Metals 4 Non-Metals dhle.akshaae Swi Bean mc aos WY TOUCHES EVERY CORNER OF NCERT INCLUDES NCERT ACTIVITIES (AKQ), v BOXES(BKQ) & EXEMPLAR (EKQ) 4 EACH LINE, FLOWCHART & DIAGRAM IS MOTIVATED FROM PYQs ~Y APPROVED Cees CBSE TOPPERS rrra lanl ecdrvevorniTendency to loose electron Exception Properties Mainly in solid state Iron, zine Mercury Lustrous Al, Mg _ Generally hard Fe, Zn Kk, Na, Li Malleable Au, Ag — Ductile Au, Ag - Good conductor of heat and electricity | silver, Copper Lead and Mercury (heat) Have high melting point tron Gallium, Caesium Sonorous Mg,Fe,Al a “tow telal Tendency to gain electron Mainly in solid and gaseous state Bromine —>liquid Exception Non - Lustrous » Hae lodine soft ; Diamond Non - Malleable Non - Ductile Bad conductor of heat and electricity Graphite —> Electricity Have mainly low melting point Diamond Non - Sonorous ats Malleability: '¢ is the property of metal that it can be beaten into thin sheets Examples:- gold, copper, iron. Ductility: 't is the property of metal that it can be drawn into thin wires Example:- gold, copper “ We see these metals look dull After rubbing with sandpaper all these materials shine. lobservation: Metals are hard and can not be cut easily. Only magnesium is easily cut. Aluminium require more effort while iron is very hard to be eut by a knife. Explanation: Atoms of a metal are strongly connected to its neighbour atoms by a strong attractional foree. This makes Hthem hard and difficult to be out. Inference/conclusion: This experiment demonstrates metals have strong inter molecular force of attraction and are difficult +6 cutQuestion: Give reason why electrical wires are coated with plastic. Answer: Electrical wires are made-up of copper. Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and slowly loses its shiny brown surface and gains a green coat. So, these are coated with plastic pol yvinylchloride (PVC). + School bells are made-up of metals. + Electrical wires are made-up of copper. Answer: (1) Metals are sonorous, so schoo! bells are made-up of metals. (2) Copper is a very good conductor of electricity. So, it is used for making electric wires. Observation: Metal become thin, and it's surface area increases Explanation: A blacksmith strikes an iron piece with a hammer to get the desired shape. When we hit metal with a hammer or other hard objects metal spreads into a thin sheet. We call this property of metal Malleability Inference/conclusion: This experiment shows that metals are malleable Answer: Aluminium. Copper Nickel Chromium Gold silver Observation: The pin drops immidiately once we start heating the wire. Explanation: Metals are a good conductor of heat. Here, once we start heating, heat transfers to the area of wax. It melts the wax. So, the pin drop on the table, Inference/conclusion: This experiment demonstrates that metals are a good conductor of heat. ‘Observation: The bulb glows as bright as earlier Explanation: Metals have free electrons in their valance shells. These free electrons move from one position to another. As a result, metals are a good conductor of electricity. When we connect a build to the battery by metal wires, electricity passes from the battery to the bulb. As a result, the bulb starts glowing, Inference/conclusion: This experiment demonstrates that metal wires are a good conductor of electricity,‘Question: (a) Design an activity to demonstrate the decomposition reaction of lead nitrate. (b) Draw labelled diagram of the experimental set-up. List two main observations. (c) Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction stating the physical state of the reactant and the products. Answer: Activity to demonstrate the decomposition reaction of lead nitrate Pb(NOs), (a) (i) Take about 2g of lead nitrate powder in a boiling tube (ii) Hold the boiling tube with a pair of tongs and heat it over a flame, as shown in figure. Two main observation: + The emission of brown fumes of NOa after thermal decomposition of Po(NO,).. *+ the colourless compound PbNOs), forms a yellow compound PbO and brown fumes of NOsgas (c) 2Pb(NO,),(s) H*> 2pbo(s) + 4N0Q(g) + 0(g) Lead faa Nteagin Ox Nebrake Oxtde conta ae. Metal A + salt Solution of B —» Salt Solution A + Metal B Example: Fe + CuSO; — FeSO. * Cu Cu + FeSO, —+ No changing The compound formed by the transfer of e° from a metal to a nonmetal are known as ionic compound, clectrovalent compound. Physical nature: tonic compounds are Solids and are somewhat hard because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ion. These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces