Papers by Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud
BioMed Research International
Background. There are differences in the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups in ... more Background. There are differences in the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups in different populations of the world. Relatively very little information is available about blood group distributions in the Somali population. Objectives: To identify the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somali people. Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1811 enrolled students of Jazeera University was conducted in Jazeera University diagnosis and research center, Mogadishu-Somalia from December 2017 to December 2020. The result was presented as the frequency of each blood group with percentage. A Fisher’s exact test was carried out to test the significant association of the ABO blood group with sex and D antigen with sex. Results. Blood group O was the most prevalent (61%), followed by A (27%), B (10%), and AB (2%). The D-antigen was present in 97% of participants and 3% were D-negative. The distribution of O+, A+, B+, AB+ among D-positive subj...
Hindawi BioMed Research International, 2022
Background. There are differences in the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups in ... more Background. There are differences in the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups in different populations of the world. Relatively very little information is available about blood group distributions in the Somali population. Objectives: To
identify the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somali people. Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1811 enrolled students of Jazeera University was conducted in Jazeera University diagnosis and research
center, Mogadishu-Somalia from December 2017 to December 2020. The result was presented as the frequency of each blood group with percentage. A Fisher’s exact test was carried out to test the significant association of the ABO blood group with sex
and D antigen with sex. Results. Blood group O was the most prevalent (61%), followed by A (27%), B (10%), and AB (2%). The D-antigen was present in 97% of participants and 3% were D-negative. The distribution of O+, A+, B+, AB+ among Dpositive subjects were 62%, 27%, 9% and 2.0% while that of O-, A-, B- and AB- among D-negative subjects were 57%, 27%, 12% and 3%, respectively. The frequencies of ABO and D-antigens in both male and female subjects were O>A> B > AB. However, this study found no significant difference of ABO with Sex and D-antigens with sex (P-value>0.05). Conclusions. The frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somalia population was found to be O>A> B > AB which was similar to
those reported from most East African populations.
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2021
Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a serious global public health problem in most developing coun... more Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a serious global public health problem in most developing countries and a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Somalia which already had very high maternal mortality ratio of 829 per 100,000 live births, pregnant women in internally displaced camps (IDPs) remain at most exposed. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, severity and associated risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in internally displaced camps in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 383 households in the most IDP settled districts in Mogadishu. Every pregnant mother in these sampled households who was voluntarily consented was targeted. A sample of blood was also taken by pricking the fingertip and inserted into hemoglobin meter. Those with Hb < 11 g/dl from hemoglobin meter had been taken another sample of 3 cc blood and put into EDTA tube for CBC analysis to identify the type of anemia. Data on risk factors were collected using structured pretested questionnaire via an interview. Collected data was coded and entered in SPSS-Version 22 for analysis. Descriptive analysis, bivariate chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were done. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia among study participants was 44.4% (95%CI: 39.5-49.3%), where severe and moderate anemia were 11.8 and 47.0% respectively. In addition all anaemic cases were microcytic hypochromic anemia. Young maternal age, low Family income, fewer/zero parity, being at third or second trimesters, lack of ANC attendance during pregnancy, lack of iron supplementation during pregnancy, taking tea immediately after meal during pregnancy, lower/zero frequency of daily meat and vegetables consumption during pregnancy were associated risk factors of anemia. Conclusion: The anemia prevalence from this study was severe public health problem. Several factors were found to be associated with anemia during pregnancy. Measures has to be taken to curb the problem by including them mass iron supplementation and health education towards identified risk factors.
Andrology & Gynecology: Current Research, 2019
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest
infections encountered by clini... more Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest
infections encountered by clinicians and despite the widespread
availability of antimicrobial agents. UTI has become difficult to treat
because of appearance of pathogens with increasing resistance to
antimicrobial agents.
This study aimed to demonstrate the bacterial Uropathogens
causing UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used. A
non-probability convenient sampling was used for recruitment
participants. Clinically suspected patients complaining about UTI
were instructed to collect mid-stream urine in a sterile leak proof
container. Dipstick, microscopy and culture and sensitivity were
performed for each of the urine samples. CLED medium was used
for the isolation of bacterial Uropathogens. Susceptibility test was
conducted for the bacteria isolated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion
method.
