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K Prahlad Rao

King AbdulAziz University (KAU) Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty Member

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Journal of Computer Science IJCSIS

Gennaro COSTAGLIOLA

University of Salerno Italy

Mr. Aiman Awwad

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

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Papers by K Prahlad Rao

Development of Smartphone App for Tele-Care Medicine Applications

Many of the countries in the world are having the doctor to patient ratio far below than the pres... more Many of the countries in the world are having the doctor to patient ratio far below than the prescribed number. Most of the developed countries also have serious health care issues in their rural areas because of the lesser density of physicians in such places. Despite this, information technology and mobile communication devices are growing rapidly. This technology has been successfully tapped by online shopping business giants. If the same technology is extended effectively to health care applications, then the world-wide scarcity of medical practitioners would be improved so that the larger wait of outpatients in the hospitals can be reduced. To serve this purpose, we developed mobile phone application software for Android devices. There are two separate apps; one for the doctor and another to the patient. Without the traditional method of consultations between the patient and the doctor, many health problems can be treated by monitoring the vital signs through these mobile apps....

Cognitive Performance of Student’s Assessment by Resting-State EEG Analysis

Cognitive skills are driven by neural mechanism of the brain in individuals. In particular, it is... more Cognitive skills are driven by neural mechanism of the brain in individuals. In particular, it is very important to know the cognitive level of students that may help to adapt effective method of teaching in classrooms. We measured EEG signals from select group of student’s scalps by stimulating the cortex from specific mathematical tasks. The signals were analyzed by ERSP (Event Related Spectral Perturbation), ITC (Inter-trial Coherence) methods and visualized for resting-state EEG. The results show that the frontal region of the brain is activated during arithmetic calculations. It is also observed that the neurons are networked together and will not have dominant amplitudes in EEG signals indicating that the resting-state EEG analysis could reveal cognition level in the participants.

Smart Navigation and Control System for Electric Wheelchair

When a keyword for wheelchair is searched on internet browser, the search engine returns with mor... more When a keyword for wheelchair is searched on internet browser, the search engine returns with more than 1.8 billion. Such a big number is an indicator of a large group of people interested in the wheelchair. Meaning that, the larger interest corresponds to greater demand. Recent statistics shows that 1 in 4 of Americans have a disability that impacts major life activities and number could slightly differ in other countries. The people with disability are trying to move independently for schools, work places, markets and other places of their interest. Therefore, they are needed by a mobility aid which is safe, comfortable and less expensive. In this paper, the development of navigation and control system for an electrically powered wheelchair is reported. The system requires popularly used Smartphone Arduino UNO board, motor driver, joystick and proximity sensor. For navigation and tracking the destination, mobile application software is developed on Android platform. Arduino platfo...

Signal Acquisition by Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Data Analysis for Mental Aptitude Tasks

General Linear Model is a statistical approach to enable an accurate analysis of NIRS signal. In ... more General Linear Model is a statistical approach to enable an accurate analysis of NIRS signal. In this study. the fNIRS data are regressed using a linear combination of task-related regressors plus an error term. The mental tasks related regressors are obtained by convolving boxcar functions, that correspond to our experimental design with HRF. Experimentally the signal was acquired from a functional NIRS system during the brain activation from the participant while visual stimulation task. The block design for data acquisition consists of 40s rest and 60s task in repetition. From the measured data, oxy-hemoglobin was estimated and considered for parametric analysis. We observed a statistical significance of p<0.9 from our analysis.

Experimental Measurement and Analysis of Knee Flexion Angle as a Biomechanical Parameter for Obesity

Walking or gait is the systematic study of human locomotion using visual observation, video camer... more Walking or gait is the systematic study of human locomotion using visual observation, video cameras, sensors or combination of these technologies. Abnormalities of the gait can be observed in obese, Parkinson's disease and those having biomechanical disorders. Obesity may be considered as a complicated disease and situation which leads to major health problems. During walking, the joints of lower extremities are subjected to enormous forces and moments. Experimentally the walking of normal and obese subjects was video recorded by Microsoft Kinect camera. Simultaneously, the EMG (electromyography) signals were measured by Delsys Trigono EMG instrument through its electrodes placed over gastrocnemius muscles of the leg. Both the measured data was stored in the computer and analyzed. It has observed that the knee flexion angle is smaller by 30 % than the normal subjects of the same age group. Therefore, the knee flexion angle could be used as a biomechanical parameter to distinguis...

