Papers by Rana Ejaz Ali Khan
Quality & Quantity, 2014
The study investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition in
children (under 5 ye... more The study investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition in
children (under 5 years) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The urban and rural areas are separately probed for stunting, wasting and under-weight children. The analysis revealed that birth-interval, mother’s education and wealth index reduce the malnutrition in children for urban and rural household, while duration of breastfeeding and lower BMI of the mother increase the malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Wealth index is more effective in rural areas as compared to urban ones. The male children are more likely to be malnourished in urban areas but female children are more likely to be malnourished in rural areas. The primary level of education of the women has no significant impact on nutritional status of children in urban as well as in rural areas. It has important policy implications that at least secondary level of education should be part of the education policy of Bangladesh.
The incidence of diarrhea enhances the probability of stunting and wasting in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. From the policy perspective mother’s education and birth-interval are required for achieving the nutrition status of children. For the long-run the socioeconomic status of the household expressed by wealth index is needed. The duration of breastfeeding needs to be reduced by initiation of the supplement food.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Research , 2010
The paper examines the long-run determinants of agricultural land expansion by JJ cointegration t... more The paper examines the long-run determinants of agricultural land expansion by JJ cointegration technique. The results of cointegration indicates that there exists a long-run relationship between agriculture land expansion and the factors like agricultural prices, agricultural income, live stock population, human population, agricultural technology, fertilizer use, irrigation and rainfall. The normalized cointegrating vector shows that the agricultural prices, fertilizer use, irrigation and technology positively affect agricultural land expansion, while, human population, agricultural income and rainfall negatively influence agricultural land expansion. It is also found that livestock population
has insignificant impact on the agricultural land expansion. The study proposed to agriculture policy makers to increase the use of technology and irrigational infrastructure along with adjusted agricultural prices to expand the agricultural land for agricultural growth.
The Pakistan Development Review, 2003
Using primary data from two districts of Pakistan, this article analyses the supply-side determin... more Using primary data from two districts of Pakistan, this article analyses the supply-side determinants of child labour. The study finds that the birth-order of the child has a significant association with schooling and labour decision of child: first school enrolment of children is delayed; there exists gender disparity in favour of male children; the children from female-headed households are more likely to go to school; the education of the head of household has a positive impact on child's schooling; among the parent's parameters mother's education is more important than father's; parental education is positively associated with child schooling and negatively associated with child labour. The ownership of assets impacts the schooling positively, and labour negatively; the household size affects the schooling negatively, and work positively; and household composition also has a significant effect on schooling and child labour. The children from urban areas are more likely to go to school.
Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences , May 1, 2014
The objective of the current analysis is to see the factors responsible for malnutrition in child... more The objective of the current analysis is to see the factors responsible for malnutrition in children (under-5 years) in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. In this study binary logistic model is applied to 1831 observations of urban and 3427 observations of rural areas. The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is constructed and used as an indicator of malnutrition. It is estimated that malnutrition in rural children is much higher than in urban children. The results have shown that probability of CIAF is negatively associated with birth-interval of child (in urban areas only), mother’s education, wealth index of the household, mother’s BMI and number of children (5-15 years) in the household (in urban areas only). However, birth-order of the child (in urban areas only), child’s age (in rural areas only), breastfeeding, incidence of diarrhea and household size (in urban areas only) positively affect the probability of malnutrition in children. For the policy formulation mother’s education, duration of breastfeeding and nutritional status (BMI) of the mother is recommended to eliminate malnutrition. The rural areas need special focus in the policy making.
Pakistan Development Review, 2008
This paper estimates gender differences in children’s time allocation among four ordered options.... more This paper estimates gender differences in children’s time allocation among four ordered options. It analyses the sample of boys and girls separately through a series of probit models using primary data. We compare the socio-economic determinants of boys’ and girls’ activities. The results suggest that boys are more likely to go to school as compared to girls with the increase in their age. The provision of schooling as an instrument to decrease child labour and home-care would affect boys more than girls. To make the adults literate (five years of education) only is not enough to eliminate the gender gap in schooling; a greater number of years of adult education is necessary. The female adult education may be devised to eliminate gender discrimination in child schooling. In the larger households, girls drop out of school and are absorbed in the labour market earlier than boys. The results further suggested that the use of resources is significantly different for boys’ and girls’ welfare. Thus, we conclude that girls can be a better target for increase in the welfare of all children in Pakistan.
