Political Science

{(from Congress system(name given by Rajni Kothari) to Sangh system(Hindu Fanaticism)} India is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. Apart from its many religions and sects, India is home to innumerable castes and tribes, as well as to more than a dozen major and hundreds of minor linguistic groups from several language families unrelated to one another. Religious minorities include Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains. Earnest attempts have been made to instil a spirit of nationhood in so varied a population, but tensions between neighbouring groups have remained and at times have resulted in outbreaks of violence. Yet social legislations have done much to alleviate the disabilities suffered by formerly " untouchable " castes, tribal populations, women and other traditionally disadvantaged segments of society. India has a long and very complex history due to its massive diversity of different cultures, traditions, religions and due to the impact of British rule. India as an experiment initiated by INC (1885) to establish a state based on inclusive nationalism where numerous sects, languages, customs were welcomed as a source to build commonality. Secularism was said to be the defining feature of India .It was the promise to Indian Muslims that's why Indian Muslims never accept the call of Jinnah for Pakistan. Indian Muslims while rejecting the idea of Pakistan they invested heavily in the idea of secular India. Pundit Nehru (the first prime minister of India) was the most articulate exponent of India's ideal of Secularism. He said that communalism of majority is more dangerous than the communalism of minority. No one saw the menace of Manuvad Fascism clearly than Pundit Nehru. As such, RSS was outlawed by the British (and was even periodically banned by the Indian government after independence). Indeed, Nathuram Godse, the man who assassinated Gandhi in 1948, was himself a RSS constituent who felt that the Mahatma made too many generous concessions to the Muslims. On February 4, 1948, the government banned the RSS alleging that, contrary to its professed ideals, the RSS members had carried on violent activities, collected illicit weapons and exhorted people to violence. Gopal Godse brother of Nathuram Godse, published his book, Why i assassinated Gandhi, in Dec 1993 and delivered a speech in New Delhi on the occasion of release of book in which he clearly said that Nathuram Godse was member of RSS and he never left it. BJPs accession to power in May 2014 is not only succession of one Government by another but it also introduced the concept of Hindutva which is the brainchild of RSS and propagating a sense of patriotism to meet their respective ends and for this they've portrayed a pseudo nationalism kind of notion so as to escape the secular and multi ethnic fabric of country and its people. It was founded at Nagpur in Sept. 1925 on the festival Dusshera which commemorate the victory of Shri Ram over the demon king Ravana. Its founder was Hedgewar, his mentor send him to Calcutta in 1910 to pursue medical studies & unofficially to learn terrorist techniques from Bengal secret societies. Hindutva or "Hinduness" is the predominant form of Hindu nationalism in India. V.D. Savarkar, who coined the term Hindutva in 1923, wanted to create a collective Hindu identity

The practise of criminalising political activity in India is a severe problem that has dogged the democratic system of the nation for many years. In this context, infiltration refers to the process through which criminals and persons with a track record of criminal activity enter the political arena, therefore creating a connection between politics and criminal activity. This has resulted in a flawed electoral process, in which politicians with criminal histories routinely win elections and hold public office. This has led to a compromised electoral process. The pervasiveness of corrupt practises, favouritism within the political system, and an absence of openness are the fundamental reasons why this issue exists. The necessity for cash during elections is a major factor that contributes to the close relationship that exists between politicians and criminals. Political parties often accept contributions from persons with questionable histories. It has far-reaching ramifications, including the deterioration of public faith in the political system and the undermining of democracy, which are both caused by the criminalization of politics. In addition to this, it has a direct effect on law and order since criminals in positions of power may use such positions to protect themselves from legal prosecution and commit crimes without fear of repercussions. In order to combat the criminalization of politics, a number of different measures have been proposed. These measures include the imposition of stricter criteria for candidates who are contesting elections, the expeditious disposal of criminal cases brought against politicians, and the disclosure of criminal records of candidates by political parties. However, as a result of political meddling and a general lack of political will, the implementation of these policies has been sluggish and often inefficient. In order to effectively solve the problem of the criminalization of politics in India, there must be a coordinated effort on the part of all of the relevant stakeholders, including political parties, civil society groups, and the judicial system. The only way for the nation to have any chance of reestablishing the purity of its democratic process and ensuring that those in power are responsible to the people whom they serve is if everyone works together.