Brain-Computer Interfacing and Classification of Cognitive Activities

Human intellect can be straightforwardly associated with the computers through a modern innovatio... more Human intellect can be straightforwardly associated with the computers through a modern innovation known as Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) based BCI empowers to associate the individuals with the encompassing world through brain signals noninvasively. This strategy of perusing the intellect through physiological signals by EEG and fNIRS sensors has made critical advance in neurological science and engine control inquire about. The BCI framework can record, analyze and decipher the framework input, procured from the brain in terms of commands. These commands can assist be utilized to activate outside gadgets of choice concurring to the user's intellect. The BCI is rising as one of the capable instruments in reasonable biomedical applications such as recovery, cognitive forms, prosthetics and numerous neuro-feedback utilitarian exercises. Be that as it may, the usefulness of BCI depends upon the acknow...

Diagnosis of Hand Tremor from EMG Sensors

In this paper, the experimental procedure for the acquisition of EMG and accelerometer data is ex... more In this paper, the experimental procedure for the acquisition of EMG and accelerometer data is explained. From the data, tremor frequency is evaluated. Tremor is an involuntary shaking of the body or the limbs which is considered as an early symptom of Parkinson's disease. EMG instrument, sensors, selection of muscles in the study, data acquisition procedure, analysis of EMG and accelerometer signal is discussed in this paper.

Development of Mobile Phone Medical Application Software for Clinical Diagnosis

Abstract- Rapid advancements in communication technology have spread to medicine also. Particular... more Abstract- Rapid advancements in communication technology have spread to medicine also. Particularly, smartphone technology has made medical provisioning through mobile systems a reality. Innovations in mobile software application are potential benefits to the public health since the mobile platforms became more user-friendly, computationally powerful and are affordable. The innovative mobile apps can contribute in clinical consultation complementing face-to-face interaction in the health care at lower risk to the public. We have developed and evaluated mobile app for smartphone on Android platform to facilitate interaction between the patient and doctor where the patient seeks advice, diagnosis and treatment from the doctor from remote places. The Graphic User Interface (GUI) display screens of the smartphones are incorpotated the medical data needed by the clinician to interpret and respond to information.

Design and Testing of Wireless Endoscope System for Diagnosis of Gastro-Intestinal Tract Diseases

Background: Endoscopy is a clinical procedure of inserting a long thin tube carrying a camera int... more Background: Endoscopy is a clinical procedure of inserting a long thin tube carrying a camera into the body to observe organs and tissue inside the body. Since two decades, capsule endoscope has been using as an important tool for diagnosis of Gastro-intestinal diseases. However, the shape of this device is an issue which rises risk of getting struck inside the tract. Therefore, we have designed and developed spherical shaped sensor for wireless endoscopic applications. Materials and Methods: In the new design of wireless endoscopy system, we used CMOS camera as image sensor, LEDs for light source, a reed switch and a pair of batteries. These are covered by transparent and biocompatible polymer in spherical shape. The diameter is 12 mm. The newly designed spherical shape is easy in oral uptaking like a pill by mouth and smooth exit through anus after the procedure is completed. Results: The power consumption of our wireless endoscope system is considerably less and the resolution of...

Surgical robotic arm control for tissue ablation

Journal of Robotic Surgery, 2020

In the technology driven era, robot assisted surgery is gradually emerging as a revolutionized su... more In the technology driven era, robot assisted surgery is gradually emerging as a revolutionized surgical procedure over traditional laparoscopic method. Despite the concerns about robotic surgery for minimally invasive surgical procedures, robotized surgical arms have been used in many hospitals. Certain surgical procedures require removal of a segment of an organ or body part like excision biopsy, linear thin layer of soft tissue, triangular mass, and tangential excision in burn management, where shaving-off at an angle of the tissue layer to be removed. For such minimally invasive procedures, we have designed a surgical arm governed by a rotary flexible joint. The surgical arm has a medical grade scalpel in its one end and the other end is connected to a D.C. servo motor. The motion of the surgical arm is controlled by the newly designed non-integer order controller. We have experimentally demonstrated the functioning of the surgical arm by ablating the tissue in-vitro. Our surgical robotic arm is cost effective, high precision and free from potential human errors.

