Sociology

Marriage is a "life-long project" and projects require planning. This study aimed at knowing the role of Marriage Preparation Programs (MPP) in the awareness of marriage planning through: their content, their used means, and the time allocated for lectures and activities. In addition, the study aimed at knowing the point of view of the beneficiaries of these programs about what has been presented and some of their socio-demographic characteristics. The current study is a descriptive study that used two tools to collect field data: a questionnaire to describe and analyze the programs' content and personal interviews with the beneficiaries of these programs. Four MPP-provided by three centers in Jeddah-and seventy-two cases: 32 females and 40 males were chosen through purposive sampling. The major findings of this study can be generalized as followed: I. Marriage goals, sex education, and dialogue between spouses are the most provided subjects by MPP. II. Lectures are th...

Bangsa Iran modern sekarang ini merupakan produk dari proses sejarah yang sangat panjang yang dapat ditelusuri jejaknya sejak berdirinya Imperium Achaemenid yang dikenal dengan Persia Kuno. Setelah memeluk Islam, bangsa Persia mengalami era keemasannya yang bahkan melampaui kejayaannya di masa pra-Islam. Kebesaran Persia Islam dimulai dengan lahirnya dinasti Abbasiah (721-1258 M) yang dilanjutkan dengan dinasti Safawi (1501-1736 M). Di era Safawi inilah mulai terbentuk identitas dan karakter bangsa Iran modern. Di masa pemerintahan Shah Tahmasp I dan Shah Abbas I, dinasti Safawi mencapai puncak keemasannya. Wilayah kekuasaannya merentang dari selat Hormuz di Selatan hingga wilayah Afghanistan dan Pakistan modern. Arsitektur dan tata kotanya menjadi ilham bagi dunia internasional terutama bangsa-bangsa Eropa. Singkatnya, dinasti Safawi merupakan periode sejarah yang penting yang harus dipelajari untuk dapat memahami Iran modern.

Microfinance is a type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who would otherwise have no other means of gaining financial services. It has been recognized internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty. The present paper measures the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh. Data have been collected through questionnaires set on five point likert scale. The sample size of the study is 150 respondents. Simple linear regression has been used as the statistical tool for data analysis. The findings revealed that microfinance played a significant role in poverty alleviation and generating employment in selected districts in Uttar Pradesh.

This paper aims to identify the practical issues affecting the role of caregivers in relation to religion as a significant cultural factor. The theoretical lens for the study was the Structuration theory postulated by Giddens (1984). A mixed-method approach was adopted through a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Thus, data were collected within the Bauchi metropolis from 218 caregivers using both questionnaires and interview. The key informant interviews were conducted on officials of Government agencies and NGOs. A Pragmatist world view led to the application of the sequential transformative approach of quantitative and qualitative methodology. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the quantitative data using descriptive statistics such as frequency, and percentages, while NVivo software was used to analyze qualitative data synthesis and prose thematically. The findings of the study revealed that the influence of cultural factors such as religion, and social Attitude has a significant impact on the role of caregivers in providing help to children with HIV and AIDS to overcome social stigma in Bauchi Metropolis. The study also identified other challenges and difficulties including lack of caregiver education, lack of professional knowledge of the Social casework approach to issues of social stigma, and lack of utilization of consultation and case referral for further inquiry/collaboration with other caregivers. Using the orientation of structuration theory, the study concludes that, what tends to render most caregivers unable to properly handle issues of social stigma in addition to the cultural factors identified, including lack of incentive by governmental structures to support caregivers in working with vulnerable children and HIV/AIDS orphans cope with the social stigma. The study, therefore, recommends the empowerment of caregivers with skills acquisitions, training, workshops and be part of the decision-making structures on programs related to HIV and AIDS.

The objective of the study was to examine the efficacy and safety of seven different probiotic cultures of lactobacilli and child specific Bifidobacterium infantis along with prebiotic (FOS) in reducing the frequency of stool excretion and stool consistency in acute watery diarrhoea. Synbiotic is a combination of probiotic and prebiotic cultures. Probiotics are friendly live bacteria, which have shown to have beneficial effects on human health. Imbalance of intestinal micro flora leads to the occurrence of diarrhoea. There currently exits good evidence for the therapeutic use of synbiotic in infectious diarrhoea in children, especially when seven different strains of lactobacilli including a child specific B. infantis are incorporated to improve the clinical course of acute diarrhoea. There were 50 children in synbiotic group and 50 in the control group. There were no differences in subject characteristics and no confounding variables were found in either group. In the synbiotic group, a more rapid improvement in the stool texture and average stool remission time was seen significantly better as compared to control group. Similar results were also seen in stool remission, where there was a significant decrease in synbiotic group. The average duration of stool remission time in the synbiotic group was 41.53 hours. This was significantly different when compared to control group average time of 74.94 hours. Finally, this study concluded that symbiotic having seven multiple Lactobacilli's strains including child specie B. infantis and FOS as probiotic significantly improved stool texture and showed better stool remission time.

The objective of this study is to investigate how of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and motivation to learn impact the universities learning culture. For this purpose, 210 questionnaires were distributed among lecturers, assistant professors, associate professors and professors of 12 public and privately owned universities out of which 186 questionnaires were returned at a response rate of 88%. The results showed that motivation to learn, organizational commitment and job satisfaction have significant positive impact on organizational learning culture in education sector. The policy implications, limitations and future guidelines of the study have also been discussed.