Indian Journal of Labor Economics , 2005
Using the probit analysis for economically active and home-care groups of children
in Pakistan, t... more Using the probit analysis for economically active and home-care groups of children
in Pakistan, this study compares the determinants of the two groups to check
whether they have same determining factors and ultimately are the same or they
differ with each other in this matter. A significant number of explanatory variables
have shown opposite effect on economic activity of children and home-care activity
of children and, therefore, economically active children and home-care children
are two different groups which cannot be merged into each other. However, policies
focussed on elimination of economically active children trickle down the effect to
home-care children as some determining factors of both groups are the same.
Quality & Quantity, 2016
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the determinants of malnutrition in children (under 5 y... more The purpose of this paper is to highlight the determinants of malnutrition in children (under 5 years) in urban and rural areas of India. The ultimate objective is to frame
policy proposals for children’s nutritional welfare. In this empirical study, logit model is
applied to 9,381 observations of urban and 18,418 of rural areas. The composite index of anthropometric failure is constructed to use it as an indicator of malnutrition. The results revealed that probability for anthropometric failure increases by age, birth-order and duration of breastfeeding. The birth-interval, delivery of the child in hospital, wealth index of the household, mother’s BMI and mother’s education turned out to be negatively affecting children’s malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Gender of the child has no significant effect on malnutrition in both urban and rural communities. From the policy perspective enlarging the birth-interval through family planning programs and squeezing the duration of breastfeeding by giving supplement food at subsidized rates may contribute to enhance children’s nutritional status. For the long-run socioeconomic status of the household and BMI of mothers require attention of policy makers. To break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition, the nutritional status of today’s girls in the age of adolescent is recommended to be improved. The findings of study may support academicians, policy makers and social activists for human development programs in India.
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities , 2006
The paper has analyzed the socio-economic profile, working and
housing conditions and health stat... more The paper has analyzed the socio-economic profile, working and
housing conditions and health status of working women. The contribution of
these in their household budget is estimated in this paper. From a sample of
1780 households having at least one informally employed woman from urban
and rural areas of district Bahawalpur, we have estimated their contribution in
the perspectives of their typology of work, age group, educational and marital
status, fertility, working hours, work experience, place of work, nature of
employment, socio-economic profile and household income. The women working
on ladies garment has been identified as the group having highest ratio in the
sample. Brick-kiln women are contributing maximum to their household budget.
In different modes of employment, piece-rate workers have highest ratio in the
sample contributing 47 percent to household budget. In respect of place of work,
domestic workers have the majority in the sample, while home-based workers
contribute maximum.
IUB Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities , 2008
In economic theory globalization would result into enhanced economic growth. Economic growth has ... more In economic theory globalization would result into enhanced economic growth. Economic growth has often been given priority to an antipoverty measure. There are diverging evidences on the impact of globalization on income inequality within nations. Somehow policy makers ignore the negative link between growth and inequality. The study analyzed the impact of globalization (trade openness, foreign direct investment and foreign remittances) and economic growth (real GDP growth) on income inequality
(Gini-coefficient) in Pakistan. Using time series econometric technique on the
data (annual time series 1970-2005) from State Bank of Pakistan and International Financial Statistics, it is concluded that globalization (trade openness, foreign direct investment and foreign remittances) has significant positive effect on income equality (Gini-coefficient). The economic growth rate is also positively affecting the income equality. In the policy perspective trade openness, foreign direct investment and foreign remittances may contribute in reducing inequality.
Asian Economic and Social Review , Jan 23, 2011
The study examines the relationship between unemployment and property
crimes for Pakistan coverin... more The study examines the relationship between unemployment and property
crimes for Pakistan covering the period of 1975 to 2008. The Johansen
cointegratiom methodology along with Granger causality through VEC is
applied to the annual time series data. The results of the cointegration analysis
provide evidence of a valid long-run relationship between unemployment and
different kinds of property crimes. The results provide evidence of
unidirectional causality running from unemployed to different kinds of
property crimes. The causality results explain that unemployment Granger
cause theft, dacoity, robbery and cattle theft while it does not cause burglary.