$Fig. 2 Non-integer order state feedback scheme with integral action combines state feedback and integral action together. It is a general and well -known architecture to evaluate the set-point tracking performance while confirming the load disturbance rejection of an automatic physical system [27, 28]. In Fig. 2, it is shown that the integer integral operator 1/s is replaced by a non-integer operator 1/S*%. Where, a is a non-integer number acting as the fractional order of integral operation. Compensator K(s) is cascaded with the non-integer integrator while the feedback control gain, K, serves as the purpose of stabilization of the system. The compensator K(s) has a special similarity with Bode’s ideal transfer function. Both shows similar closed-loop transient responses. The Bode’s ideal transfer function is as follows:$

Calvarial Bone Segmentation from Medical Images by Image Processing Technique

IJARCCE, 2015

In a given image, it is possible to extract only the required data from the intact image. This is... more In a given image, it is possible to extract only the required data from the intact image. This is known as image segmentation and is considered as one of the important image processing technique. Several algorithms do the segmentation on images but Watershed method, which is based on natural phenomenon of water flow in lakes, is attracting large number of researchers due to its fast action, simple algorithm to implement in computer and versatile for twin images too. The morphological watershed image segmentation is implemented on MRI images to extract calvarial bone (skullcap) from the scans. It is useful for evaluation of calvarial lesions, calvarial bone grafts and calvarial bone fractured patients that could help in diagnosis and treatments. The results are demonstrated and the method is explained. Applicability of the method for the calvaria related abnormalities are discussed.

Design and Simulation of a Patch Antenna for Microwave Imaging

International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology, 2016

This paper outlines the design and simulation of an inset fed rectangular patch antenna at 2.4 GH... more This paper outlines the design and simulation of an inset fed rectangular patch antenna at 2.4 GHz mainly for the detection of breast cancer. The microstrip antenna is used in number of applications viz., biomedical, GPS, aircraft, cell phones and WLAN devices because of its conformability to curved surfaces, low profile, inherent narrow bandwidth, easy to modify and fabricate features and relatively low cost. Breast cancer affects many women and has fatal conclusions if it is not diagnosed correctly. Early diagnosis is the most important parameter to detect and interfere with cancer tissue. Some of methods for breast cancer detection are X-ray mammography, MRI and ultrasound. However, they have some limitations. For example; between 4 and 34% of all breast cancers are missed because of poor malignant or benign cancer tissue contrast. Microwave imaging to detect breast cancer is a promising method and there are many works in this area. All the materials used for trans-receiving microwave signals have different permittivity and conductivity. In this work, a microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz (ISM band of radio waves) is designed and simulated over Rogers RT Duroid (εr=2.2) substrate. Important results such as electric field, magnetic field distribution, reflection coefficient and current density on the antenna are evaluated.

• K. Prahlad Rao, S. Radhakrishnan, and M. Ramasubba Reddy. Brain tissue phantoms for optical near infrared imaging. Experimental Brain Research Journal, Vol. 170, No.4, pp 433-437, 2006 (Impact Factor: 2.296, in the year 2010)

Experimental Brain Research

Noninvasive measurement of postocclusive parameters in human forearm blood by near infrared spectroscopy

SPIE Proceedings, 2005

Near infrared (NIR) light in the wavelength range from 700 to 900 nm can pass through skin, bone ... more Near infrared (NIR) light in the wavelength range from 700 to 900 nm can pass through skin, bone and other tissues relatively easily. As a result, NIR techniques allow a noninvasive assessment of hemoglobin saturation for a wide range of applications, such as in the study of muscle metabolism, the diagnosis of vascular disorders, brain imaging, and breast cancer detection. Near infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an effective tool to measure the hemoglobin concentration in the tissues, which can discriminate optically the oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin species because of their different near-infrared absorption spectra. We have developed an NIRS probe consisting of a laser diode of 830 nm wavelength and a PIN photodiode in reflectance mode. We have selected a set of healthy volunteers (mean age 30, range 26-40 years) for the study. The probe is placed on forearm of each subject and the backscattered light intensity is measured by occluding the blood flow at 210, 110 and 85 mmHg pressures. Recovery time, peak time and time after 50% release of the cuff pressure are determined from the optical densities during the post occlusive state of forearm. These parameters are useful for determining the transient increase in blood flow after the release of blood occlusion. Clinically, the functional aspects of blood flow in the limbs could be evaluated noninvasively by NIRS.

