Standard Practice for Preparation of Asphalt Mixtures by Means of the Marshall Apparatus AASHTO Designation: R 68-22" Technically Revised: 2022 Technical Subcommittee: 2d, Proportioning of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures AASHIO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 555 12" Street NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20004Standard Practice for Preparation of Asphalt Mixtures by Means of the Marshall Apparatus AASHTO Designation: R 68-22' AASHTO Technically Revised: 2022 Technical Subcommittee: 2d, Proportioning of Asphalt~Aggregate Mixtures 1 SCOPE AA. ‘This standard practice describes procedures fir the compaction of cylindrical specimens of asphalt mixtures using the Marshall compaction hammer. This practice is for use with mixtures containing asphalt binder or asphalt cutback and aggregate up to 25.4-mm (1-in.) maximum size 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS, 24. AASHTO Standards M231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials | M339M/M 339, Thermometers Used in the Testing of Construction Materials R30, Laboratory Conditioning of Asphalt Mixtures ‘m R47, Reducing Samples of Asphalt Mixtures to Testing Size R97, Sampling Asphalt Mixtures = T 165, Bulk Specific Gravity (Gy) of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Saturated Surface- Dry Specimens 1275, Bulk Specific Gravity (Gnu) of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens = T331, Bulk Specific Gravity (Gy) and Density of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Automatic Vacuum Scaling Method 22. ASTM Standards: ‘MEL, Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermorneters im £230/E230M, Standard Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples 1m E879, Standard Specification for Thermistor Sensors for General Purpose and Laboratory Temperature Measurements E1137/E1137M, Standard Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers 2877, Standard Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers, 23. International Electrotechnical Commission Standards: IEC 60584-1; 2013 Thermocouples - Part 1: EMF Specifications and Tolerances TEC 60751: 2008 Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers and Platinum Temperature Sensors TS-2d Rat “AASHTO © 2022 the Amican Asociaion of Slate Highway and Trsportaton Offa, All rights reerved. Duplication sa vielaon of applet law3. APPARATUS, at ‘Specimen Mold Assemably—Mold cylinders 101.6 man (4 in.) in diameter by 76.2 nun (3 in.) in height, base plates, and extension collars shall conform to the details shown in Figure 1. Three mold cylinders are recommended. Figure 1—Specimen Mold Assembly Table 1—Table of Equivalents for Figure | ‘Mane ‘Meine etre Meio Equiva us. Equive us. Equiva Eguiva us. Tents. Customary Tens, Customary Teas Tents, Customary mm Units in. am Units, n mm mm Unis on 0.005 Ws Mie 387 ios v4 08 My 90 % as 1087 # 32 as "he m0 4 as oh ' 162 ” oa y VM 226 ve a %% u 873 Si 9s % rh ox 3K 16 0.496 0 1012 sh Br % " 117 ou rey oe 2 role Me 139 y ED 1173 a TS.2d Ree ‘AASHTO © 2022 the Amican Asociaion of Slate Highway and Trsportaton Oss, All ight reerved, Duplication vielaton of applica law32 33. 33.1 332 hin. t ‘Spring Sls seo ude Hammer shell have foe fall of 18 in. (454.2 mm), Specimen Extractor—Stee, in the form of a disk with a diameter not less than 100 mm (3.95 in.) and 12:7 mm (in. thick for extacting the compacted specimen from the specimen mold with the use ofthe mold eollar. A suitable bar is required to transfer the load fom the ring dynamometer adapter the exension collar while extrcting the specimen. A hycraulic jack or similar device may also be used provided specimens are not damaged during extraction Compaction Hammer: ‘Manual Hamer—The compaction hammer (Figure 2) shall have a flat, 98.4 + 3.2 mm. G74 + ‘ein, cirenlar tamping face and a 4536 + 9 g (10 + 0.02 Ib) sliding weight (including 2 ssfety finger guard if 90 equipped) with a free fall of 457.2 + 1.524 mm (18 (06 in) Automatic Hammer—Aw autornatic harwmer shall meet the requirements listed for manual hammers in Section 3.3.1, The autornatic hammer consists of the mechanical compactor, ‘an automatic counter, and a tapered-foot