will deal with existing data gaps and that is intricately tied to the goals of future biodiversity targets. Monitoreo del Cambio en la Abundancia de Vertebrados: ElÍndice del Planeta Viviente Resumen: La tarea de medir la declinación global de la biodiversidad y la institución de cambios para detener y revertir este decrecimiento se ha adoptado en respuesta al objetivo 2010 de la Convención de Diversidad Biológica. Es un cometido que se hace más difícil por la compleja naturaleza de la biodiversidad y la consecuente dificultad de evaluar su reducción con precisión. En elÍndice del Planeta Viviente, las tendencias poblacionales agregadas entre especies de vertebrados indican una tasa de cambio en el estatus de la biodiversidad, y esteíndice puede ser utilizado para responder la pregunta sí el objetivo 2010 se ha alcanzado o no. Investigamos el uso de modelos aditivos generalizados para agregar grandes cantidades de datos de tendencias poblacionales, y exploramos la factibilidad de desagregar los datos (e.g., geográficamente, taxonómicamente, regionalmente y porárea temática). Nuestros resultados muestran fortaleza en el detalle y compleción de los datos, poca evidencia de sesgo hacia especies amenazada y la posibilidad de desagregación en subconjuntos significativos. Las limitaciones de los datos aun son aparentes, en particular la dominancia
Bridging the Gap between Global Commitment and Local Action, 2013
ABSTRACT Understanding change in population abundance is critical to understanding change in biod... more ABSTRACT Understanding change in population abundance is critical to understanding change in biodiversity. This chapter presents an indicator measuring change in abundance of vertebrate species over a 37-year time period from 1970 to 2007. The Living Planet Index (LPI) measures global vertebrate abundance trends over time by calculating the average change in abundance for each year compared with the preceding year, which is then chained to the previous average annual population change to make an index. The chapter explores the prospect of taking the global indicator of change in species abundance, and applying it at the regional and national level, and to thematic groups. It highlights several examples where this has been done, and discusses how data coverage and data integrity are important factors in extending the utility of this index. The chapter also describes the potential strengths and limitations to using abundance indices to monitor change in biodiversity.
between ORC binding and nucleosome turnover, suggesting that turnover facilitates ORC binding. In... more between ORC binding and nucleosome turnover, suggesting that turnover facilitates ORC binding. In contrast, other chromatin features that would be expected for open or dynamic chromatin, including nucleosome density, mononucleosome/ oligonucleosome ratio (a measure of micrococcal nuclease accessibility), H2Av (an H2A.Z histone variant enriched in active chromatin), and salt-soluble nucleosomes, show little if any dependence on ORC abundance , H to P). Our findings support the hypothesis that replication origins are determined by chromatin, not by sequence features (20, 21). The better quantitative correspondence of ORC to CATCH-IT data than to other chromatin measurements implies that the ORC occupies DNA that is made accessible by nucleosome turnover. In support of this interpretation, we note that very similar correspondences are seen when CATCH-IT data are aligned with GAF sites ( ) and that GAF directs nucleosome turnover in vivo (22, 23).
Page 1. 1 Accounting for Sustainable Development: Complementary Monetary and Biophysical Approach... more Page 1. 1 Accounting for Sustainable Development: Complementary Monetary and Biophysical Approaches Mathis Wackernagel, i Kirk Hamilton, ii Jonathan Loh, iii and Jerome Sayre iv ... Mineral and fuel depletion -411 -335 -61 -26 -9 -24 Net forest depletion 0 0 -6 0 -7 -3 ...