International Journal of Social Economics, 2012
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate those variables which have significant impact ... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate those variables which have significant impact on the food security in a developing country such as Pakistan. The matter of food security in rural areas is of immense nature and needs to be probed. A number of factors are responsible for the situation. The current paper examines the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption.
Design/methodology/approach – To estimate the determinants of each component, a series of models is created, in which each component of food security is a function of socio-economic variables. Ordinary least square regression is used to estimate the coefficients.
Findings – It has been observed from the results that the production of wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, poultry meat and fish at the district level is found to affect food availability positively. All the district, except Sindh, is more probable to be food insecure in availability. In the food accessibility, electrification and adult literacy emerged as the factors having negative effect. Child immunization, safe drinking water and number of hospitals have shown positive effect on food absorption.
Research limitations/implications – This is a first study which measures the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of a developing country such as Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption. This study provides a new road map for the next studies.
Practical implications – The paper guides the policy makers and experts, showing how they are able to minimize the disparity among the different regions of a developing country such as Pakistan.
Social implications – The paper will help to minimize the social disparity among the different segments of a developing country, especially in the rural areas, which is the most neglected part in most of the developing countries.
Originality/value – The paper presents the first study of its nature which has been conducted in Pakistan.
Asian Journal of Development Matters, 2009
The lack of proper legislation about child labor and compulsory schooling, and its enforcement su... more The lack of proper legislation about child labor and compulsory schooling, and its enforcement sustains child labor and a bulk of out of school children in Pakistan. This is manifested in different ways. In this paper we have discussed the issues of legislation and its implementation. Since child labor legislation do not cover informal sector, it is further hampered by the collusion of parents with employers in violating the law. There are also inconsistencies in legislation, which may pose problems. For example, there is no uniform definition of child labor in different Acts of legislation, and the penalties for offenders are generally too light to have a deterrent effect. Statutory provisions clearly defining the nature of work do not accompany a legal ban on child labor. Moreover child legislation is not done according to the ratifications of international
conventions.
GCU Economic Journal , 2005
This paper examines the different effects of child, head of household,
parent’s and household’s c... more This paper examines the different effects of child, head of household,
parent’s and household’s characteristics on the acquisition of schooling by sons and
daughters. Evidence is found that a strong preference for sons’ schooling exists in
Pakistani households. We compared the demand for schooling for sons and daughters.
Birth-order of the child has shown opposite effect on sons’ and daughters’ schooling
while a number of explanatory variables have shown the effect in the same direction for
sons and daughters, but a reasonably varying magnitude is observed.
International Journal of Social Economics , 2009
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the demand side determinants of schooling of Pa... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the demand side determinants of schooling of Pakistani urban children and the factors affecting boys and girls’ schooling separately.
Design/methodology/approach – This is an empirical study using the non-linear maximum likelihood probability (probit) function on primary data.
Findings – Besides other variables it has been observed that the poverty remains an important determinant of school participation. Poor households keep their children out of school due to their inability to afford the cost of schooling.
Research limitations/implications – On the basis of this study a socio-economic policy can be formulated for a developing country like Pakistan.
Practical implications – A development policy can be formulated on the basis of this research for the enhancement of human resource development for a developing and an orthodox economy like Pakistan.
Originality/value – The paper is beneficial to the researchers, policy makers, and social scientists for the enhancement of the level of social welfare through its findings.
The paper probed the impact of supply of money on food and general price indices by estimating a ... more The paper probed the impact of supply of money on food and general price indices by estimating a series of equations taking CPI food, CPI general, WPI food, WPI general, GDP deflator and SPI as measures of inflation and M1, M2 and M3 supply of money as explanatory variables. For analysis, OLS technique is used covering time series data for the years 1975-76 to 2006-07 that was made stationary by Durbin-Watson criterion. AR (1) is used to check autocorrelation. The results for CPI food, CPI general, WPI general, GDP deflator and SPI show that they are negatively related with M1 supply of money. CPI food, CPI general, WPI general, GDP deflator, and SPI are also negatively related with M2 supply of money. The results show that CPI food, CPI general, WPI general, GDP deflator and SPI are positively related with M3 supply of money. It may be concluded that supply of money M1 and M2 affects the food and general indices in the same way. However, M1 supply of money affects the CPI general strongly than CPI food.