Results: The prevalence of UTI was found to be 81.9% with 70.8%
from Female and 11.1% from Male. The isolated Uropathogens
were Escherichia coli (56.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.7%),
Enterococcus fecalis (3.6%), Enterobacter (3.6%), Pseudomonas
aureginosa (2.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2.8%). The
major antibiotics found to be resistant to isolates were; Ampicillin
(93.6%), Augmentin (87.2%), Cotrimazole (85.7%). All isolates of
E.coli and Klebsiella pneumonia showed the highest percentage
of resistance to Ampicillin and Augmentin while the least
resistance was observed against drugs such as nitrofurantoin and
Ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of UTI was 81.9%.
Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae are the major Uropathogens
causing UTI among studied patients. Ampicillin showed the highest
resistance against the isolated Uropathogens. Nitrofurantoin was
the most sensitive followed by ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone as
compared with other antibiotics used in this study.
Keywords
Urinary tract infection; Antibiotic susceptibility; Banadir hospital
J Family Med Prim Care, 2020
Background: Immunization is amongst the most cost‑effective public health interventions for reduc... more Background: Immunization is amongst the most cost‑effective public health interventions for reducing childhood morbidity and
mortality. However, globally 9 million deaths of children occur as a result of vaccine‑preventable diseases in which 4.4 million are
from the sub‑Saharan region. Therefore, this study aimed to assess barriers for complete vaccination coverage among under five
years children in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted between April to July
2019 in Mogadishu‑Somalia. Two‑stage cluster sampling with systematic random sampling was used to select a sample of 820
households. Data was collected through a structured, interviewer administrator questionnaire. In case more eligible children found
at a single selected household, one child was randomly selected and the information related to immunization was interviewed from
his/her caregiver. Results: The overall, fully vaccinated under 5 years children were found to be 45.2%. Immunization was found to
be increased by being a younger caregiver (β=-0.024, P-Value=0.019) being father with secondary and above education (AOR = 1.755,
95% CI = 1.161–2.655, P-value = 0.008), being a young child (β = −0.018, P-value = 0.011), being children from birth order of fifth and
above (AOR = 1.539, 95% CI = 1.011–2.343, P-value = 0.044), being a married caregiver (AOR = 4.101, 95% CI=1.062-15.835, P-value =
0.041), increased monthly family income (β =0.003, P-value = 0.000), availability of vaccine at the time of visit (AOR = 6.147, 95%
CI = 1.943–19.441, P-value = 0.002), cost affordability of vaccine (AOR = 1.951, 95% CI = 1.238–3.076, P-value = 0.004), being born
at health facility (AOR = 1.517, 95% CI = 1.104–2.086, P-value = 0.010), having good knowledge on immunization (AOR = 1.125, 95%
CI = 1.070–1.181, P-value = 0.001), having good practice on immunization (AOR = 2.756, 95% CI = 2.233–3.402, P-value = 0.001)
and having good perception on vaccine (AOR = 4.976, 95% CI = 2.183–11.340, P-value = 0.001). Conclusion: The result of this study
has revealed that the proportion of fully immunized under‑5 children in Mogadishu is very low. Several factors were found to the
barriers achieving full immunization coverage. Steps to promote health education and vaccine availability should be lounged.
Keywords: Barriers, coverage, full immunization
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Papers by Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud
identify the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somali people. Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1811 enrolled students of Jazeera University was conducted in Jazeera University diagnosis and research
center, Mogadishu-Somalia from December 2017 to December 2020. The result was presented as the frequency of each blood group with percentage. A Fisher’s exact test was carried out to test the significant association of the ABO blood group with sex
and D antigen with sex. Results. Blood group O was the most prevalent (61%), followed by A (27%), B (10%), and AB (2%). The D-antigen was present in 97% of participants and 3% were D-negative. The distribution of O+, A+, B+, AB+ among Dpositive subjects were 62%, 27%, 9% and 2.0% while that of O-, A-, B- and AB- among D-negative subjects were 57%, 27%, 12% and 3%, respectively. The frequencies of ABO and D-antigens in both male and female subjects were O>A> B > AB. However, this study found no significant difference of ABO with Sex and D-antigens with sex (P-value>0.05). Conclusions. The frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somalia population was found to be O>A> B > AB which was similar to
those reported from most East African populations.
infections encountered by clinicians and despite the widespread
availability of antimicrobial agents. UTI has become difficult to treat
because of appearance of pathogens with increasing resistance to
antimicrobial agents.