In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversit... more In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related "Aichi…
... countries, and/or the low number of monitoring programs in some areas. For example, there is ... more ... countries, and/or the low number of monitoring programs in some areas. For example, there is no regular monitoring of wintering avifauna in the most important Mediterranean wetland, the Nile Delta (Meininger and Atta, 1994). Yet, it.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002
Sustainability requires living within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere. In an attempt t... more Sustainability requires living within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere. In an attempt to measure the extent to which humanity satisfies this requirement, we use existing data to translate human demand on the environment into the area required for the production of food and other goods, together with the absorption of wastes. Our accounts indicate that human demand may well have exceeded the biosphere's regenerative capacity since the 1980s. According to this preliminary and exploratory assessment, humanity's load corresponded to 70% of the capacity of the global biosphere in 1961, and grew to 120% in 1999.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2011
Global species extinction typically represents the endpoint in a long sequence of population decl... more Global species extinction typically represents the endpoint in a long sequence of population declines and local extinctions. In comparative studies of extinction risk of contemporary mammalian species, there appear to be some universal traits that may predispose taxa to an elevated risk of extinction. In local population-level studies, there are limited insights into the process of population decline and extinction. Moreover, there is still little appreciation of how local processes scale up to global patterns. Advancing the understanding of factors which predispose populations to rapid declines will benefit proactive conservation and may allow us to target at-risk populations as well as at-risk species. Here, we take mammalian population trend data from the largest repository of population abundance trends, and combine it with the PanTHERIA database on mammal traits to answer the question: what factors can be used to predict decline in mammalian abundance? We find in general that environmental variables are better determinants of cross-species population-level decline than intrinsic biological traits. For effective conservation, we must not only describe which species are at risk and why, but also prescribe ways to counteract this.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008
Sustainability is the possibility of all people living rewarding lives within the means of nature... more Sustainability is the possibility of all people living rewarding lives within the means of nature. Despite ample recognition of the importance of achieving sustainable development, exemplified by the Rio Declaration of 1992 and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, the global economy fails to meet the most fundamental minimum condition for sustainability-that human demand for ecosystem goods and services remains within the biosphere's total capacity. In 2002, humanity operated in a state of overshoot, demanding over 20% more biological capacity than the Earth's ecosystems could regenerate in that year. Using the Ecological Footprint as an accounting tool, we propose and discuss three possible global scenarios for the future of human demand and ecosystem supply. Bringing humanity out of overshoot and onto a potentially sustainable path will require managing the consumption of food, fibre and energy, and maintaining or increasing the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems.
Biodiversity has been recognized as one of the key components of environmental sustainability. As... more Biodiversity has been recognized as one of the key components of environmental sustainability. Assessment of biodiversity trends and progress toward targets requires effective and sound indicators. In our article, we review and compare the leading multispecies biodiversity indices used in global and regional assessments. We reviewed basic characteristics of these aggregated and composite biodiversity indicators and evaluated them with regard to their ecological performance, policy relevance and other accounting aspects. Indices analyzed include species and populations based indicators, such as Living Planet Index and Red List Index, as well as ecosystem based indicators like Natural Capital Index and Biodiversity Intactness Index. We also include measures of ecological integrity such as Marine Trophic Index and Index of Biotic Integrity. Indicators analyzed differ in both their ecological focus, baselines, basic units or policy use. Multispecies biodiversity indices illustrate prevailingly negative trends in the state of nature as a result of human induced pressures, especially land cover change. Biodiversity loss is therefore not decoupled from socioeconomic progress. We show that current indicators include a balanced mix of important biodiversity aspects and have some policy resonance. Leading biodiversity indices should be further promoted and integrated into monitoring, modelling and decision-making frameworks.
Nation-level Ecological Footprint accounts are currently produced for more than 150 nations, with... more Nation-level Ecological Footprint accounts are currently produced for more than 150 nations, with multiple calculations available for some nations. The data sets that result from these national assessments typically serve as the basis for Footprint calculations at smaller scales, ...
The Index of Linguistic Diversity (ILD) is a new quantitative measure of trends in linguistic div... more The Index of Linguistic Diversity (ILD) is a new quantitative measure of trends in linguistic diversity. To derive the ILD we created a database of time-series data on language demographics, which we believe to be the world's largest. So far, the database contains information from nine editions of Ethnologue and five other compendia of speaker numbers. The initial version of the ILD, which draws solely on the Ethnologue subset of these data, is based on a representative random sample of 1,500 of the world's 7,299 languages (as listed in the 2005 edition). At the global level, the ILD measures how far, on average , the world's languages deviate from a hypothetical situation of stability in which each language is neither increasing nor decreasing its share of the total population of the grouping. The ILD can also be used to assess trends at various subglobal groupings. Key findings: • Globally, linguistic diversity declined 20% over the period 1970–2005. • The diversity of the world's indigenous languages declined 21%. • Regionally, indigenous linguistic diversity declined over 60% in the Americas, 30% in the Pacific (including Australia), and almost 20% in Africa.
The relationships between biological and cultural diversity are drawing increasing attention from... more The relationships between biological and cultural diversity are drawing increasing attention from scholars. Analyses of these relationships are beginning to crystallize around the concept of biocultural diversity, the total variety exhibited by the world's natural and cultural systems. Here, we present the first global measure of biocultural diversity, using a country-level index. The index is calculated using three methods: an unadjusted richness measure, one adjusted for land area, and one adjusted for the size of the human population. The adjusted measures are derived from the differences between observed and expected diversity values. Expected diversity was calculated using the species-area relationship. The index identifies three areas of exceptional biocultural diversity: the Amazon Basin, Central Africa, and Indomalaysia/Melanesia.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2005
The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity o... more The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity over time. It uses time-series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3000 population time series for over 1100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2005
The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity o... more The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world's biodiversity over time. It uses time-series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3000 population time series for over 1100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index. The two methods show very similar results: terrestrial species declined on average by 25% from 1970 to 2000. Birds and mammals are over-represented in comparison with other vertebrate classes, and temperate species are over-represented compared with tropical species, but there is little difference in representation between threatened and non-threatened species. Some of the problems arising from over-representation are reduced by the way in which the index is calculated. It may be possible to reduce this further by post-stratification and weighting, but new information would first need to be collected for data-poor classes, realms and biomes.
