Título: La automaticidad en las restas depende del tamaño del problema. Resumen: Existe considera... more Título: La automaticidad en las restas depende del tamaño del problema. Resumen: Existe considerable evidencia que muestra que las multiplicaciones y las sumas simples se resuelven de manera directa y automática. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre la automaticidad de restas y divisiones es menos convincente. Usando el paradigma de interferencia en la operación, el presente estudio explora si el resultado de una resta puede ser recuperado inintencionadamente y el rol que juega el tamaño del problema en este proceso. Sesenta y dos participantes tomaron parte en este estudio y tenían que decidir si el resultado de una adición era o no correcto. En las adiciones incorrectas el resultado podía ser la sustracción de los sumandos (7 + 4 = 3) o un número no relacionado (7 + 4 = 5). Nuestros resultados mostraron más errores y respuestas más lentas en aquellos problemas cuyo resultado era la sustracción de los sumandos que en los problemas no relacionados. Sin embargo, estos resultados sólo se encontraron en problemas pequeños (7 + 4 = 3 vs. 7 + 4 = 5) y no en problemas más grandes (14 + 8 = 6 vs. 14 + 8 = 7). Estos resultados sugieren que las sustracciones pequeñas pueden ser recuperadas directamente, cuestionando la existencia de disociaciones entre operaciones. Argumentamos que dependiendo de nuestra experiencia, las mismas representaciones y procesos pueden estar implicados en la resolución de multiplicaciones, adiciones y sustracciones. Palabras clave: Sustracciones; automaticidad; tamaño del problema; resolución aritmética.
While a change in view is considered to be one of the most damaging manipulations for facial
iden... more While a change in view is considered to be one of the most damaging manipulations for facial identification, this phenomenon has been measured traditionally with tasks that confound perceptual processes with recognition memory. This study explored facial identification with a pairwise matching task to determine whether view generalization is possible when memory factors are minimised. Experiment 1 showed that the detrimental view effect in recognition memory is attenuated in face matching. Moreover, analysis of individual differences revealed that some observers can identify faces across view with perfect accuracy. This was replicated in Experiment 2, which also showed that view generalization is unaffected when only the internal facial features are shown. These results indicate that the view effect in recognition memory does not arise from data limits, whereby faces contain insufficient visual information to allow identification across views. Instead, these findings point to resource limits, within observers, that hamper such person identification in recognition memory.
Faces are visual stimuli full of information. Depending upon the familiarity with a face, the inf... more Faces are visual stimuli full of information. Depending upon the familiarity with a face, the information we can extract will differ, so the more familiarity with a face, the more information that can be extracted from it. The present article reviews the role that pre-existing knowledge of a face has in its processing. Here, we focus on behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence. The influence of familiarity in early stages (attention, perception and working memory) and in later stages (pre-semantic and semantic knowledge) of the processing are discussed. The differences in brain anatomy for familiar and unfamiliar faces are also considered. As it will be shown, experimental data seems to support that familiarity can affect even the earliest stages of the recognition.
When two letters/digits/symbols are switched in a string (e.g., jugde–judge; 1492–1942; *?$&–*$?&... more When two letters/digits/symbols are switched in a string (e.g., jugde–judge; 1492–1942; *?$&–*$?&), the resulting strings are perceptually similar to each other and produce a sizable masked transposition priming effect with the masked priming same–different matching task. However, a parallel effect does not occur for strings of pseudoletters (e.g., ; García-Orza, Perea, & Muñoz, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1603–1618, 2010). In the present study, we examined whether masked transposition priming is specific to alphanumeric stimuli or whether it also occurs with strings composed of other “objects”—namely, line drawings of common objects (Experiment 1) and geometrical shapes (Experiment 2). Results showed a significant masked transposition priming effect for geometrical shapes (e.g., ), but not for line drawings of common objects (e.g., ). These findings suggest that the mechanism involved in the coding of position in masked priming works only with perceptually simple, familiar “objects” (i.e., letters, numbers, symbols, or geometrical shapes), once their identities have been well ascertained.