The study aimed to mainly identify the role of non-profit organizations in building the capacity of their beneficiaries. The study relied on the social survey approach and used the questionnaire as a tool to realize the purpose of the study. The survey population was (1353) beneficiaries who attended the capacity building program, offered by five different organizations across the Kingdom. They were selected using the simple random sample (SRS) method. The study found a number of results, the most important of which was that the survey population believed that they benefited from the capacity building program in general. The study also showed statistically significant differences in the degree to which the trainees benefited from the capacity building program, according to the organization that offered the program. The study recommended several measures, the most important of which are: Non-profit organizations should develop programs that aim to develop and market the beneficiaries products and link them to e-commerce websites. Non-profit organizations should develop an electronic application to provide training, guidance and development programs in order to foster communication with beneficiaries to enable their capacity in a more impactful way.

Many individnals and organisations have directly or indirectly contributed to the completion of this study. Without their cooperation, encouragement, understanding and assistance this study could not have been done, and I offer them my deep gratitude and appreciation. A particular debt is owed to my supervisor, Colin Creighton. Words cannot express my deep gratitude for his encouragement, guidance and constructive criticism. He taught me by example the meaning of hard work, and his friendly attitude, consideration and patience in times of difficulties are greatly appreciated. In short, I owe him more than I could ever repay. Special thanks to Professor Abu-Baker Bagader for his encouragement and help during the fieldwork Hi s persistence and sincere support since the start of the project are much appreciated. My thanks to Dr. Hassan Mohammed Salib, Khartoum University, for his kind support, encouragement and fiiendship during my master study at King Abdulaziz University. I would Ile to express my thanks to the World Health Organisation, Regional offices Riyadh and Alexandria, and UNICEF London office, for supplying me documents and publications. Thanks go to the Directorate General of Health Affairs in Jeddah and the General Directorate of Primary Health Care Affairs in Jeddah, for allowing me to carry out my research and providing statistics and other information about health affairs in Jeddah. In particular, the technical section manager, S. Ba-Adhaim was most helpful. Captain Omar Almandhar helped me overcome administrative diffictihies. Thanks to Dr. Talal Akram, Dr. Ghasi Al-shah and Dr. Foud Zarnaklishry for their cooperation in interview. My sons Abdulkareem and Abdula7iz helped to collect questionnaires. Dr. Khadija Bakhashwain introduced me to many of her colleagues at Al-Shatti and Al-Thoughour hospitals and to some managers of health centres. I am very grateful to staff at the Brynmor Jones library, the Hull University computer centre and staff at British library, Wetherby, for their help and assistance. I am grateful for assistance from the educational attache' at the Saudi Culture Bureau, and for some issues of Ashanq Al-Awsat newspaper sent by the Saudi Information Office, which helped to keep in touch with my country. Mrs. Kathryn Spry carefully read and checked the scripts. Her criticism was helpful and much appreciated. Appreciation is due to my sister who helped with my children's education. I owe great gratitude to my father for his patience, moral and material support, and his silent sufferings during my absence. He looked after my children during my absence and his telephone calls inspired me. I owe a debt of gratitude to my uncle Salem for his help and sacrifices of time, especially during my wife's pregnancy. I really appreciate his assistance. Thanks to my brothers Waheeb for lending me his computer, Jarnal and Mohammed for taking over many of my family responsibilities and duties, Tariq and Younis for their encouragement and telephone calls from Saudi I am grateful to Awad Bakhashwain and Riyadh Marouf for their help in freeing me from my work duties and to Ashraf Assad for help with transport for my children. Thanks to Mustafa El-Eidorous and Saman Moshafi for help with the computer software, and to K Bashinini, Abdulkareem Al-Ghamdi, Abdullah Al-Omary, AbduLatif Al-Nafea and Marzog Al-Ushar for their help in obtaining some references about Saudi Arabia Finally, special thanks and appreciation go to my wife, without whose patience and encouragement I could not have completed this thesis. She is behind the whole project She took the whole responsibility for the children's school problems, socialisation and discipline and successfully played father and mother roles during my absence in Hull. She deserves great appreciation and gratitude. Finally, special thanks and appreciation go to my wife, without whose patience and encouragement I could not have completed this thesis. She is behind the whole project. She took the whole responsibility for the children's school problems, socialisation and discipline and successfully played father and mother roles during my absence in Hull. She deserves great appreciation and gratitude.

This paper describes voluntary work in Saudi civil Society that focuses on Saudi women volunteers as a social capital, it is compiled to offer highlights of the results of a PhD. dissertation. Despite the unavailability of literature on volunteering, social capital or statistical data depending of nation wide surveys on volunteering in Saudi Arabia, The researcher adopted a theoretical framework of social capital as defined by Coleman and Putnam and focusing on volunteering and women volunteers. The study measures social capital on the basis of different levels: 1-A formal social network that included participation in civil society organizations which enabled Saudi women to participate in developing the Saudi community in Jeddah through volunteering. 2-An informal social network contained family, friends and neighborhood relations during the last six months. 3-Other measurement of social capital were social trust, feeling of happiness when meeting other women with different style of life and the feeling of self-satisfaction and meaning of life i.e. tolerance, diversity and value of life. Different issues will be covered such as: demographic profile, a brief historical background of voluntary work in Saudi society, impact of voluntary work on the status of Saudi women volunteers and, problems facing women volunteers and their suggestions for improvement of voluntary work.