The task of measuring the decline of global biodiversity and instituting changes to halt and reve... more The task of measuring the decline of global biodiversity and instituting changes to halt and reverse this downturn has been taken up in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 target. It is an undertaking made more difficult by the complex nature of biodiversity and the consequent difficulty in accurately gauging its depletion. In the Living Planet Index, aggregated population trends among vertebrate species indicate the rate of change in the status of biodiversity, and this index can be used to address the question of whether or not the 2010 target has been achieved. We investigated the use of generalized additive models in aggregating large quantities of population trend data, evaluated potential bias that results from collation of existing trends, and explored the feasibility of disaggregating the data (e.g., geographically, taxonomically, regionally, and by thematic area). Our results show strengths in length and completeness of data, little evidence of bias toward threatened species, and the possibility of disaggregation into meaningful subsets. Limitations of the data set are still apparent, in particular the dominance of bird data and gaps in tropical-species population coverage. Population-trend data complement the longer-term, but more coarse-grained, perspectives gained by evaluating species-level extinction rates. To measure progress toward the 2010 target, indicators must be adapted and strategically supplemented with existing data to generate meaningful indicators in time. Beyond 2010, it is critical a strategy be set out for the future development of indicators that will deal with existing data gaps and that is intricately tied to the goals of future biodiversity targets. Monitoreo del Cambio en la Abundancia de Vertebrados: ElÍndice del Planeta Viviente Resumen: La tarea de medir la declinación global de la biodiversidad y la institución de cambios para detener y revertir este decrecimiento se ha adoptado en respuesta al objetivo 2010 de la Convención de Diversidad Biológica. Es un cometido que se hace más difícil por la compleja naturaleza de la biodiversidad y la consecuente dificultad de evaluar su reducción con precisión. En elÍndice del Planeta Viviente, las tendencias poblacionales agregadas entre especies de vertebrados indican una tasa de cambio en el estatus de la biodiversidad, y esteíndice puede ser utilizado para responder la pregunta sí el objetivo 2010 se ha alcanzado o no. Investigamos el uso de modelos aditivos generalizados para agregar grandes cantidades de datos de tendencias poblacionales, y exploramos la factibilidad de desagregar los datos (e.g., geográficamente, taxonómicamente, regionalmente y porárea temática). Nuestros resultados muestran fortaleza en el detalle y compleción de los datos, poca evidencia de sesgo hacia especies amenazada y la posibilidad de desagregación en subconjuntos significativos. Las limitaciones de los datos aun son aparentes, en particular la dominancia
Bridging the Gap between Global Commitment and Local Action, 2013
ABSTRACT Understanding change in population abundance is critical to understanding change in biod... more ABSTRACT Understanding change in population abundance is critical to understanding change in biodiversity. This chapter presents an indicator measuring change in abundance of vertebrate species over a 37-year time period from 1970 to 2007. The Living Planet Index (LPI) measures global vertebrate abundance trends over time by calculating the average change in abundance for each year compared with the preceding year, which is then chained to the previous average annual population change to make an index. The chapter explores the prospect of taking the global indicator of change in species abundance, and applying it at the regional and national level, and to thematic groups. It highlights several examples where this has been done, and discusses how data coverage and data integrity are important factors in extending the utility of this index. The chapter also describes the potential strengths and limitations to using abundance indices to monitor change in biodiversity.
between ORC binding and nucleosome turnover, suggesting that turnover facilitates ORC binding. In... more between ORC binding and nucleosome turnover, suggesting that turnover facilitates ORC binding. In contrast, other chromatin features that would be expected for open or dynamic chromatin, including nucleosome density, mononucleosome/ oligonucleosome ratio (a measure of micrococcal nuclease accessibility), H2Av (an H2A.Z histone variant enriched in active chromatin), and salt-soluble nucleosomes, show little if any dependence on ORC abundance , H to P). Our findings support the hypothesis that replication origins are determined by chromatin, not by sequence features (20, 21). The better quantitative correspondence of ORC to CATCH-IT data than to other chromatin measurements implies that the ORC occupies DNA that is made accessible by nucleosome turnover. In support of this interpretation, we note that very similar correspondences are seen when CATCH-IT data are aligned with GAF sites ( ) and that GAF directs nucleosome turnover in vivo (22, 23).