hammer assembly for rotating-mold models or a flat-Foot hammer assembly for staionary mokl models. To calibrate the automatic hammner to the manual hammer, compact six specimens: three specimens using the manual hammer and three specimens using the automatic hammer. Use the same number of blows for each specimen. After the specimens have cooled to room temperature, use T 166, 7275, oF'T 331 to determine the average bbulk densitics of the two sots of specimens. If the bulk densities of the two sets of specimens are within 2.0 percent of each other, then the results sre comparable. If the results are not within 2.0 percent of each other, then the tests ced to be repeated using more or fewer blows on the utematic hammer to achieve a comparable density. Figure 2—Compaction Hammer (Manual) 34. Compaction Pedesial—The compaction pede \3.2chy-457.2smm (G-by-$-by-18-in.} wooden post capped with a stel plate with minimum dimensions of 3(4.8-by- 3044 8-by-25 4-mm (12-by-12-by- -in.)."The wooden pos shall have an average dry weight of 0.67 100.77 gem’ (42 w 48 Ib). The wooden post shall be secured by Tour angle brackets 52d R683 ARSHTO © 2022 the Amican Asociaion of Slate Highway and Trsportaton Oss, Allg reserved. Duplication sa velton 0 appeal law36. 36. 37. 3.8. 39. 3.10. 311. 3.12, solid concrete slab. The steel cap shal be firmly fastened to the post. The pedestal assembly shall be installed so thatthe post is plumb and the cap is level. ‘Specimen Mold Holder—Mounted on the compaction pedestal so as to center the compaction mold over the center ofthe post. It shall hold the eompaction mold, collar, and base plate securely in position during compaction ofthe specimen, ‘Ovens or Hot Plaies—Ovens or hot plates shall be provided for heating ageregates, asphalt material, specimen molds, compaction hammers, and other equipment to the required mixing and ‘molding temperatures. Suitable shields, baffle plates, or sand baths shall be used on the surfaces of| ‘the hot plates to minimize localized overheating. Properly standardized ovens or hot plates shall be capable of reaching and maintaining a temperature of 200 + 3°C (392 4 5.4°F). More than one heating unit may be used, provided each is used within its proper operating temperature range. ‘Thermometers for measuring the temperature within the oven(s) or of materials shall meet the requirements of M 339MM 339 with ¢ temperature range of atleast 50 to 200°C (122 to 392°P), ‘and an accuracy of $0.75°C (£1.359°F) (520 Nets 1). Note 1—Thermometer types suitable for use include ASTM El mercury thermometers: ASTM E1137/E1 137M Pt-100 RTD platinum resistance thermometer, Special order; or IEC 60751: 2008 Pi-100 RTD platinum resistance thermometer, Special order Heating Device—A small hot plate with continuously variable heating rate, a sand bath, infrared lamp, or other suitable deviee shall be available for supplying sufficient heat under the mixing bowl to maintain the agaregate and asphalt material atthe desired temperature during mixing. Ifa hot plate is used, « wire mesh or similar material shal be placed on the hot plate 1o prevent direct ‘contact between the bot plate and mixing bow, Mixing Apparatus—Mechanical mixing is recommended, Any type of mechanical mixer may be used provided it can be maintained at the required mixing temperature and will produce a well- ‘coated, homogencous mixture of the required amount ia the allowable time, and further provided ‘that essentially all ofthe batch can be recovered. A metal pan or bowl of sufficient capacity and hhand mixing may also be used Air Bath—The ait bath for asphalt cutback mixtures shall be thermostatically contralled and shall maintain the air temperature at 25 + 1°C (77° = 2°F). The thermometer for measuring the ‘temperature of the air bath shall meet the requirements of M 339M/M 239 with a temperature range ofa least 20 10 30°C (68 to 86°F), and an accuracy of =0.25°C (=0.45°F) (see Note 2) Note 2— Thermometer types suitable for use include ASTM E1 mercury thermometers; ASTM E879 thermistor thermometer; ASTM F1137/E1137M Pt-100 RTD platinum resistanc thermometer, Class A; oF IEC 60751: 2008 Pt-100 RTD platinum resistance thermometer, Class AA Thermometers—Thermometers for