To meet the public deficit, Government of Pakistan has been disproportionately borrowing from the... more To meet the public deficit, Government of Pakistan has been disproportionately borrowing from the scheduled banks and general public which are also the source of funding for private investment. Even the public sector corporations are doing the same. From the crowding out perspective borrowing and public expenditure are the same, as borrowing is mainly undertaken for financing expenditures. The issue of crowding out or crowding in effect of public borrowing on private investment needs considerable attention. The current study has investigated the crowding-out effect of public borrowing on private investment in the country. An investment function of three independent variables, i.e. public borrowing, GDP and lending rate has been estimated through unit root test, co-integration test and vector error correction model. The time series data of 34 years, i.e. fiscal year of 1971-72 to 2005-06, taken from Federal Bureau of Statistics and Finance Division, Government of Pakistan has been used. The results do not corroborate the crowding-out hypothesis in Pakistan explaining the market imperfections and substantial amount of excess liquidity. The results provide the evidence of crowding-in effect, which explains the direction of public expenditures towards private sector through contractors, politicians and bureaucrats, instead of public projects. The provision of subsidy, transfer payments, and substantial amount of micro-credit also explain the phenomenon of crowding-in. The evidence has important implications for fiscal management. To avoid unnecessary inflation and external indebtedness associated with deficit financing, government should rely on domestic sources. As long as excess liquidity prevails in financial system, the domestic resources, other than State Bank of Pakistan may be used to meet the deficit without hurting private investment. JEL Classification: G28, H2, E22, E4, E51.
The objective of the paper is to identify the determining factors of demand for formal and inform... more The objective of the paper is to identify the determining factors of demand for formal and informal credit by cotton growers in Bahawalpur. The borrowing behavior of the farmers revealed that educated farmers and big farmers take loaning from the formal sector. The distance of the formal sector loaning agency, number of visits to take the loan, high transaction cost and bribe and corruption push the farmer towards informal loaning. To make the formal sector loaning effective, it is proposed to formal sector credit institutions to make the processing rapid and decrease the transaction cost. It is further proposed that for the far flung areas, the accessibility should be effective.
Out of 120 districts of Pakistan (for rural areas) only 40 are food secure while 80 (67 percent) ... more Out of 120 districts of Pakistan (for rural areas) only 40 are food secure while 80 (67 percent) are food insecure. Within these food insecure districts, 38 (46 percent) are extremely food insecure. The matter of food security in rural areas is of immense nature and needs to be probed. A number of factors are responsible for the situation. The current paper examines the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption. For the purpose a series of models is applied on district level data of rural areas of Pakistan. The production of wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, poultry meat and fish at the district level is found to affect food availability positively. All the district except of Sindh are more probable to be food insecure in availability. In the food accessibility electrification and adult literacy emerged as the factors having negative effect. Child immunization, safe drinking water and number of hospitals have shown positive effect on food absorption.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
The paper presents a comparative analysis of determinants of child labor in urban and rural areas... more The paper presents a comparative analysis of determinants of child labor in urban and rural areas. A simple theoretical model (Probit) of household's decision about child's time allocation is used. From the econometric data sets of urban and rural areas of two districts of Pakistan, evidence is provided suggesting that urban and rural children have different determinants of child labor reflecting their different socio-economic background, e.g. education of head of household (as a continuous as well as binary variable) impacts the child schooling positively but the effect of continuous variable is much stronger for urban households, employment status of head of household impacts the child schooling positively in urban areas but negatively in rural areas. Mother's employment is complement to child schooling in urban areas but substitute in rural areas. It negatively impacts the child labor in urban but positively in rural areas. Poverty affects the child schooling three times more strongly in rural households than urban ones. Gender discrimination is schooling participation is higher in rural households but in labor force participation of children, it is higher in urban households. Part-time labor force participation of children increases by incremental change in age in urban households but it decreases in rural households. A few number of determinants are same for both groups of children. For policy implication different sets of policies are required for urban and rural areas to enhance child welfare.