Page 1. 1 Accounting for Sustainable Development: Complementary Monetary and Biophysical Approach... more Page 1. 1 Accounting for Sustainable Development: Complementary Monetary and Biophysical Approaches Mathis Wackernagel, i Kirk Hamilton, ii Jonathan Loh, iii and Jerome Sayre iv ... Mineral and fuel depletion -411 -335 -61 -26 -9 -24 Net forest depletion 0 0 -6 0 -7 -3 ...
In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversit... more In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related "Aichi…
... countries, and/or the low number of monitoring programs in some areas. For example, there is ... more ... countries, and/or the low number of monitoring programs in some areas. For example, there is no regular monitoring of wintering avifauna in the most important Mediterranean wetland, the Nile Delta (Meininger and Atta, 1994). Yet, it.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002
Sustainability requires living within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere. In an attempt t... more Sustainability requires living within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere. In an attempt to measure the extent to which humanity satisfies this requirement, we use existing data to translate human demand on the environment into the area required for the production of food and other goods, together with the absorption of wastes. Our accounts indicate that human demand may well have exceeded the biosphere's regenerative capacity since the 1980s. According to this preliminary and exploratory assessment, humanity's load corresponded to 70% of the capacity of the global biosphere in 1961, and grew to 120% in 1999.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2011
Global species extinction typically represents the endpoint in a long sequence of population decl... more Global species extinction typically represents the endpoint in a long sequence of population declines and local extinctions. In comparative studies of extinction risk of contemporary mammalian species, there appear to be some universal traits that may predispose taxa to an elevated risk of extinction. In local population-level studies, there are limited insights into the process of population decline and extinction. Moreover, there is still little appreciation of how local processes scale up to global patterns. Advancing the understanding of factors which predispose populations to rapid declines will benefit proactive conservation and may allow us to target at-risk populations as well as at-risk species. Here, we take mammalian population trend data from the largest repository of population abundance trends, and combine it with the PanTHERIA database on mammal traits to answer the question: what factors can be used to predict decline in mammalian abundance? We find in general that environmental variables are better determinants of cross-species population-level decline than intrinsic biological traits. For effective conservation, we must not only describe which species are at risk and why, but also prescribe ways to counteract this.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008
Sustainability is the possibility of all people living rewarding lives within the means of nature... more Sustainability is the possibility of all people living rewarding lives within the means of nature. Despite ample recognition of the importance of achieving sustainable development, exemplified by the Rio Declaration of 1992 and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, the global economy fails to meet the most fundamental minimum condition for sustainability-that human demand for ecosystem goods and services remains within the biosphere's total capacity. In 2002, humanity operated in a state of overshoot, demanding over 20% more biological capacity than the Earth's ecosystems could regenerate in that year. Using the Ecological Footprint as an accounting tool, we propose and discuss three possible global scenarios for the future of human demand and ecosystem supply. Bringing humanity out of overshoot and onto a potentially sustainable path will require managing the consumption of food, fibre and energy, and maintaining or increasing the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems.
Biodiversity has been recognized as one of the key components of environmental sustainability. As... more Biodiversity has been recognized as one of the key components of environmental sustainability. Assessment of biodiversity trends and progress toward targets requires effective and sound indicators. In our article, we review and compare the leading multispecies biodiversity indices used in global and regional assessments. We reviewed basic characteristics of these aggregated and composite biodiversity indicators and evaluated them with regard to their ecological performance, policy relevance and other accounting aspects. Indices analyzed include species and populations based indicators, such as Living Planet Index and Red List Index, as well as ecosystem based indicators like Natural Capital Index and Biodiversity Intactness Index. We also include measures of ecological integrity such as Marine Trophic Index and Index of Biotic Integrity. Indicators analyzed differ in both their ecological focus, baselines, basic units or policy use. Multispecies biodiversity indices illustrate prevailingly negative trends in the state of nature as a result of human induced pressures, especially land cover change. Biodiversity loss is therefore not decoupled from socioeconomic progress. We show that current indicators include a balanced mix of important biodiversity aspects and have some policy resonance. Leading biodiversity indices should be further promoted and integrated into monitoring, modelling and decision-making frameworks.
Nation-level Ecological Footprint accounts are currently produced for more than 150 nations, with... more Nation-level Ecological Footprint accounts are currently produced for more than 150 nations, with multiple calculations available for some nations. The data sets that result from these national assessments typically serve as the basis for Footprint calculations at smaller scales, ...
Abstract The contribution of Arctic wildlife to global biodiversity is substantial. The region su... more Abstract The contribution of Arctic wildlife to global biodiversity is substantial. The region supports globally significant populations of birds, mammals and fish. In this report, vertebrate population-abundance data were used to produce an indicator of the trends in Arctic ...
In this International Year of Biodiversity we have been celebrating the diversity of life, consid... more In this International Year of Biodiversity we have been celebrating the diversity of life, considering our success in conserving and managing it, and making commitments for future actions that will safeguard it for future generations.
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