Titus

Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, yettwassnen s yisem n Titus, d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, Vespasian. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani.

1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit

Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n usɣim n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is.

Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut: Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n tirmitin meqren.

Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit.

Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman.

Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is.

Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu.

Amgaru n Udayen: Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan azbu di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq).

Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad Niru(Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.

Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n Niru d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen.

Anekcum d usutel n temdint n Uṛcalim deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimukan iqesḥanen akk deg umezruy aserdas aṛumani. Titus isseḥbes yal abrid n taywalt neɣ n tukci n wucci ɣef temdint, ayen i d-yewwin laẓ, tussaft d twuɣa timeqranin ɣef yimezdaɣ-is. Seld aṭas n wayyuren n usutel, d yimenɣiyen qeṣḥanen s daxel n yiberdan, iserdasen irumaniyen ssawḍen ad rẓen iɣerban n temdint. Taggara n temhelt-a teffeɣ-d s tiyita n rreḥba: iserdasen sseɣlin u sseṛɣen Afakan wis Sin, i yellan d amkan ufrir u yettwaqedsen akk deg umaḍal ɣer udayen. Ɣas akken kra n yimnadiyen n umezruy ttinin belli Titus ur yebɣi ara ad isseṛɣ afakan-a s timmad-is, maca ccwal n yimenɣi d wurfan n yiserdasen ssawḍen ɣer nnger n tmeṣkiwt-a n usɣan ameqran.

Taggara n umgaru-ya tefka-d tiɣtas ur nettwaḥsab; aṭas n yimdanen i yemmuten s tmenɣiwt neɣ s laẓ, ma d wid yemenɛen uɣalen d aklan, ttuzenzen deg leswaq n tmenkda taṛumanit. Ɣer yirumaniyen, ayen i d-yewwi Titus yella d tamanegt tasemlalt i d-issebganen tanezmart n tmenkda-nsen mgal yal aɣewwiɣ. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, agdud akked ugraw aṛumani snemmren-t s tfaska n rrbeḥ tameqrant (Allak). Di tfaska-ya, ssekcen-d gar yiberdan tiɣawsiwin d yigerrujen n wureɣ i d-wwin seg ufakan n Uṛcalim, am tmennart n ṣa n yifuṛka (Menorah). Iwakken ad ǧǧen tigawt-a di tkatut n yimdanen d tsutwin i d-iteddun, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma. Aɣrab-a d azamul yellan ar ass-a, d amatar agejdan ɣef temhelt-a d tezrirt-is lqayen i d-yeǧǧan ccama deg tmeddurt n Titus akked umezruy n talsa s umata.

Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim: Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. Tamhelt-a tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d asenɛet n tezmart-nsen akked tmanegt; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d tanɣaɣreft tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim.

2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit

Mi yemmut Vespasian deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d iniɣi am Niru, ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani).

Maca, tasedmirt n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s:

Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit.
Ikkes tiwsiwin timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti.
Yebḍa aṭas n teɣbula/yimengiyen d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: "Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa".

3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is

Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n tezeɣnin timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen tiɣtas.

Tiwuɣa	Aseggas	Ayen yeḍran	Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus
Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve	79 S.Ɛ	Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa.	Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen.
Timest di Ṛuma	80 S.Ɛ	Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan.	Yeṭṭef tasiḍent n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni.
Tawla tameqrant	80/81 S.Ɛ	Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci.	Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di tallunt tazayezt.

4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri

Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i tnafutiwin tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint.

Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum): I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d yisenɛaten meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen.
Iḥemmamen n Titus: Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ukulusyum, i yellan s ttawil ufrir i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma.

5. Tamettant d Tukkest

Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d agerram.

Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, Dumisyan. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem awahan, imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di tukkest-is i tmenkda taṛumanit.