when pressure is applied. Melting and boiling points: lonic compound have high melting and boiling points. This is because considerable amount of energy is required to break the Strong inter - ionic attraction Solubility: Electrovalent compounds are generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene, petrol, ete conduction of electricity: + Asolution of an ionic compound in water contain ions, which move to the opposite electrode when electricity is passed through the solution. + lonic compounds in the Solid state do not conduct electricity because movement of ions in the solid is not possible due to there rigid Structure. * tonic Compound conduct electricity in the molten state. This is possible in the molten'state since the electrostatics force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions are overcome due to the heat. Thus the ions more freely and conduct electricity + Few less reactive metals (like Cu, Ag, Au and Pt) are found in the ‘free State’ as metals( because of their low chemical activity.) + When metal is found as free element, it is said to occur in ‘native state’ + Copper and silver metal occur in free state (native state) as wall as in combine + The metals highly reactive like potassium, sodium, ca, Mg and aluminium they aré found in nature as never free element.‘Answer: In activities from 3.1 to 36, we studied various properties of metals. They are: 1, Lusture 2, Hardness 3.Malleability 4. Duetility 5. Electric conductivity 6 Heat conductivity, Metals generally carry all these properties except a few like mercury which is soft (liquid), Sodium and lithium which are not hard. Most non-metals have contrasting features with few exceptions like coal and graphite and diamond which are hard. Below table summaries the properties of some common non-metals Metal + oxygen — Metal oxide Example: 2Cu + 02+ 2Cu0 (Black) 4Al + 30, 2A1,0, Amphoterie oxide: The metal oxide which show both acidic as well as basic behaviour and react with both acids as wells as bases to produce salts and water. Example:- Aluminium Oxide and Zinc Oxide Al,0, * GHC! — 2AICl, + 3H,0 Al,0, + 2Na0H — 2NaAlo, + HO Zno + 2HCI > ZnCl, + HO Zno + 2NaOH + Na,Zno, + H.0 Question: A metal M forms an oxide having the formula M,0,. It dissolves both in dilute sulphuric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Identify the metal equations for the reactions involved. Answer: Metal is aluminium. Compound is amphoteric oxide 2AI(s) * 3H,S0,(4q) > Al,(S0,), * 3Halg) 2Al(s) « 2NaOH(aq) + 2H,0(l) —> 2NaAlo, +3H,(g) *Sodium oxide and potassium Oxide dissolve in water to produce alkalis. Naz0(s) + H,0(1) > 2NaoH(aq) k20(s) + H20(l) 4 2KoH(aq) The metal such as sodium and potassium react so vigorously with oxygen that they catch fire if kept in open. Hence, to protect them and to prevent accidental fires they are kept immersed in kerosine oil Anodising: 't is the process of forming a thick oxide layer of aluminium. A clean aluminium article is made the anode and is electrolysed with dilute Sulphuric acid. The oxygen gas evolved at the anode react with aluminium to make thicker protective layer of oxide. This Oxide layer can be dyed easly to give aluminium article an attractive finish - Sujq —Baktoue Pb ( cattoole) Metal + water — Metal hydroxide + Hz Cold water Al (aned:) 2k(S) + 2H20(I) > 2KOH(aq) + H,(g) * heat 2Na(s) + 2H,0(I) > 2NaOH (aq) + Ha(g) + heat paid electrolyte Cals) + 2H,0(1) > Ca(OH),(aq) + H.(q) Calcium start floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.* The metals middle in the reactivity Series (like Zn, Fe and Pb) are in the combined state. Mineral ct The natural material in which the metals or their compound dre found in earth. Those minerals from which the metals can be extracted conveniently and profitable. All the eves ave mineral but all the mineral are not ores. The ores of many metals are oxides because oxygen in a very reactive element and are abundant on the earth. The various process Involved in the extraction of metals wa ore and refining are known as metallurgy The major steps involved in the extraction of metal from its ore:~ Crashing of ores Concentration of ore Conversion of concentrated into metal oxide [Conversion of metal oxide inte metal Refining of impure metal Crushing of ores Crushing is the process of reducing the size of materials so that they can be further processed, Concentration of ore The Method of removing an impurities (gangue) like Sand, rock, earthy particle, limestone, mica