Brain tissue phantoms for optical near infrared imaging

Experimental Brain Research, 2005

In this study, solid, stable, and cost-effective optical phantoms of scalp-skull, white matter an... more In this study, solid, stable, and cost-effective optical phantoms of scalp-skull, white matter and grey matter are developed by inverse method. To begin with, to obtain a range of optical parameters, absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (l a and l 0 s ; respectively), 20 homogeneous phantoms were made of paraffin wax by using optically contrast black and highly scattering white colouring materials in different combination. By comparing the measured reflectance values for each phantom got from the four channel reflectometer with that obtained from steady-state diffusion equation, the values of l a and l 0 s were determined. Next, phantoms which exhibit specific optical properties of scalp-skull, white and grey matter are developed iteratively by comparing actual reflectance measurements got by adjusting the colour concentration with the predicted reflectance values from the diffusion equation. This is done as follows: to obtain l a of 0.04 mm À1 for scalpskull, 9.5 mg of black dye per 100 ml of wax added since more attenuation of light occurs in bone tissue. To obtain a l 0 s 6.0 mm À1 for white matter in brain tissue, 190 mg of white dye per 100 ml of wax was used to facilitate more scatter of light. The colour concentrations of phantoms were then adjusted to obtain the predetermined values of optical parameters for scalpskull, grey and white matter.

Early Detection of Parkinson's Disease – Simulation and Assessment

It is important to note that all tremors are not considered as symptoms of Parkinson's diseas... more It is important to note that all tremors are not considered as symptoms of Parkinson's disease, nor is a tremor proof Parkinsonism. Recent developments in the diagnosis of PD, necessitate a thorough investigation of the disease etiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, the clinicians are aware that the present diagnostic tools and guidance need to be updated considering the latest knowledge of PD to optimize its early detection. Tremors are visible indicators of the disease prognosis. A systematic study by monitoring tremor could reveal the early symptoms of PD. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to research for a simple and quick review of the procedure to detect the disease in its early stages. Further, a tremor simulator for assessment of hand tremors is designed and developed in this investigation.

Development of Smartphone App for Tele-Care Medicine Applications

Many of the countries in the world are having the doctor to patient ratio far below than the pres... more Many of the countries in the world are having the doctor to patient ratio far below than the prescribed number. Most of the developed countries also have serious health care issues in their rural areas because of the lesser density of physicians in such places. Despite this, information technology and mobile communication devices are growing rapidly. This technology has been successfully tapped by online shopping business giants. If the same technology is extended effectively to health care applications, then the world-wide scarcity of medical practitioners would be improved so that the larger wait of outpatients in the hospitals can be reduced. To serve this purpose, we developed mobile phone application software for Android devices. There are two separate apps; one for the doctor and another to the patient. Without the traditional method of consultations between the patient and the doctor, many health problems can be treated by monitoring the vital signs through these mobile apps....

Cognitive Performance of Student’s Assessment by Resting-State EEG Analysis

Cognitive skills are driven by neural mechanism of the brain in individuals. In particular, it is... more Cognitive skills are driven by neural mechanism of the brain in individuals. In particular, it is very important to know the cognitive level of students that may help to adapt effective method of teaching in classrooms. We measured EEG signals from select group of student’s scalps by stimulating the cortex from specific mathematical tasks. The signals were analyzed by ERSP (Event Related Spectral Perturbation), ITC (Inter-trial Coherence) methods and visualized for resting-state EEG. The results show that the frontal region of the brain is activated during arithmetic calculations. It is also observed that the neurons are networked together and will not have dominant amplitudes in EEG signals indicating that the resting-state EEG analysis could reveal cognition level in the participants.

Smart Navigation and Control System for Electric Wheelchair

When a keyword for wheelchair is searched on internet browser, the search engine returns with mor... more When a keyword for wheelchair is searched on internet browser, the search engine returns with more than 1.8 billion. Such a big number is an indicator of a large group of people interested in the wheelchair. Meaning that, the larger interest corresponds to greater demand. Recent statistics shows that 1 in 4 of Americans have a disability that impacts major life activities and number could slightly differ in other countries. The people with disability are trying to move independently for schools, work places, markets and other places of their interest. Therefore, they are needed by a mobility aid which is safe, comfortable and less expensive. In this paper, the development of navigation and control system for an electrically powered wheelchair is reported. The system requires popularly used Smartphone Arduino UNO board, motor driver, joystick and proximity sensor. For navigation and tracking the destination, mobile application software is developed on Android platform. Arduino platfo...

