Css MLP352: M vior of Materials Lab m vnc: bushi Pauy No: 2021MS 10868 parr 16 ga metals and polymers mo VS = Determination of hardness fo Objective: To determine hardness of metallic (mild steel, 316L stainless steel, aluminum) and polymer (polypropylene) samples, Handle ent: a : Laceurtlertiion ments for ( e expel 1. Metallic and polymeric sample specimens Stretch 2. Vickers Hardness Tester 3. Shore durometer Experimental Setup: Vickers hardness tester (for Metals) ‘The Vickers hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf. The full load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds. The two diagonals of the indentation left on the surface of the material after removal of the load are measured using a microscope and their average calculated. The area of the sloping surface of the indentation is calculated. The Vickers hardness is the quotiont obtained by dividing the kef load by the square mm area of indentation, A typical Vickers hardness tester is shown in Figure 1 Figure.1. Schematic representation of Vickers Hardness Tester and its respective diamond indenter geometry and details, including its impression with diagonals.MLP352: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Lab N Determination of hardness for metals and polymers Lab Session mated by HV = 1.854(P/ The Vickers hardness value is P isthe applied force in kilograms-force, and hardness number {the indentation in millimetres. Where, HT’is the Vicker Dis the average of the two diagonals o Shore Durometer (for polymeric samples) There are different Shore Hardness scales for measuring the hardness of different materials. ‘These scales were invented so that people can discuss these materials and have a common point of reference. There is overlap on the different scales. se = Calibrated BS = 7 Spring The Shore 00 Hardness Scale (see Figure 2) measures rubbers and gels that are very soft. Figure.2. Schematic representation of Shore Durometer The Shore A Hardness Scale measures the hardness of flexible mold rubbers that range in hardness from very soft and flexible, to medium and somewhat flexible, to hard with almost no flexibility at all. Semi-rigid plastics can also be measured on the high end of the Shore A Scale. The Shore D Hardness Scale measures the hardness of materials like polypropylene, polystyrene, etc. In this lab, we do shore hardness in D scale (Shore D) The depth to which a specific indenter penetrates the material being tested under particular circumstances determines the Shore D value. A steel rod with a pointed, spring-loaded tip gets pressed with a certain amount of force into the material, The hardness value is then determined by measuring the depth of penetration and selecting the corresponding value from a durometer chart. Rubber, hard plastics, and similar materials are the most common targets for this technique.MLP382: Meet Student Name ih i A anspor tot iu" Ee © 10 20 40 400150 bo Material Specifications 1. Samples: Metals: 1. Mild steel sample 2. Austenitic stainless steel sample (316L) 3. Pure aluminum sample (99% purity) Polymeric sample: 1. Polypropylene sample 2. Emery paper 800-1500 for polishing the surface (if required) 3. Vickers Hardness Tester 4, Shore Durometer Theory: In materials science, hardness refers to the resistance of a material to deformation, particularly localized deformation such as scratching, indentation, ot abrasion. It's a fundamental mechanical property that helps assess a material's ability to withstand external forces without significant plastic deformation or damage. Hardness of a material can be enhanced by different types of physical, chemical and thermal operations. ‘There are 3 different types of hardness: 1. Scratch Hardness 2. Indentation Hardness 3. Rebound or dynamic hardnessBehavior of Materials Lab Lab Session 3: Determination of hardness for metals and polymers Scratch hardness: Resistance to surface wear or abrasion. Usefitl for brittle mua oe as ceramics. Scratch hardness of a material can be determined based on Mohr’s scale of hardness, which ranks a material in a scale of 1-10 based on a list of standard materials with known hardness. _, @ualitattive (ool sed im Males Stine ] Indentation hardness: It is a measure of resistance offered by a material to plastic deformation 80, applicable to materials that go plastic deformation, such as metals and thermoplastic polymers. Hardness is calculated by measuring the force applied and comparing this to some geometrical aspect of the indentation such as the surface area or depth (Meyer's Hardness). There are a number of different methods of testing the hardness of a material through indentation. The three most commonly used are the Brinell test, the Vicker’s Diamond test, and the Rockwell test, Rebound hardness: It is the measure of resistance of a material to strike or rebound. For th indenter is dropped on the surface of material under specific set of conditions. In our experiments, we will focus on Vickers Hadness Testing for metallic and Shore hardness testing (Shore D scale) for polymeric samples, Hardness determination: Procedure: A. Vickers Indentation Testing: © Ensure the sample surface is clean and flat. * Polish the sample to remove any surface imperfections, Set the load and dwell time on the Vickers hardness testing machine according to the material being tested * Place the sample on a stable surface within the machine. Make sure is aligned properly for accurate testing. + Lower the indenter carefully onto the sample surface with the preset load, Maintain the load for the specified dwell time. + Lift the indenter after the dwell time. ‘+ Measure the diagonals of the resulting indentation using a mi Ie. joscope equipped with a measuring ret + Calculate the Vickers hardness number using the formula: HV = 1.854(P/D2). HV is the Vickers hardness number, P is the applied force in kilograms-force, and D is the average of the two diagonals of the indentation in millimeters. + Record Vickers hardne: 6 number and repeat for more values. Compare the obtained hardness values against standard reference values or other samples for relative hardness assessment.1LP352: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Lab Student Naw Enuy No Da ‘mination of hardness for metals and polymers + Cutor shape the polymer sample into a suitable form for testing, ‘+ Ensure the sample surface is flat and free from imperfections. + Choose an appropriate hardness test method for polymers, such as Shore A, Shore D or M scale, We seleet shore D method, * For Shore D, position the durometer on the sample surface vertically. + Apply steady pressure until the gauge needle or digital display stabilizes. * Record the hardness reading indicated on the durometer «Perform multiple tests at different points on the sample to account for variations in hardness across the material. ‘© Record hardness values obtained for the polymer sample from each test method used. © Compare the obtained hardness values with industry standards or other similar polymer samples to assess relative hardness. Results: The measurements are recorded and Vicker (for metallic samples) and Shore D (for polymer) hardness values calculated in a tabular format. Wine ras L D Vicker hardness: FD 4) [edo! ‘Sino. di(mm) om) ] dez(mm) VHN VHNaz | St. Dev. ea AU: S6xi0> | Ao.g) Xte> | 41-085 Ales | 22.5 “4607 E Pina 242x102 | V4pexio?| San? | gpa | 222 L9F | 9 €4:05 x18 | 99. 99x) 9/-02Xh3| 227 270 Prujeuitic [94 x to3_| £2-51Xt6) | £2 -2epxbo | 209-4 700 ai Cheb ye | Stamites Ley poate | verszere?| sera? | pre seer oe AkeL 6X I? | Pe. PUX 167] BS -267A17| 255-13 (0 Spwextod | 42.23 Xo? | PSISXIEF| yp JOD v i Wikre? | 43-23K [02 | YO4SH/g?| 200507 20f948 | bbe Hauminowe! Tse xr F | ap. 99 tieF | BAW | 212-109 ist Polymer Shore D hardness: Slno. 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