ete, from its ore is referred as concentration of ores. There are four physical methods involved in the concentration of ores * Gravity separation © Magnet separation + Forth flotation * Leaching or chemical method Concendt-ratf Bn. ot One Metals of Medium Metals A low saa Ee fait gde Ox gyeenolyte Y casibontte Ove Gulphte Ova subg Motes One a Pow Metal cobesradion Roasting Gh i So Onide. BH, Tree y, peste 2 Metab RAs Pissdjeadion ah Metod* Roasting: It is the process of heating the substance in the presence of orygen below its boiling point it is mainly used for sulphide ores. © Caleination: 't is the process of heating the substance in absence of oxygen below its melting point it is mainly for the carbonate ores. Extracting metal Low in the activity se ‘The metal low in the activity series ave extracted by simply heating l.e ore of mercury ( Cinnabar gS }. DitgS cs) + BO. (G) Heat» 290 ls) + 250s tg) aHyOl) Heat. oHytt) + 09) Copper found as Cu,S in nature 2Cu,S 80,4) Het, 20u,0ly) +2501) atu +luS Heets cule) + Solty) rac be r le of ac Sulphide ores are converted by roasting and the carbonate ores are converted by calcination. O2ng (e) + 30, tg) BS ozndle) + 260,19) > Roartteg Zino, (s) Heat 57,50) + Calg) > epterodion series Metal oxides ave reduced into metal by using suitable reducing agent like C, Coke, CO, Haand NHy, Znole) +¢ 3 —> Zntad + COL) —> sedustfon wring Carbon spn s6Sd+ + ALS —> SMnlW + 2ALO1 (+ Heat somata, dome WE) prey ge Thermite process is a process in which molten metal oxides are treated with aluminium powder. It is highly exothermic reaction. The molten metal obtained is used for welding of railway tracks or cracked machine parts. AL +Fe,0, —> 2Fe + AYO, + Heat Alunatniue 4 Molten A(utilun Homattte (OR re. als towards the t activ These metal ave obtained by electrolytic reduction. Le sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained by the electrolysis of their molten chloride. ee Define alloys. List the properties of alloys that makes them useful over pure metals. Explain this fact with suitable examples. Answer: Alloys ave homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal that cannot be separated into their components by physical methods. (i) The electrical conductivity, and (ii) Melting point of an alloy is less than that of pure metal. eg. (a) Brass and bronze (an alloy of Cu) are not goad conductors of electricity, whereas copper is used in,making electrical circuit. (b) Solder has a low melting point. eke (a) what type of ores are calcined? Illustrate giving a suitable example. (b) tn what form the calcined ore is obtained and how it can be reduced? Give chemical equations of the reduction process involved for the example given by you. (c) Name two metals used as reducing agents by displacing metals of lower reactivity from thelr compounds. Answer: (a) Carbonate ores are calcined. &q Mica, Het» mo +co, (b) Calcined ove is obtained in ovide form. It can be reduced into metal by reduction process. 2m0 +6 —p 2m +Co, (c) Na, Ca, Al, Mn (any two),Question: (i) Explain the steps for extraction of copper from its sulphide ore. Write the balanced ‘equations involved in the proce (ii) What is meant by refining of metals? Draw a diagram of electrolytic refining of copper and name the substances used as cathode, anode and the electrolyte. Answer: (i) Copper is extracted from its sulphide ore (Cu,S)oy just heating in the air. (@) 2eu,8 +30, teats 201,015) +20, (q) WD 2,0 + Cus Hel> ECule) +$0, la) (ii) Removal of impurities from the metals after their reduction. Anode : impure copper Cathode : pure copper Electrolyte : acidified Cus0,. fdssits - Not all metals burn easily. Copper and aluminium take time to burn Flame colour Sodium: yellow Magnesium: white Aluminium: silver white Copper: Blue flame Solubility Highly reactive metals like sodium and potassium reacts with water and form soluble hydroxide. But most other metals are not so reactive. So they are not soluble in water Only some metal oxides that from metal hydroxide with water, are soluble in water. Else they are insoluble. Berglliam and magnesium are exceptions as they are slightly soluble in Water. Metal oxide + H,0(|) —> Metal Hydroxide inference/ Conclusion Metals on the heating burn to produce its oxides, During this process, they produce characteristic flames. aA Metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid and form metal chlorides with the evolution of hydrogen gas Metals) + HCi(aq) —> Metal Chloride(aq) * Hy(g) Ca(s) + 2HCt(aq) —> CaCl, (aq) + Hylg) Order of