Papers by shivakar Tiwari
Using the NSSO Employment and Unemployment Survey Rounds as the basis, this paper examines questi... more Using the NSSO Employment and Unemployment Survey Rounds as the basis, this paper examines questions of unemployment, employment and human capital formation among Indian youth belonging to various social and religious groups across different regions since the advent of the economic reforms in the early 1990s. The paper argues for strengthening measures to create decent employment on a large scale and for improving the education and skill levels of youths with a greater focus on those belonging to the marginalised groups of Indian society.
Human Rights & the Corporation eJournal, 2014
In this study we have tried to examine in depth the development in the Uttar Pradesh in the last ... more In this study we have tried to examine in depth the development in the Uttar Pradesh in the last more than two and half decades which covers both pre and post reform period. Although there is intensive research at the all India level regarding the issues of growth, inequality and poverty, there is huge gap regarding Uttar Pradesh. Given its large population size (which is larger than the population of many countries of Europe combined together) it is very important to have authentic and intensive information about the nature of development of the state.
India Studies in Business and Economics, 2019
This article finds an appreciable rate of reduction in poverty at about 1.6% annually between 200... more This article finds an appreciable rate of reduction in poverty at about 1.6% annually between 2004–05 and 2011–12 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which has been largely in rural areas and that too among SCs and Others and across economic regions. In contrast, the incidence of poverty increased in urban areas of the state by 1.32% during 2004–05 to 2011–12, showing the urbanisation of rural poverty due to lack of remunerative employment opportunities and social security measures. However, poverty in the state is predominantly rural. In 2011–12, around 48 million out of 60 million poor people in the state were living in its rural area. The article estimates the poverty in the state at more disaggregated level of 17 administrative divisions (ADs) with an objective to suggest effective policy interventions and make a concerted dent on poverty. The incidence of poverty varies significantly across different regions and ADs of the state. The Eastern region has the highest poverty incidence,...
The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 2019
Predominant objective of macroeconomic policies in developing countries has been to achieve highe... more Predominant objective of macroeconomic policies in developing countries has been to achieve higher level of potential economic growth and sustain it once it is achieved. Macroeconomic policy in India, on the backdrop of severe balance of payment crisis, has witnessed major shift in the early 1990s when neo-liberal economic policy on the pressure of IMF and World Bank has been adopted abandoning the socialist pattern of economic policy pursued in the post-independence period. Since implementation its scope has been consistently widening in terms of economic reform in different sectors of the economy, now its impact both positive and adverse is clearly visible. Since the last two and half decades, the serious adverse implication of the new economic policy is visible, particularly on the widening income inequality, although there has been positive effect on achieved higher aggregate economic growth. The major channel through which it is manifested is less than desired performance on la...
Decent work for poverty reduction and overall well-being has long been recognised by Internationa... more Decent work for poverty reduction and overall well-being has long been recognised by International Labour Organisation (ILO). However, ensuring it still remains a challenge in several countries across the globe. Treating regular employment as a form of decent work may be a misconception as a large number of regular salaried employment opportunities are devoid of any tenurial and social security benefits to workers, making them vulnerable, which is a crucial indicator of ILO’s notion of decent employment. Based on unit record data of large rounds of National Sample Survey on Employment and Unemployment, this paper disaggregates regular employment across public, private and informal enterprises and finds unequal access to quality employment opportunities to various socio-religious groups. It attempts to understand determinants of access to regular wage employment opportunities with a focus on quality jobs. Finally, the paper suggests measures to improve the availability and access to ...
The state intervention in the rural labour market through Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 has been... more The state intervention in the rural labour market through Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 has been a landmark in the India’s development policy. It guarantees at least 100 days of work for the rural household whose adult member is willing to do unskilled manual work. Furthermore, it ensures social justice by mandating minimum women participation of 33 percent and prohibits wage discrimination. MNREGS has been successful in self targeting of the relatively poor and vulnerable households and individuals across socio-economic groups. However, simultaneously the program has also been criticized for creating labour shortage in the rural area particularly in manual agricultural activities where share of women is relatively higher. In this sense, the study has shown by using secondary data from NSS and IHDS that the PWP has actually a tool in addressing gender inequality in the labour force participation. As argued in the literature, one of the reasons for low female participation is the la...
Environment and Urbanization ASIA
Urban poverty in most of the developing world is considered a spillover of rural poverty. With in... more Urban poverty in most of the developing world is considered a spillover of rural poverty. With increasing pace of development in these countries, urban settlements are assimilating migrants searching for better livelihood opportunities and who could be vulnerable and poor in the urban settlements. This article empirically assesses the levels of urban poverty in India at the disaggregated level and examines how recent growth episode has impacted poverty reduction. This article finds that growth in general has been reducing poverty, but its effect in reducing poverty over different geographical domain has not been uniform. We find that rising inequality is playing a significant role in differential reduction of urban poverty in India and in its states.
Journal of Social Inclusion Studies
In the period between 2004-05 and 2011-12 the higher growth at the all India level has led to hig... more In the period between 2004-05 and 2011-12 the higher growth at the all India level has led to higher poverty reduction. Also growth has been inclusive as poverty reduction has been experienced at faster rate for relatively poor social group. Similarly at the sub-national level across states the growth has been relatively inclusive and poverty reduction has been faster for marginalised social groups.
Dual-sector model propounded by Lewis (Manchester Sch 22(2):39–191, (1954) and Kuznets (Am Econ R... more Dual-sector model propounded by Lewis (Manchester Sch 22(2):39–191, (1954) and Kuznets (Am Econ Rev 63(6):247–258, 1973) holds that with the economic development workers move from farm to off-farm sector. The off-farm occupation diversification contributes to household/individual well-being as well as in overall economic growth and development through increase in productivity. In India, occupational structure remained stagnant for a long period and non-farm diversification of occupation started only in the 1980s, the rate of which has been faster in the recent period. However, the positive implication of the diversification is not satisfactory, particularly in rural area. Based on the NSS data, analysis in the chapter shows that in rural area farm employment is still important as around 65% of workers were dependent on agriculture for livelihood in 2011–12. Non-farm employment generated is mostly casual and is largely driven by the construction sector in the urban vicinity. Even tho...
In this study we have tried to examine in depth the development in the Uttar Pradesh in the last ... more In this study we have tried to examine in depth the development in the Uttar Pradesh in the last more than two and half decades which covers both pre and post reform period. Although there is intensive research at the all India level regarding the issues of growth, inequality and poverty, there is huge gap regarding Uttar Pradesh. Given its large population size (which is larger than the population of many countries of Europe combined together) it is very important to have authentic and intensive information about the nature of development of the state.
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Papers by shivakar Tiwari