This study aimed to demonstrate the bacterial Uropathogens
causing UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used. A
non-probability convenient sampling was used for recruitment
participants. Clinically suspected patients complaining about UTI
were instructed to collect mid-stream urine in a sterile leak proof
container. Dipstick, microscopy and culture and sensitivity were
performed for each of the urine samples. CLED medium was used
for the isolation of bacterial Uropathogens. Susceptibility test was
conducted for the bacteria isolated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion
method.
Results: The prevalence of UTI was found to be 81.9% with 70.8%
from Female and 11.1% from Male. The isolated Uropathogens
were Escherichia coli (56.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.7%),
Enterococcus fecalis (3.6%), Enterobacter (3.6%), Pseudomonas
aureginosa (2.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2.8%). The
major antibiotics found to be resistant to isolates were; Ampicillin
(93.6%), Augmentin (87.2%), Cotrimazole (85.7%). All isolates of
E.coli and Klebsiella pneumonia showed the highest percentage
of resistance to Ampicillin and Augmentin while the least
resistance was observed against drugs such as nitrofurantoin and
Ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of UTI was 81.9%.
Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae are the major Uropathogens
causing UTI among studied patients. Ampicillin showed the highest
resistance against the isolated Uropathogens. Nitrofurantoin was
the most sensitive followed by ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone as
compared with other antibiotics used in this study.
Keywords
Urinary tract infection; Antibiotic susceptibility; Banadir hospital
mortality. However, globally 9 million deaths of children occur as a result of vaccine‑preventable diseases in which 4.4 million are
from the sub‑Saharan region. Therefore, this study aimed to assess barriers for complete vaccination coverage among under five
years children in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted between April to July
2019 in Mogadishu‑Somalia. Two‑stage cluster sampling with systematic random sampling was used to select a sample of 820
households. Data was collected through a structured, interviewer administrator questionnaire. In case more eligible children found
at a single selected household, one child was randomly selected and the information related to immunization was interviewed from
his/her caregiver. Results: The overall, fully vaccinated under 5 years children were found to be 45.2%. Immunization was found to
be increased by being a younger caregiver (β=-0.024, P-Value=0.019) being father with secondary and above education (AOR = 1.755,
95% CI = 1.161–2.655, P-value = 0.008), being a young child (β = −0.018, P-value = 0.011), being children from birth order of fifth and
above (AOR = 1.539, 95% CI = 1.011–2.343, P-value = 0.044), being a married caregiver (AOR = 4.101, 95% CI=1.062-15.835, P-value =
0.041), increased monthly family income (β =0.003, P-value = 0.000), availability of vaccine at the time of visit (AOR = 6.147, 95%
CI = 1.943–19.441, P-value = 0.002), cost affordability of vaccine (AOR = 1.951, 95% CI = 1.238–3.076, P-value = 0.004), being born
at health facility (AOR = 1.517, 95% CI = 1.104–2.086, P-value = 0.010), having good knowledge on immunization (AOR = 1.125, 95%
CI = 1.070–1.181, P-value = 0.001), having good practice on immunization (AOR = 2.756, 95% CI = 2.233–3.402, P-value = 0.001)
and having good perception on vaccine (AOR = 4.976, 95% CI = 2.183–11.340, P-value = 0.001). Conclusion: The result of this study
has revealed that the proportion of fully immunized under‑5 children in Mogadishu is very low. Several factors were found to the
barriers achieving full immunization coverage. Steps to promote health education and vaccine availability should be lounged.
