Civil

Dinoflagellates are microalgae that are associated with the production of many marine toxins. These toxins poison fish, other wildlife and humans. Dinoflagellate-associated human poisonings include paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera fish poisoning. Dinoflagellate toxins and bioactives are of increasing interest because of their commercial impact, influence on safety of seafood, and potential medical and other applications. This review discusses biotechnological methods of identifying toxic dinoflagellates and detecting their toxins. Potential applications of the toxins are discussed. A lack of sufficient quantities of toxins for investigational purposes remains a significant limitation. Producing quantities of dinoflagellate bioactives requires an ability to mass culture them. Considerations relating to bioreactor culture of generally fragile and slow-growing dinoflagellates are discussed. Production and processing of dinoflagellates to extract bioactives, require attention to biosafety considerations as outlined in this review.

Dinoflagellates are microalgae that are associated with the production of many marine toxins. These toxins poison fish, other wildlife and humans. Dinoflagellate-associated human poisonings include paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera fish poisoning. Dinoflagellate toxins and bioactives are of increasing interest because of their commercial impact, influence on safety of seafood, and potential medical and other applications. This review discusses biotechnological methods of identifying toxic dinoflagellates and detecting their toxins. Potential applications of the toxins are discussed. A lack of sufficient quantities of toxins for investigational purposes remains a significant limitation. Producing quantities of dinoflagellate bioactives requires an ability to mass culture them. Considerations relating to bioreactor culture of generally fragile and slow-growing dinoflagellates are discussed. Production and processing of dinoflagellates to extract bioactives, require attention to biosafety considerations as outlined in this review.

La patología del concreto es el estudio sistemático de los procesos y características de los defectos y daños que afecta la durabilidad del concreto. La albañilería armada tiene como material más utilizado los bloques de concreto, estos bloques tienen una mayor tendencia a absorber agua, lo que puede ocasionar su patología. La principal patología en los bloques de concreto son las fisuras, una de las causas importantes de esta patología es el origen químico, atribuido a los cambios derivados por la hidratación del cemento o la exposición en zonas de atmósfera marina que están afectadas por el aerosol marino, donde existe mayor concentración salina de cloruros y sulfatos, primordialmente si los bloques de concreto presentan alta permeabilidad. Otra anomalía encontrada en los bloques de concreto es la eflorescencia, generalmente ocurre en bloques con mayores poros, ya que están expuestas a una mayor humectación, provocando mayor vulnerabilidad en la estructura. Una de las soluciones m...