Signal Acquisition by Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Data Analysis for Mental Aptitude Tasks

General Linear Model is a statistical approach to enable an accurate analysis of NIRS signal. In ... more General Linear Model is a statistical approach to enable an accurate analysis of NIRS signal. In this study. the fNIRS data are regressed using a linear combination of task-related regressors plus an error term. The mental tasks related regressors are obtained by convolving boxcar functions, that correspond to our experimental design with HRF. Experimentally the signal was acquired from a functional NIRS system during the brain activation from the participant while visual stimulation task. The block design for data acquisition consists of 40s rest and 60s task in repetition. From the measured data, oxy-hemoglobin was estimated and considered for parametric analysis. We observed a statistical significance of p<0.9 from our analysis.

Experimental Measurement and Analysis of Knee Flexion Angle as a Biomechanical Parameter for Obesity

Walking or gait is the systematic study of human locomotion using visual observation, video camer... more Walking or gait is the systematic study of human locomotion using visual observation, video cameras, sensors or combination of these technologies. Abnormalities of the gait can be observed in obese, Parkinson's disease and those having biomechanical disorders. Obesity may be considered as a complicated disease and situation which leads to major health problems. During walking, the joints of lower extremities are subjected to enormous forces and moments. Experimentally the walking of normal and obese subjects was video recorded by Microsoft Kinect camera. Simultaneously, the EMG (electromyography) signals were measured by Delsys Trigono EMG instrument through its electrodes placed over gastrocnemius muscles of the leg. Both the measured data was stored in the computer and analyzed. It has observed that the knee flexion angle is smaller by 30 % than the normal subjects of the same age group. Therefore, the knee flexion angle could be used as a biomechanical parameter to distinguis...

Brain-Computer Interfacing and Classification of Cognitive Activities

Human intellect can be straightforwardly associated with the computers through a modern innovatio... more Human intellect can be straightforwardly associated with the computers through a modern innovation known as Brain Computer Interface (BCI). Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) based BCI empowers to associate the individuals with the encompassing world through brain signals noninvasively. This strategy of perusing the intellect through physiological signals by EEG and fNIRS sensors has made critical advance in neurological science and engine control inquire about. The BCI framework can record, analyze and decipher the framework input, procured from the brain in terms of commands. These commands can assist be utilized to activate outside gadgets of choice concurring to the user's intellect. The BCI is rising as one of the capable instruments in reasonable biomedical applications such as recovery, cognitive forms, prosthetics and numerous neuro-feedback utilitarian exercises. Be that as it may, the usefulness of BCI depends upon the acknow...

Diagnosis of Hand Tremor from EMG Sensors

In this paper, the experimental procedure for the acquisition of EMG and accelerometer data is ex... more In this paper, the experimental procedure for the acquisition of EMG and accelerometer data is explained. From the data, tremor frequency is evaluated. Tremor is an involuntary shaking of the body or the limbs which is considered as an early symptom of Parkinson's disease. EMG instrument, sensors, selection of muscles in the study, data acquisition procedure, analysis of EMG and accelerometer signal is discussed in this paper.

Development of Mobile Phone Medical Application Software for Clinical Diagnosis

Abstract- Rapid advancements in communication technology have spread to medicine also. Particular... more Abstract- Rapid advancements in communication technology have spread to medicine also. Particularly, smartphone technology has made medical provisioning through mobile systems a reality. Innovations in mobile software application are potential benefits to the public health since the mobile platforms became more user-friendly, computationally powerful and are affordable. The innovative mobile apps can contribute in clinical consultation complementing face-to-face interaction in the health care at lower risk to the public. We have developed and evaluated mobile app for smartphone on Android platform to facilitate interaction between the patient and doctor where the patient seeks advice, diagnosis and treatment from the doctor from remote places. The Graphic User Interface (GUI) display screens of the smartphones are incorpotated the medical data needed by the clinician to interpret and respond to information.