Keywords: Barriers, coverage, full immunization
identify the distribution and frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somali people. Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1811 enrolled students of Jazeera University was conducted in Jazeera University diagnosis and research
center, Mogadishu-Somalia from December 2017 to December 2020. The result was presented as the frequency of each blood group with percentage. A Fisher’s exact test was carried out to test the significant association of the ABO blood group with sex
and D antigen with sex. Results. Blood group O was the most prevalent (61%), followed by A (27%), B (10%), and AB (2%). The D-antigen was present in 97% of participants and 3% were D-negative. The distribution of O+, A+, B+, AB+ among Dpositive subjects were 62%, 27%, 9% and 2.0% while that of O-, A-, B- and AB- among D-negative subjects were 57%, 27%, 12% and 3%, respectively. The frequencies of ABO and D-antigens in both male and female subjects were O>A> B > AB. However, this study found no significant difference of ABO with Sex and D-antigens with sex (P-value>0.05). Conclusions. The frequency of ABO and D blood groups among the Somalia population was found to be O>A> B > AB which was similar to
those reported from most East African populations.
infections encountered by clinicians and despite the widespread
availability of antimicrobial agents. UTI has become difficult to treat
because of appearance of pathogens with increasing resistance to
antimicrobial agents.
This study aimed to demonstrate the bacterial Uropathogens
causing UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used. A
non-probability convenient sampling was used for recruitment
participants. Clinically suspected patients complaining about UTI
were instructed to collect mid-stream urine in a sterile leak proof
container. Dipstick, microscopy and culture and sensitivity were
performed for each of the urine samples. CLED medium was used
for the isolation of bacterial Uropathogens. Susceptibility test was
conducted for the bacteria isolated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion
method.
Results: The prevalence of UTI was found to be 81.9% with 70.8%
from Female and 11.1% from Male. The isolated Uropathogens
were Escherichia coli (56.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.7%),
Enterococcus fecalis (3.6%), Enterobacter (3.6%), Pseudomonas
aureginosa (2.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2.8%). The
major antibiotics found to be resistant to isolates were; Ampicillin
(93.6%), Augmentin (87.2%), Cotrimazole (85.7%). All isolates of
E.coli and Klebsiella pneumonia showed the highest percentage
of resistance to Ampicillin and Augmentin while the least
resistance was observed against drugs such as nitrofurantoin and
Ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of UTI was 81.9%.
Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae are the major Uropathogens
causing UTI among studied patients. Ampicillin showed the highest
resistance against the isolated Uropathogens. Nitrofurantoin was
the most sensitive followed by ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone as
compared with other antibiotics used in this study.
Keywords
Urinary tract infection; Antibiotic susceptibility; Banadir hospital
mortality. However, globally 9 million deaths of children occur as a result of vaccine‑preventable diseases in which 4.4 million are
from the sub‑Saharan region. Therefore, this study aimed to assess barriers for complete vaccination coverage among under five
years children in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted between April to July
2019 in Mogadishu‑Somalia. Two‑stage cluster sampling with systematic random sampling was used to select a sample of 820
households. Data was collected through a structured, interviewer administrator questionnaire. In case more eligible children found
at a single selected household, one child was randomly selected and the information related to immunization was interviewed from
his/her caregiver. Results: The overall, fully vaccinated under 5 years children were found to be 45.2%. Immunization was found to
be increased by being a younger caregiver (β=-0.024, P-Value=0.019) being father with secondary and above education (AOR = 1.755,
95% CI = 1.161–2.655, P-value = 0.008), being a young child (β = −0.018, P-value = 0.011), being children from birth order of fifth and
above (AOR = 1.539, 95% CI = 1.011–2.343, P-value = 0.044), being a married caregiver (AOR = 4.101, 95% CI=1.062-15.835, P-value =
0.041), increased monthly family income (β =0.003, P-value = 0.000), availability of vaccine at the time of visit (AOR = 6.147, 95%
CI = 1.943–19.441, P-value = 0.002), cost affordability of vaccine (AOR = 1.951, 95% CI = 1.238–3.076, P-value = 0.004), being born
at health facility (AOR = 1.517, 95% CI = 1.104–2.086, P-value = 0.010), having good knowledge on immunization (AOR = 1.125, 95%
CI = 1.070–1.181, P-value = 0.001), having good practice on immunization (AOR = 2.756, 95% CI = 2.233–3.402, P-value = 0.001)
and having good perception on vaccine (AOR = 4.976, 95% CI = 2.183–11.340, P-value = 0.001). Conclusion: The result of this study
has revealed that the proportion of fully immunized under‑5 children in Mogadishu is very low. Several factors were found to the
barriers achieving full immunization coverage. Steps to promote health education and vaccine availability should be lounged.
Keywords: Barriers, coverage, full immunization