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Papers by Rana Ejaz Ali Khan
children (under 5 years) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The urban and rural areas are separately probed for stunting, wasting and under-weight children. The analysis revealed that birth-interval, mother’s education and wealth index reduce the malnutrition in children for urban and rural household, while duration of breastfeeding and lower BMI of the mother increase the malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Wealth index is more effective in rural areas as compared to urban ones. The male children are more likely to be malnourished in urban areas but female children are more likely to be malnourished in rural areas. The primary level of education of the women has no significant impact on nutritional status of children in urban as well as in rural areas. It has important policy implications that at least secondary level of education should be part of the education policy of Bangladesh.
The incidence of diarrhea enhances the probability of stunting and wasting in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. From the policy perspective mother’s education and birth-interval are required for achieving the nutrition status of children. For the long-run the socioeconomic status of the household expressed by wealth index is needed. The duration of breastfeeding needs to be reduced by initiation of the supplement food.
has insignificant impact on the agricultural land expansion. The study proposed to agriculture policy makers to increase the use of technology and irrigational infrastructure along with adjusted agricultural prices to expand the agricultural land for agricultural growth.
in Pakistan, this study compares the determinants of the two groups to check
whether they have same determining factors and ultimately are the same or they
differ with each other in this matter. A significant number of explanatory variables
have shown opposite effect on economic activity of children and home-care activity
of children and, therefore, economically active children and home-care children
are two different groups which cannot be merged into each other. However, policies
focussed on elimination of economically active children trickle down the effect to
home-care children as some determining factors of both groups are the same.
policy proposals for children’s nutritional welfare. In this empirical study, logit model is
applied to 9,381 observations of urban and 18,418 of rural areas. The composite index of anthropometric failure is constructed to use it as an indicator of malnutrition. The results revealed that probability for anthropometric failure increases by age, birth-order and duration of breastfeeding. The birth-interval, delivery of the child in hospital, wealth index of the household, mother’s BMI and mother’s education turned out to be negatively affecting children’s malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Gender of the child has no significant effect on malnutrition in both urban and rural communities. From the policy perspective enlarging the birth-interval through family planning programs and squeezing the duration of breastfeeding by giving supplement food at subsidized rates may contribute to enhance children’s nutritional status. For the long-run socioeconomic status of the household and BMI of mothers require attention of policy makers. To break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition, the nutritional status of today’s girls in the age of adolescent is recommended to be improved. The findings of study may support academicians, policy makers and social activists for human development programs in India.
housing conditions and health status of working women. The contribution of
these in their household budget is estimated in this paper. From a sample of
1780 households having at least one informally employed woman from urban
and rural areas of district Bahawalpur, we have estimated their contribution in
the perspectives of their typology of work, age group, educational and marital
status, fertility, working hours, work experience, place of work, nature of
employment, socio-economic profile and household income. The women working
on ladies garment has been identified as the group having highest ratio in the
sample. Brick-kiln women are contributing maximum to their household budget.
In different modes of employment, piece-rate workers have highest ratio in the
sample contributing 47 percent to household budget. In respect of place of work,
domestic workers have the majority in the sample, while home-based workers
contribute maximum.
(Gini-coefficient) in Pakistan. Using time series econometric technique on the
data (annual time series 1970-2005) from State Bank of Pakistan and International Financial Statistics, it is concluded that globalization (trade openness, foreign direct investment and foreign remittances) has significant positive effect on income equality (Gini-coefficient). The economic growth rate is also positively affecting the income equality. In the policy perspective trade openness, foreign direct investment and foreign remittances may contribute in reducing inequality.
crimes for Pakistan covering the period of 1975 to 2008. The Johansen
cointegratiom methodology along with Granger causality through VEC is
applied to the annual time series data. The results of the cointegration analysis
provide evidence of a valid long-run relationship between unemployment and
different kinds of property crimes. The results provide evidence of
unidirectional causality running from unemployed to different kinds of
property crimes. The causality results explain that unemployment Granger
cause theft, dacoity, robbery and cattle theft while it does not cause burglary.