Design and Testing of Wireless Endoscope System for Diagnosis of Gastro-Intestinal Tract Diseases

Background: Endoscopy is a clinical procedure of inserting a long thin tube carrying a camera int... more Background: Endoscopy is a clinical procedure of inserting a long thin tube carrying a camera into the body to observe organs and tissue inside the body. Since two decades, capsule endoscope has been using as an important tool for diagnosis of Gastro-intestinal diseases. However, the shape of this device is an issue which rises risk of getting struck inside the tract. Therefore, we have designed and developed spherical shaped sensor for wireless endoscopic applications. Materials and Methods: In the new design of wireless endoscopy system, we used CMOS camera as image sensor, LEDs for light source, a reed switch and a pair of batteries. These are covered by transparent and biocompatible polymer in spherical shape. The diameter is 12 mm. The newly designed spherical shape is easy in oral uptaking like a pill by mouth and smooth exit through anus after the procedure is completed. Results: The power consumption of our wireless endoscope system is considerably less and the resolution of...

Surgical robotic arm control for tissue ablation

Journal of Robotic Surgery, 2020

In the technology driven era, robot assisted surgery is gradually emerging as a revolutionized su... more In the technology driven era, robot assisted surgery is gradually emerging as a revolutionized surgical procedure over traditional laparoscopic method. Despite the concerns about robotic surgery for minimally invasive surgical procedures, robotized surgical arms have been used in many hospitals. Certain surgical procedures require removal of a segment of an organ or body part like excision biopsy, linear thin layer of soft tissue, triangular mass, and tangential excision in burn management, where shaving-off at an angle of the tissue layer to be removed. For such minimally invasive procedures, we have designed a surgical arm governed by a rotary flexible joint. The surgical arm has a medical grade scalpel in its one end and the other end is connected to a D.C. servo motor. The motion of the surgical arm is controlled by the newly designed non-integer order controller. We have experimentally demonstrated the functioning of the surgical arm by ablating the tissue in-vitro. Our surgical robotic arm is cost effective, high precision and free from potential human errors.

$Fig. 2 Non-integer order state feedback scheme with integral action combines state feedback and integral action together. It is a general and well -known architecture to evaluate the set-point tracking performance while confirming the load disturbance rejection of an automatic physical system [27, 28]. In Fig. 2, it is shown that the integer integral operator 1/s is replaced by a non-integer operator 1/S*%. Where, a is a non-integer number acting as the fractional order of integral operation. Compensator K(s) is cascaded with the non-integer integrator while the feedback control gain, K, serves as the purpose of stabilization of the system. The compensator K(s) has a special similarity with Bode’s ideal transfer function. Both shows similar closed-loop transient responses. The Bode’s ideal transfer function is as follows:$

Calvarial Bone Segmentation from Medical Images by Image Processing Technique

IJARCCE, 2015

In a given image, it is possible to extract only the required data from the intact image. This is... more In a given image, it is possible to extract only the required data from the intact image. This is known as image segmentation and is considered as one of the important image processing technique. Several algorithms do the segmentation on images but Watershed method, which is based on natural phenomenon of water flow in lakes, is attracting large number of researchers due to its fast action, simple algorithm to implement in computer and versatile for twin images too. The morphological watershed image segmentation is implemented on MRI images to extract calvarial bone (skullcap) from the scans. It is useful for evaluation of calvarial lesions, calvarial bone grafts and calvarial bone fractured patients that could help in diagnosis and treatments. The results are demonstrated and the method is explained. Applicability of the method for the calvaria related abnormalities are discussed.

Design and Simulation of a Patch Antenna for Microwave Imaging

International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology, 2016

This paper outlines the design and simulation of an inset fed rectangular patch antenna at 2.4 GH... more This paper outlines the design and simulation of an inset fed rectangular patch antenna at 2.4 GHz mainly for the detection of breast cancer. The microstrip antenna is used in number of applications viz., biomedical, GPS, aircraft, cell phones and WLAN devices because of its conformability to curved surfaces, low profile, inherent narrow bandwidth, easy to modify and fabricate features and relatively low cost. Breast cancer affects many women and has fatal conclusions if it is not diagnosed correctly. Early diagnosis is the most important parameter to detect and interfere with cancer tissue. Some of methods for breast cancer detection are X-ray mammography, MRI and ultrasound. However, they have some limitations. For example; between 4 and 34% of all breast cancers are missed because of poor malignant or benign cancer tissue contrast. Microwave imaging to detect breast cancer is a promising method and there are many works in this area. All the materials used for trans-receiving microwave signals have different permittivity and conductivity. In this work, a microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz (ISM band of radio waves) is designed and simulated over Rogers RT Duroid (εr=2.2) substrate. Important results such as electric field, magnetic field distribution, reflection coefficient and current density on the antenna are evaluated.

