Engineering
Material
a nd
Processes
INTRODUCTION
Materials science, the study of the
properties of solid materials and how those
properties are determined by a material’s
composition and structure. It grew out of an
amalgam of solid-state physics, metallurgy,
and chemistry
Understanding of the origins of
properties, materials can be selected or
designed for an enormous variety of
applications, ranging from structural steels
to computer microchips.
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
The proton is the positively
charged particle found in the
nucleus. The electron is the
negatively charge particle
revolving about the nucleus. The
neutron is the neutral particle
found in the nucleus of an atom.
PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM
The properties of an atom are determined by many factors:
1) The atomic number (2) that corresponds to the number of
electrons or protons in a neutral atom. (2) the mass of the atom
(3) the spatial distribution of the electron in orbits around the
nucleus, (4) the energy of the electron in the atom (5) the ease
of adding or removing one or more electrons:
THE WAVE MECHANICS
Wave mechanics is one form of quantum
mechanics, this is more useful in a situation
Where :
where the number of energy levels is infinite,
= wave length
as an electron in an atom.
m = mass Schrödinger equation is the basis of the
v = speed science of wave mechanics.
THE QUANTUM MECHANICS THEORY
The Quantum Theory. Light is
emitted and absorbed by matter in
protons or discrete amount of the light.
Electrons are ejected when light quanta
fall on certain metals, more electrons are
expelled as the light intensity increases
because the number of quanta increase
but the electron velocities depend only
on the light's frequency.
Erwin Schrödinger
Schrödinger Equation. Describe
how a wave associated in an electron
or other subatomic particle series on
space and time as the particle moves
under the influence of various forces.
ATOMIC BONDS
To be able to make a molecule you need to bond the atoms. Forces
are exerted by atom in near proximity. In such case, force are attractive
in nature an the atoms group together through the formation of bonds.
These bonds have different characteristics depending on the atom or
group of atom in question. The bond character determines the physical,
chemical, and mechanical properties, including the state of matter as
the structure.
COVALENT BONDS
Covalent bonds form in
compounds compose of
electronegative elements. Two
atom combine in such a
manner that no complete
transfer of electrons take place
instead, electrons have
overlapping orbits of atom.
IONIC BONDING
Type of bond in a compound
containing both electronegative and
electropositive element. It involves
electron transfer from
electropositive atom to the
electronegative atom. If ions are
brought almost into contact the
force will be great to hold two ions.
SECONDARY BOND
Temporary Dipole
Temporary dipole is
formed when the electron
switch constantly in motion
are momentarily arranged so
as to produce an symmetric
charge distribution.
SECONDARY BOND
Permanent Dipole
Three permanent dipole molecules (a)
H2O (b) H2S (c) NH3. The X's represent
valence electrons from the H atoms and
the 's represent those from either O, S or
N. The 8+ and 8- symbols represent the
spatial center of positive and negative
charge for the molecule. The non bonding
electron pairs, the local regions of
negative charge and the isolated nucleus
of an H atom, is a local region of positive.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (LATTICE)
A lattice can be defined as an
indefinitely extended arrangement
of points, each of which is
surrounded by an identical
grouping of neighboring points. The
smallest region that completely
describe the pattern is known as
the unit cell. Once the unit cell is
established the entire extended
pattern can be generated by
translating the unit cell in lattice.
SIX DIFFERENT CRYSTAL SYSTEM
Miller Indice Face – Centered Cubic Lattice Body – Centered Lattice
Hexagonal Closed – Packed Structure Crystallization Allotropy