The number of women who have ever served in the Indian Parliament has always been rather low. In spite of this, there has been a sluggish but steady growth in the number of women elected to parliament over the course of the last several years. Women make up roughly 14 percent of the total members in the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of the Indian parliament. In the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper chamber, women make up approximately 22 percent of the members. This is an increase from prior years, when the percentage of women in leadership positions was significantly smaller. There have been a number of different initiatives taken, including the reserve of seats for women in local government bodies and in certain state legislatures, in an attempt to boost the number of women who participate in politics. In addition, it has been strongly recommended that political parties run a greater number of female candidates in next elections. Despite all of these efforts, however, women in India continue to encounter substantial obstacles when trying to participate in political life. Some of the most significant barriers that women encounter while attempting to join politics are rooted in cultural and societal norms. These barriers include discrimination based on gender, as well as limited access to education and resources. In order to achieve gender equality and inclusive development in India, it is vital that the views of women be heard in the process of policymaking and governance. Additionally, increasing the number of women who are represented in the parliament is critical to this goal.

The number of women who have ever served in the Indian Parliament has always been rather low. In spite of this, there has been a sluggish but steady growth in the number of women elected to parliament over the course of the last several years. Women make up roughly 14 percent of the total members in the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of the Indian parliament. In the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper chamber, women make up approximately 22 percent of the members. This is an increase from prior years, when the percentage of women in leadership positions was significantly smaller. There have been a number of different initiatives taken, including the reserve of seats for women in local government bodies and in certain state legislatures, in an attempt to boost the number of women who participate in politics. In addition, it has been strongly recommended that political parties run a greater number of female candidates in next elections. Despite all of these efforts, however, women in India continue to encounter substantial obstacles when trying to participate in political life. Some of the most significant barriers that women encounter while attempting to join politics are rooted in cultural and societal norms. These barriers include discrimination based on gender, as well as limited access to education and resources. In order to achieve gender equality and inclusive development in India, it is vital that the views of women be heard in the process of policymaking and governance. Additionally, increasing the number of women who are represented in the parliament is critical to this goal.

6 To comprehend 'Islam as a historical phenomenon' and the diversification of fecund tradition, Shahab Ahmed suggested the term 'Balkan to Bengal Complex'. In order to apprehend the peculiarity of Malabar, Sebastian Prange, following the footsteps of Paul Mus, refers back to the term 'Mansoon Islam'.

A day before yesterday, at the Salt Lake stadium in Kolkata, India took Kuwait on at the Asian qualifiers for '26 World Cup, a match ending in a no-score draw. This game carried more weight than that it already has, which is bringing them one step closer to competing in the World Cup; a goal despite its galvanising appeal,

Reading is an important aspect of language acquisition. This is why every school should have a reading culture for students to get maximum exposure towards text. But the unpredicted lockdown due to covid 19, changed the whole picture. Students were not connected to schools for almost two years. Here in this article the author have tried to share the experience of recreating a reading culture in a government primary school.

يقول "بيكون" إن الفن هو الإنسان بمعنى الطبيعة, والطبيعة ممتزجة في مادة الإنسان, وهي تمنح عناصر الفن من الحب والعشق والألم والحزن والوقائع الحزنية, والشاعر والقاصى يتناول هذه العناصر فيستخلص منها رواية او شعر فتنخلها عين القارئ من عقل القاصى او الشاعر ويتأثر بهما دور ريادي في نسج خيوط النهضة والصحوة في تاريخ المجتمع البشري سيما في ميادين الاعلام والدفاع والسياسة والتعليم ... وتعتبر هذا الفن الأدبي أمر حيويا منذ القدم لاستمرار المسيرة والتدشين لغد أبهر, وجمع الطاقات لصنع التغيير المنتظر ويعد من أبعد هذا الفن ممن أهمل سلاحا فعالا من أصلحية المعركة.