Design/methodology/approach – To estimate the determinants of each component, a series of models is created, in which each component of food security is a function of socio-economic variables. Ordinary least square regression is used to estimate the coefficients.
Findings – It has been observed from the results that the production of wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, poultry meat and fish at the district level is found to affect food availability positively. All the district, except Sindh, is more probable to be food insecure in availability. In the food accessibility, electrification and adult literacy emerged as the factors having negative effect. Child immunization, safe drinking water and number of hospitals have shown positive effect on food absorption.
Research limitations/implications – This is a first study which measures the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of a developing country such as Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption. This study provides a new road map for the next studies.
Practical implications – The paper guides the policy makers and experts, showing how they are able to minimize the disparity among the different regions of a developing country such as Pakistan.
Social implications – The paper will help to minimize the social disparity among the different segments of a developing country, especially in the rural areas, which is the most neglected part in most of the developing countries.
Originality/value – The paper presents the first study of its nature which has been conducted in Pakistan.
conventions.
parent’s and household’s characteristics on the acquisition of schooling by sons and
daughters. Evidence is found that a strong preference for sons’ schooling exists in
Pakistani households. We compared the demand for schooling for sons and daughters.
Birth-order of the child has shown opposite effect on sons’ and daughters’ schooling
while a number of explanatory variables have shown the effect in the same direction for
sons and daughters, but a reasonably varying magnitude is observed.
Design/methodology/approach – This is an empirical study using the non-linear maximum likelihood probability (probit) function on primary data.
Findings – Besides other variables it has been observed that the poverty remains an important determinant of school participation. Poor households keep their children out of school due to their inability to afford the cost of schooling.
Research limitations/implications – On the basis of this study a socio-economic policy can be formulated for a developing country like Pakistan.
Practical implications – A development policy can be formulated on the basis of this research for the enhancement of human resource development for a developing and an orthodox economy like Pakistan.
Originality/value – The paper is beneficial to the researchers, policy makers, and social scientists for the enhancement of the level of social welfare through its findings.
children (under 5 years) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The urban and rural areas are separately probed for stunting, wasting and under-weight children. The analysis revealed that birth-interval, mother’s education and wealth index reduce the malnutrition in children for urban and rural household, while duration of breastfeeding and lower BMI of the mother increase the malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Wealth index is more effective in rural areas as compared to urban ones. The male children are more likely to be malnourished in urban areas but female children are more likely to be malnourished in rural areas. The primary level of education of the women has no significant impact on nutritional status of children in urban as well as in rural areas. It has important policy implications that at least secondary level of education should be part of the education policy of Bangladesh.
The incidence of diarrhea enhances the probability of stunting and wasting in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. From the policy perspective mother’s education and birth-interval are required for achieving the nutrition status of children. For the long-run the socioeconomic status of the household expressed by wealth index is needed. The duration of breastfeeding needs to be reduced by initiation of the supplement food.
has insignificant impact on the agricultural land expansion. The study proposed to agriculture policy makers to increase the use of technology and irrigational infrastructure along with adjusted agricultural prices to expand the agricultural land for agricultural growth.
in Pakistan, this study compares the determinants of the two groups to check
whether they have same determining factors and ultimately are the same or they
differ with each other in this matter. A significant number of explanatory variables
have shown opposite effect on economic activity of children and home-care activity
of children and, therefore, economically active children and home-care children
are two different groups which cannot be merged into each other. However, policies
focussed on elimination of economically active children trickle down the effect to
home-care children as some determining factors of both groups are the same.