determining temperatures of aggregates, asphalt binder, and jsphalt mixtures shall meet the requirements of M 339M/M 339 with a temperature range of at Teast 50 to 200°C (122 10 392°F) and an accuracy of £2.5°C (14.5°F) (see Note 3), Note 3—Thermometer types suitable for use include ASTM F1 mercury thermometers; ASTM. 230/E230M thermocouple thermometer. Type T. Special Class: IEC 60584 thermocouple ‘thermometer, Type T, Class 1; E2877 digital metal stem thermometer; or dial gauge metal stem (bi-metal) thermometer Balance—A balance meeting the requirements of M 231, Class G 2, for determining the mass of ‘aggregates, binder and asphalt mixture Miscellancous Equipment Flat-bottom metal pans or other suitable containers for heating aggregates, containers (gill4ype, beakers, pouring pots, or saucepan) for heating asphalt, Mat bottom scoop for batching ageregates, steel trowel (garden type) or spatula for spading and hand TS-2d R64 “AASHTO © 2022 the Amsican Asacinion of State All eights feserved, Duplication sa io and Transportation Offs, on otappiae lamixing, gloves for handling hot equipment, paper disks, marking crayons for identifying specimens, and a large spoon for placing mixture in specimen molds. 4. PROCEDURE 4d. Number of Specimens—Prepace st least three specimens for each combination of aggregates and bitumen content. 42. Preparation of Aggregates—Dry aggregates to constant mass at 105 to 110°C (221 10 230°F) and separate the aggregates by dry-sieving into the desired size fractions. The following size fractions ‘are recommended: < 25.010 19.0 mm (1 ws in.) << 19.0109.5 mm C10 %p in.) < 9.5 mmto 4.75 mm (isin, to No. 4) <_ 475mm to 2.36 mm (No. 4 to No. 8) = Passing 2.36 mm (No. 8) 43. Determination of Mixing and Compacting Temperatures 43.4 ‘The temperatures to which the asphalt binder and asphalt cutback must be heated to produce a viscosity Of 170 + 20 ¢St shall be the mixing temperature. 43.2. ‘The temperature to which asphalt binder must be heated to proxluce a viscosity of 280 £ 30 ¢St shall be the compacting temperature. 43.3, From a composition chart for the asphalt cutback used, determine from its viseoxity at 60°C (140°F) the percentage of solvent by mass. Also determine from the ehart the viscosity at 60°C (40°F) of the asphall cutback after it has Lost 50 pervent of its solvent, The temperature ‘determined from the viscosity temperature chart to which the asphalt cutback must be heated to produce a viseosity of 280 + 30 cSt after a loss of 50 percent ofthe original solvent content shall be the compaetion temperanure, 48. Preparation of Mixtures (Laboratory Prepared) 444 An initial batch shall be mixed for the purpose of “buttering” the batch shall be emptied after mixing and the sides ofthe bowl and strrers sha ‘mixture residue by seraping with small limber spatula but shall not be wi ‘washed clean with solvent, except when a change is to be made in the binder or at the end of a run, 442, Weigh into separate pans for each test specimen the amount of each size fraction requited to produce a batch that will sult in a compacted specimen 63.5 + 1.27 mm (2.5 = 0.05 in.) in height (about 1200 g). 442. Mix the aggregate in cach pan and place the pans on a hot plate or in the oven and heat to a temperature not exceeding the mixing temperature established in Section 4,3 by more than approximately 28°C (50°F) for asphalt mixtures and 14°C 25°F) for cutback ayphalt mixes, 44, Heat, tothe established mixing temperatuse, just sufficient asphalt material forthe batch in a separate container, 445 (Charge the mixing bowl with the heated aggregate. Form a crater in the dry-blended aggregate and weigh the preheated required amount of asphalt material into the mixture, For mixes prepared with ‘cutback asphalt, introduce the mixing blade in the mixing bowl and determine the total mass of the TS.2d Rea ‘AASHTO © 2022 the Amsican Asocinion of State Alright reserved. Duplication isa vo and Tasspotation Offs bw a appiae la446. 447. 448, 46. 48.1 45.2. 48.2. 454. 46. 46.1 462 483. 