مسهمات علماء كيرلا لنشر اللغة العربية
يتيقن الباحث عن مساحمات علماء كيرلا للغة العربية: أن ضوء الإسلام قد وصل إليها في أول عهده، وأن شذرات اللغة العربية وأدبها قد دخلت بها قبل ذلك بقرون. يشهد بذلك ما كان بينها و بين بلاد العرب من العلاقات التجارية القديمة ولا شك أن هذه العلاقة تكون سببا لانتشار ودافعة قوية لتأثر بالعادات وإختلاط اللغات وامتزاج اللهجات وتصنيف الكتب في اللغة العربية.

The paper argues that nationalism in India and China differs in their external outlook. Chinese nationalism is primarily outward-looking and is prone to using force beyond its borders. While Indian nationalism is oriented inwards, being aggressive within the homeland but is defensive externally. Most importantly, the external outlook of Chinese nationalism is attributed to its rise to power. And as noted by Mearsheimer, emerging powers traditionally have outward-looking nationalism. Contrary to the popular claim that nationalism leads to war, this paper argues that opposite forms of nationalism is a constraint on a full-scale war.

The book under review is a rich collection of essays written by adroit scholars of India and China. Edited by T.V. Paul, the second Asian president of the International Studies Association, the book takes an eclectic approach established in International Relation Theory to understand the relationship between India and China.

According to Nancy Fraser, the politics of recognition cancels out the demands of redistribution and overshadows the social and economic problems of the marginalised groups. While other like Iris Marion Young discounts the charge levelled against politics of recognition. In Young’s view, politics of recognition “encourage(s) the solidarity of the members of groups against deprecating stereotypes”. This paper uses the above debate between Fraser and Young to understand the identity politics of AIMIM. Does AIMIM politics undermines the redistributive issues of Muslims in India? Or does its politics of recognition has significant material consequences for the community itself? This paper addresses these questions

In the recent years, the concept of Indo-Pacific has been a ubiquitous theme in world politics. Quad, Belt and Road initiative, American naval warships and artificial islands made by China have been doing rounds in international studies circles. Explaining the management of China’s rise has drawn various analysts to this area. Most of the scholars in this area are still trying to figure out the ontology of Indo-Pacific and why some states are responding to China’s actions. In their attempt to define Indo-Pacific they also create constructs that have become instrumental in the study of Indo-Pacific. This book is also an attempt towards defining and understanding the new etymology of Indo-Pacific. Timothy Doyle and Denis Rumley, professors from Australian universities are deeply enmeshed in this process.

Women are adequately represented in local government institutions such as Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI). But the representation of women in PRIs is procedural. For the most part, women in PRIs are dominated by the male members of their families in matters of decision-making and contesting elections. Existing literature, however, suggests that women's representation in PRIs has been instrumental for women's political agency because women invest more in goods relevant to local women's needs, for instance, water and roads (Chattopadhyay and Duflo 2003). This paper builds on this literature and examines the effect of the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (or JEEViKA) on women's political agency.

According to a World Bank report, India’s overall defense spending has witnessed an average growth rate of 9% in the last 10 years. In fact, in the last few years of Modi’s term, the defense budget as a proportion of India’s GDP has been on a decline (World Bank). However, the first BJP government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee showed some consistency on this front, as the proportion of the total budget expenditure remained at 16.7%. While under UPA 1 and UPA 2, that figure stood at 13% and decreased to 12% of the total budget in its initial years. Defense expenditure kept declining and fell to 11.62% in 2018 and then further to 10.96% in 2019. Why is India’s defence spending decreasing? What explains the reasons for underspending-- international or domestic variables?

The paper explores the gender based discrimination that occurs at workplaces in terms of pay for equal work, opportunities of promotion or in the form of 'motherhood penalty'. Women often lose their opportunities of career advancement post childbirth and yet in all societies of the world childbirth and upbringing the child is considered as duty of a woman towards her family and society.Between the dilemma of managing career and child, why is it that a woman has to always sacrifice? Despite of multiple legislations, women are paid lesser than men and the practice is even justified by many with one or the other rationale.The paper digs into the unfair benchmarks set against the women, that ultimately pressurizes her to either leave job or settle down for less pay despite of her qualifications, experience and diligence.