Título: La automaticidad en las restas depende del tamaño del problema. Resumen: Existe considera... more Título: La automaticidad en las restas depende del tamaño del problema. Resumen: Existe considerable evidencia que muestra que las multiplicaciones y las sumas simples se resuelven de manera directa y automática. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre la automaticidad de restas y divisiones es menos convincente. Usando el paradigma de interferencia en la operación, el presente estudio explora si el resultado de una resta puede ser recuperado inintencionadamente y el rol que juega el tamaño del problema en este proceso. Sesenta y dos participantes tomaron parte en este estudio y tenían que decidir si el resultado de una adición era o no correcto. En las adiciones incorrectas el resultado podía ser la sustracción de los sumandos (7 + 4 = 3) o un número no relacionado (7 + 4 = 5). Nuestros resultados mostraron más errores y respuestas más lentas en aquellos problemas cuyo resultado era la sustracción de los sumandos que en los problemas no relacionados. Sin embargo, estos resultados sólo se encontraron en problemas pequeños (7 + 4 = 3 vs. 7 + 4 = 5) y no en problemas más grandes (14 + 8 = 6 vs. 14 + 8 = 7). Estos resultados sugieren que las sustracciones pequeñas pueden ser recuperadas directamente, cuestionando la existencia de disociaciones entre operaciones. Argumentamos que dependiendo de nuestra experiencia, las mismas representaciones y procesos pueden estar implicados en la resolución de multiplicaciones, adiciones y sustracciones. Palabras clave: Sustracciones; automaticidad; tamaño del problema; resolución aritmética.
While a change in view is considered to be one of the most damaging manipulations for facial
iden... more While a change in view is considered to be one of the most damaging manipulations for facial identification, this phenomenon has been measured traditionally with tasks that confound perceptual processes with recognition memory. This study explored facial identification with a pairwise matching task to determine whether view generalization is possible when memory factors are minimised. Experiment 1 showed that the detrimental view effect in recognition memory is attenuated in face matching. Moreover, analysis of individual differences revealed that some observers can identify faces across view with perfect accuracy. This was replicated in Experiment 2, which also showed that view generalization is unaffected when only the internal facial features are shown. These results indicate that the view effect in recognition memory does not arise from data limits, whereby faces contain insufficient visual information to allow identification across views. Instead, these findings point to resource limits, within observers, that hamper such person identification in recognition memory.
Faces are visual stimuli full of information. Depending upon the familiarity with a face, the inf... more Faces are visual stimuli full of information. Depending upon the familiarity with a face, the information we can extract will differ, so the more familiarity with a face, the more information that can be extracted from it. The present article reviews the role that pre-existing knowledge of a face has in its processing. Here, we focus on behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence. The influence of familiarity in early stages (attention, perception and working memory) and in later stages (pre-semantic and semantic knowledge) of the processing are discussed. The differences in brain anatomy for familiar and unfamiliar faces are also considered. As it will be shown, experimental data seems to support that familiarity can affect even the earliest stages of the recognition.
When two letters/digits/symbols are switched in a string (e.g., jugde–judge; 1492–1942; *?$&–*$?&... more When two letters/digits/symbols are switched in a string (e.g., jugde–judge; 1492–1942; *?$&–*$?&), the resulting strings are perceptually similar to each other and produce a sizable masked transposition priming effect with the masked priming same–different matching task. However, a parallel effect does not occur for strings of pseudoletters (e.g., ; García-Orza, Perea, & Muñoz, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1603–1618, 2010). In the present study, we examined whether masked transposition priming is specific to alphanumeric stimuli or whether it also occurs with strings composed of other “objects”—namely, line drawings of common objects (Experiment 1) and geometrical shapes (Experiment 2). Results showed a significant masked transposition priming effect for geometrical shapes (e.g., ), but not for line drawings of common objects (e.g., ). These findings suggest that the mechanism involved in the coding of position in masked priming works only with perceptually simple, familiar “objects” (i.e., letters, numbers, symbols, or geometrical shapes), once their identities have been well ascertained.
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Papers by Alex Estudillo
identification, this phenomenon has been measured traditionally with tasks that confound perceptual
processes with recognition memory. This study explored facial identification with a pairwise matching
task to determine whether view generalization is possible when memory factors are minimised.
Experiment 1 showed that the detrimental view effect in recognition memory is attenuated in face
matching. Moreover, analysis of individual differences revealed that some observers can identify
faces across view with perfect accuracy. This was replicated in Experiment 2, which also showed
that view generalization is unaffected when only the internal facial features are shown. These results
indicate that the view effect in recognition memory does not arise from data limits, whereby faces
contain insufficient visual information to allow identification across views. Instead, these findings point
to resource limits, within observers, that hamper such person identification in recognition memory.
identification, this phenomenon has been measured traditionally with tasks that confound perceptual
processes with recognition memory. This study explored facial identification with a pairwise matching
task to determine whether view generalization is possible when memory factors are minimised.
Experiment 1 showed that the detrimental view effect in recognition memory is attenuated in face
matching. Moreover, analysis of individual differences revealed that some observers can identify
faces across view with perfect accuracy. This was replicated in Experiment 2, which also showed
that view generalization is unaffected when only the internal facial features are shown. These results
indicate that the view effect in recognition memory does not arise from data limits, whereby faces
contain insufficient visual information to allow identification across views. Instead, these findings point
to resource limits, within observers, that hamper such person identification in recognition memory.