policy proposals for children’s nutritional welfare. In this empirical study, logit model is
applied to 9,381 observations of urban and 18,418 of rural areas. The composite index of anthropometric failure is constructed to use it as an indicator of malnutrition. The results revealed that probability for anthropometric failure increases by age, birth-order and duration of breastfeeding. The birth-interval, delivery of the child in hospital, wealth index of the household, mother’s BMI and mother’s education turned out to be negatively affecting children’s malnutrition in both urban and rural areas. Gender of the child has no significant effect on malnutrition in both urban and rural communities. From the policy perspective enlarging the birth-interval through family planning programs and squeezing the duration of breastfeeding by giving supplement food at subsidized rates may contribute to enhance children’s nutritional status. For the long-run socioeconomic status of the household and BMI of mothers require attention of policy makers. To break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition, the nutritional status of today’s girls in the age of adolescent is recommended to be improved. The findings of study may support academicians, policy makers and social activists for human development programs in India.
housing conditions and health status of working women. The contribution of
these in their household budget is estimated in this paper. From a sample of
1780 households having at least one informally employed woman from urban
and rural areas of district Bahawalpur, we have estimated their contribution in
the perspectives of their typology of work, age group, educational and marital
status, fertility, working hours, work experience, place of work, nature of
employment, socio-economic profile and household income. The women working
on ladies garment has been identified as the group having highest ratio in the
sample. Brick-kiln women are contributing maximum to their household budget.
In different modes of employment, piece-rate workers have highest ratio in the
sample contributing 47 percent to household budget. In respect of place of work,
domestic workers have the majority in the sample, while home-based workers
contribute maximum.
(Gini-coefficient) in Pakistan. Using time series econometric technique on the
data (annual time series 1970-2005) from State Bank of Pakistan and International Financial Statistics, it is concluded that globalization (trade openness, foreign direct investment and foreign remittances) has significant positive effect on income equality (Gini-coefficient). The economic growth rate is also positively affecting the income equality. In the policy perspective trade openness, foreign direct investment and foreign remittances may contribute in reducing inequality.
crimes for Pakistan covering the period of 1975 to 2008. The Johansen
cointegratiom methodology along with Granger causality through VEC is
applied to the annual time series data. The results of the cointegration analysis
provide evidence of a valid long-run relationship between unemployment and
different kinds of property crimes. The results provide evidence of
unidirectional causality running from unemployed to different kinds of
property crimes. The causality results explain that unemployment Granger
cause theft, dacoity, robbery and cattle theft while it does not cause burglary.
Design/methodology/approach – To estimate the determinants of each component, a series of models is created, in which each component of food security is a function of socio-economic variables. Ordinary least square regression is used to estimate the coefficients.
Findings – It has been observed from the results that the production of wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, poultry meat and fish at the district level is found to affect food availability positively. All the district, except Sindh, is more probable to be food insecure in availability. In the food accessibility, electrification and adult literacy emerged as the factors having negative effect. Child immunization, safe drinking water and number of hospitals have shown positive effect on food absorption.
Research limitations/implications – This is a first study which measures the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of a developing country such as Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption. This study provides a new road map for the next studies.
Practical implications – The paper guides the policy makers and experts, showing how they are able to minimize the disparity among the different regions of a developing country such as Pakistan.
Social implications – The paper will help to minimize the social disparity among the different segments of a developing country, especially in the rural areas, which is the most neglected part in most of the developing countries.
Originality/value – The paper presents the first study of its nature which has been conducted in Pakistan.
conventions.
parent’s and household’s characteristics on the acquisition of schooling by sons and
daughters. Evidence is found that a strong preference for sons’ schooling exists in
Pakistani households. We compared the demand for schooling for sons and daughters.
Birth-order of the child has shown opposite effect on sons’ and daughters’ schooling
while a number of explanatory variables have shown the effect in the same direction for
sons and daughters, but a reasonably varying magnitude is observed.
Design/methodology/approach – This is an empirical study using the non-linear maximum likelihood probability (probit) function on primary data.
Findings – Besides other variables it has been observed that the poverty remains an important determinant of school participation. Poor households keep their children out of school due to their inability to afford the cost of schooling.
Research limitations/implications – On the basis of this study a socio-economic policy can be formulated for a developing country like Pakistan.
Practical implications – A development policy can be formulated on the basis of this research for the enhancement of human resource development for a developing and an orthodox economy like Pakistan.
Originality/value – The paper is beneficial to the researchers, policy makers, and social scientists for the enhancement of the level of social welfare through its findings.