• K. Prahlad Rao, S. Radhakrishnan, and M. Ramasubba Reddy. Brain tissue phantoms for optical near infrared imaging. Experimental Brain Research Journal, Vol. 170, No.4, pp 433-437, 2006 (Impact Factor: 2.296, in the year 2010)

Experimental Brain Research

Noninvasive measurement of postocclusive parameters in human forearm blood by near infrared spectroscopy

SPIE Proceedings, 2005

Near infrared (NIR) light in the wavelength range from 700 to 900 nm can pass through skin, bone ... more Near infrared (NIR) light in the wavelength range from 700 to 900 nm can pass through skin, bone and other tissues relatively easily. As a result, NIR techniques allow a noninvasive assessment of hemoglobin saturation for a wide range of applications, such as in the study of muscle metabolism, the diagnosis of vascular disorders, brain imaging, and breast cancer detection. Near infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an effective tool to measure the hemoglobin concentration in the tissues, which can discriminate optically the oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin species because of their different near-infrared absorption spectra. We have developed an NIRS probe consisting of a laser diode of 830 nm wavelength and a PIN photodiode in reflectance mode. We have selected a set of healthy volunteers (mean age 30, range 26-40 years) for the study. The probe is placed on forearm of each subject and the backscattered light intensity is measured by occluding the blood flow at 210, 110 and 85 mmHg pressures. Recovery time, peak time and time after 50% release of the cuff pressure are determined from the optical densities during the post occlusive state of forearm. These parameters are useful for determining the transient increase in blood flow after the release of blood occlusion. Clinically, the functional aspects of blood flow in the limbs could be evaluated noninvasively by NIRS.

Brain tissue phantoms for optical near infrared imaging

Experimental Brain Research, 2005

In this study, solid, stable, and cost-effective optical phantoms of scalp-skull, white matter an... more In this study, solid, stable, and cost-effective optical phantoms of scalp-skull, white matter and grey matter are developed by inverse method. To begin with, to obtain a range of optical parameters, absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (l a and l 0 s ; respectively), 20 homogeneous phantoms were made of paraffin wax by using optically contrast black and highly scattering white colouring materials in different combination. By comparing the measured reflectance values for each phantom got from the four channel reflectometer with that obtained from steady-state diffusion equation, the values of l a and l 0 s were determined. Next, phantoms which exhibit specific optical properties of scalp-skull, white and grey matter are developed iteratively by comparing actual reflectance measurements got by adjusting the colour concentration with the predicted reflectance values from the diffusion equation. This is done as follows: to obtain l a of 0.04 mm À1 for scalpskull, 9.5 mg of black dye per 100 ml of wax added since more attenuation of light occurs in bone tissue. To obtain a l 0 s 6.0 mm À1 for white matter in brain tissue, 190 mg of white dye per 100 ml of wax was used to facilitate more scatter of light. The colour concentrations of phantoms were then adjusted to obtain the predetermined values of optical parameters for scalpskull, grey and white matter.

Early Detection of Parkinson's Disease – Simulation and Assessment

It is important to note that all tremors are not considered as symptoms of Parkinson's diseas... more It is important to note that all tremors are not considered as symptoms of Parkinson's disease, nor is a tremor proof Parkinsonism. Recent developments in the diagnosis of PD, necessitate a thorough investigation of the disease etiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, the clinicians are aware that the present diagnostic tools and guidance need to be updated considering the latest knowledge of PD to optimize its early detection. Tremors are visible indicators of the disease prognosis. A systematic study by monitoring tremor could reveal the early symptoms of PD. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to research for a simple and quick review of the procedure to detect the disease in its early stages. Further, a tremor simulator for assessment of hand tremors is designed and developed in this investigation.