484. mix componeats plus bow! and blade before proceeding with mixing. Care must be exercised to prevent loss of the mix during mixing and subsequent handling. AC this point, the temperature of the aggregate and asphalt material shall be within the Timits ofthe mixing temperature established in Section 4.3. Mix the aggregate and asphalt material rapidly until thoroughly coated. To maintain proper mixing temperature, one of the methods deseribed in Section 3.8 may be used. Cure mixtures containing asphalt binder in accordance with R 30, (Cure asphalt cutback mixtures ina ventilated oven maintained at approximately 11.1°C (20°F) above the compaction temperature. Caring is to be continued in the mixing bowl until the procalculated weight of $0 percent solvent loss or more has been obtained. The mix may be stirred in a mixing bow! during curing wo accelerate the solvent loss. However, care should be exercised to prevent loss ofthe ix, Weigl the mix during curing in successive intervals of 15 min initially ‘and loss than [0-min intervals as the weight of the mix at 50 percent solvent loss is approached, Preparation of Mixture (Plant Produced): ‘Obtain the sample in accordance with R 97, Reduce the sample in accordance with R 47 toa sample size that will result in compacted specimens 63.5 * 1.27 mm (2.5 * 0.05 in.) in height as described in Section 4.4.2, lace the sample into a pan to a uniform thickness Bring the asphalt mixture t0 the compaction temperature range by eareful, uniform heating in an ‘oven immediately prior to compaction, Compaction of Specimens: "Thoroughly clean the specimen mold assembly them either in boiling water, on the hot plate, or 148.9°C (200 and 300°). \ the face of the compaction hammer and heat ‘an oven, toa temperature between 94.3 and Prace a piece of filter paper or paper towel, cut to size, inthe bottom of the mold hefore the mixture is introduced, Place the entire batch in the mold, and spade the mixture vigorously with 2 heated spatula or trowel 15 times around the perimeter and 0 times over the interior. Smooth the surface of the mix. with a trowel to 2 slightly rounded shape, Remove the collar if necessary. Temperatures of the mixtures inunediately prior to compaction shall be within the lints of the compaction temperature ‘established in Section 4,3. Ifthe temperature of the specimen is too high, allow the specimen to ‘coo! within the range of compaction temperatures; however, ifthe mixture is below compactor ‘temperature, remove the mixture from the mold and replace it in the oven until the desired. ‘temperature is reached, Next, repeat the steps inthis section. This process should not be repeated more than once. The material should be heated for the minimum time requited to achieve the ‘compaction temperature, Note 4— Excessive heating avoided, imes may cause oxidation anc) loss of volatiles and should be Replace the colar, then place a piece of filer paper or paper toweling cut w size on (op of the mixture and place the mold assembly on the compaction pedestal in the mold holder, and unless ‘otherwise specified, apply 50 or 75 blows with the compaction hammer with a free fallin 457.2 mm (18 in). Hold the axis of the compaction hammer perpendicular the base of the mold TS.2d R686 ‘AASHTO © 2022 the Amsican Asocinion of State Alright reserved. Duplication isa vo and Tasspotation Offs bw a appiae la465. 46.6. assembly during compaction. Remove the base plate and collar, and reverse and reassemble the mold, Apply the same number of compaction blows to the face ofthe reversed specimen, Afier compaction, remove the base plate, carefully extract the specimen from the mold and transfer to 2 smooth, Hat surface. Allow the specimen to stand overnight at room temperature. Note 5—In general, specimens shall he cooled as specified in Section 4.6.6. When more rapid cooling is desired, table fans may be used. Mixtures that lack sufficient cohesion to result in the required cylindrical shape on removal from the mold immediately after compaction may be cooled in the mold in air until suficient coh 1 has developed to result in the proper eylindrical shape, KEYWORDS Aggregate; asphalt binder: exphalt cutbeck; Marshall compaction hammer. | Formerly part of T 245. First published as a practice in 2015, TS.2d Ree7 ‘AASHTO © 2022 the Amsican Asocinion of State Alright reserved. Duplication isa vo and Tasspotation Offs bw a appiae la