Political Science

Introduction
This essay concerns the law of easement. Generally, the types of easements are fully recognized and established. The proposal is whether these easements are closed or can create new easements. It means, on the one hand, academics criticize easement law is outdated and inefficient in administering with changes in land use in England. On the other hand, the case law proves that the easement law still can recognize new easements. Accordingly, This research addresses the question of a standard on both sides of the argument regards the easement law. Question: Whether the law of easement is closed and controversial or well settled and still has the capacity to recognize new easements according to changes in land use in England 1The easement is a right over one piece of land for the benefit of another piece of land. The first scrutiny regards Easement is, it outdated. 2The court recognized four rules in Re Ellenborough Park to set the parameters of a right and to clarify the nature of them. Those are, a) Existence of a dominant (DT) and servient tenement (ST) b) Both are distinct persons c) The easement accommodate the DT d) The right claimed capable of forming the subject-matter of grant But commentators criticize as although these rules are appropriate in identifying easement, inadequate to meet the life-changing circumstances. The inaccuracy of the 4th requirement directed the court to be observant in expanding easement. Thus there is a need for new rules now. 3In responding to this, it is unfair to claim as easement law is outdated because numerous new sublayers have associated later with those traditional components. 1 Re Ellenborough Park [1955] EWCA Civ 4. 2 Re Ellenborough Park [1955] EWCA Civ 4. 3 Wright v Macadam (1949) 2 KB 744.

This essay discusses the statement of ''distinguishing between ‘offer’ and ‘invitation to treat’ is a difficult challenge for the courts when dealing with commonplace transactions such as advertisements, auctions, and E-commerce.’' in light of the decided cases.

The PCs improved the suspect's right held in custody after being arrested for an alleged offense. Although there are deficiencies in the PCs in regulating police power which seriously fractures the detainees’ rights.This essay analyses negativity of pace code.

Implementation of ad-hoc agreements with armed non-state actors in non-international armed conflicts remains uncertain. Yet, the most recent practice confirms the crucial role such agreements can play in fostering respect for humanitarian and human rights law also by entities non-parties to international treaties.

The state is a main responder in international law in general and in international human rights law in particular from the statecentred point of view. Thus, on the one hand, some acts of private actors, including armed non-state actors may be attributed to the state. On the other hand, the state has an obligation to protect its citizens and other human beings on its soil from the harmful acts of private actors, including armed non-state actors, through its due diligence duty and by taking necessary steps. By employing descriptive and

NNJLSR aims to publish original and innovative legal scholarship in the diverse fields of law. NNJLSR is keen to publish interdisciplinary socio-legal research that examines the interface between law and political science, economics, sociology, philosophy, anthropology, ecology, feminism and legal institutions. The journal further aims to share research and ideas about legal matters of concern which are common to developing countries; to encourage research in these fields; and to build conventions of academic discourse and publication. The journal encourages work that sees law in a broader sense, and so sees legal matters as including cultural diversity and plural legal realities all over the world. Moreover, journal aims to function as a platform for communication on legal matters of concern among the powerless and those who struggle to access justice. The journal welcomes contributions from judges, lawyers, academics and law students. In addition, given its policy of encouraging interdisciplinary scholarship, it welcomes input from specialists belonging to other disciplines. Contributors are welcome to address issues from national, comparative and international perspectives. Contributions may be in the form of articles, book reviews, case comments or other forms. The views expressed in the NNJLSR are those of the authors and they are responsible for their views expressed in the NNJLSR. Open access policy NNJLSR is a fully open access online journal and every published article is freely accessible in full text to everyone, immediately after publication. NNJLSR does not charge for submission, review or publishing of articles. Counting from number 12 (2022), articles published in NNJLSR are licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Readers are allowed to copy and redistribute the articles in any medium or format, to adapt and revise the articles, and use the articles for commercial purposes, provided that the readers give appropriate credits. Read about best practices in crediting Creative Commons licensed works here. No Creative Commons licenses are applied on articles in number 1 (2009)-11 (2021). All rights reserved by the authors. Readers are allowed to download, read, and link to the articles published in volume 1 (2009)-11 (2021), but they may not republish or redistribute these articles without permission of the authors.

The creation of the International Criminal Court in 1998 is a successful achievement of the international community to impose individual criminal responsibility on individual perpetrators irrespective of their status in armed conflicts or in peace times .The Statute of the international criminal court criminalizes the serious violations of Common Article 3 to the Four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, other serious violations of law and customs applicable to non-international armed conflicts. The aim of this article is to examine the contribution of the ICC in developing the law of non-international armed conflicts especially the imposition of individual criminal responsibility on members of armed non-state actors for the violation of child right. This article concludes while there are some criticisms with respect to the practice of the ICC, the contribution of the ICC in creating obligations to armed non-state actors in non-international armed conflicts by prosecuting LubangaDyilo is undeniable and serves as a deterrence to other perpetrators in non-international armed conflicts.

The unforeseen impact of Covid-19 and its outcomes, including a variety of state responses, have directly or indirectly affected all segments of human society in multiple ways. Most importantly, certain communities have been more distressed than others. In this global context, Sri Lanka seems to be among the countries where the negative impacts

The unforeseen impact of Covid-19 and its outcomes, including a variety of state responses, have directly or indirectly affected all segments of human society in multiple ways. Most importantly, certain communities have been more distressed than others. In this global context, Sri Lanka seems to be among the countries where the negative impacts

International humanitarian law, a branch of public international law, regulates the conduct of hostilities and seeks to protect those who are not or are no longer participating in hostilities, such as civilians and prisoners of war. Yet, the evolution of today's international humanitarian law has a long historical dimension. This history is deeply intertwined with the inevitability of war throughout human history and its inherent capacity for causing suffering and destruction. Throughout history, various legal frameworks, humanitarian principles, and philosophical and spiritual perspectives have contributed to the evolution of rules and customs aimed at reducing suffering during warfare. Hinduism, among the world's oldest and most influential religions, has offered unique insights into warfare and ethical conduct. This study aims to uncover the influence of Hindu traditions and sources on the development of international humanitarian law and explore how these influences have shaped the present state of international humanitarian law. The study adopts a qualitative approach, analyzing research literature through descriptive analysis to draw its conclusions. The findings reveal that Hindu religious sources, particularly the core concept of non-violence, provide clear guidelines, and principles related to the conduct of hostilities and rules of war. These principles resonate with various aspects of international humanitarian law, including regulations on methods and means of warfare, obligations for the dignified treatment and medical care of prisoners of war, and the protection of civilians. Significantly, these principles were later formalized in international law through the efforts of various individuals and organizations, including the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions. This contribution underscores the pivotal influence of Hindu sources in shaping contemporary international humanitarian law.