reactivity Ca>MgrAl>Zn>Fe>Pb>Cu NUK CarMg> AlpZn>Fe>Pb: euplocionFot Madante Sow Noveaetion Reaction of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid Temperature duving the reaction: Experiment done at room temperature (25°C), Calcium: 40°C Zinc: 34°C tron: 30°C Copper: 25°C Inference/conclusion Metals react with acids to form their salt. The process is exothermic and hydrogen gas is also produced." by : More reactive metals displace with metals from other salt solution and form corresponding salts, eg. Iron in a copper sulphate solution. Explanation Ivon is more reactive than copper. It displaces copper fram copper sulphate and forms ferrous sulphate. Copper sulphate solution is blue while ferrous sulphate is green. So the solution turns green from blue Fels) + Cuso,(aq) —> Fes0,(aq) + Cu(s) Note: The diplacement depend on reactivity series. A metal can displace a salt if the metal is higher in reactivity series Observation Salts of acids and bases are Hard; brittle; have a high melting point; soluble in water; insoluble in non-polar solvents likekerosene, benzene; conducts electricity, Explanation Molecules of salt are closed together by the strong lonic bond between anions and cations. This strong attraction gives a salt hard appearance, high melting and boiling point In water and other polar solvents, they form strong ionic bonds, so they are soluble in water. Non-polar solvents like organic solvents and kerosene do have polar bonds. A salt molecule, therefore, does not mix with such solvents. As a result, ‘t sinks to the bottom In solution form molecules of salts are in ionic form. They move freely in the solution; therefore they conduct electricity, Observation Nails in test tube A got rusted in a few days. Nails in test tube B and C did not get rust inference It shows water and air both are necessary to form rust: Explanation Oxidation of iron metal with oxygen require high temperature. The other alternative is to use the hydration energy of water. The outer layer of iron nail reacts with oxygen in the presence of water to form its oxide 4Fe(s) + 6H,0(|) * 30,(g) —> 2Fe,0,.3H,0 Outer layer now scrapes off and give way to oxygen and moisture to the inner layer of iron. The process goes on| until all iron convert into its oxide In the test tube, Boil prevents oxygen from dissolving in water. In the test tube C, calcium chloride acts as an absorbent and absorbs moisture present in it, So, Iron does not form rust in these test tubes Question: Generally metals react with acids to give salt and hydrogen gas. Which of the following acids does not give hydrogen gas on reacting with metals (except Mn and Mg)? (a) H,S0 (b) Her (c) HNO: (A) All of these Answer: (c) HNOxQuestion: Reaction between X and Y, forms compound Z. X loses electron and Y gains electron. Which of the following properties is not shown by 2? (a) Has high melting point (b) Has low melting point (c) Conducts electricity in molten state (A) occurs as solid Answer: () Has low melting point Question: Which of the following can undergo a chemical reaction? (a) Mgso,+ Fe (b) znso, + Fe (c) Mgso, + Pb (A) Cus, +Fe Answer: (d) Cusoy* Fe Question: Which one of the following properti (a) Solubility in water (b) Electrical conductivity in solid state (c) High melting and boiling points (A) Electrical conductivity in molten state Answer: (b) Electrical conductivity in solid state ited by ionic compounds? Question: Why should the metal sulphi extraction of metal from them? Answer: Metal sulphide and carbonates are converted to metal oxides in the process of extraction of metal from them because metals can be obtained easier in oxide form than its sulphide or carbonate form s and carbonates be converted to metal oxides in the process of Question: What are the constituents of solder alloy? Which property of solder makes it suitable for welding electrical wires? Answer: Solder alloy is made of Lead and aluminium. Its low melting point makes it suitable for welding electrical wires. ‘Question: What happens when (a) ZnCO is heated in the absence of oxygen? (b) a mixture of Cu 0 and Cu $ is heated? Answer: (4) When ZnCQ, is heated in the absence of oxygen Zinc Oxide and Carbon-di-oxide are liberated. Zale, —> ZnO +Co, (b) When a mixture of Cu,0 and Cus is heated we get pure copper 20D + O48 —> 6Cu+S0, Question: An element A burns with golden flame in air. It reacts with another element B, atomic number 17 to give a product C. An aqueous solution of product C on electrolysis gives a compound D and liberates hydrogen. Identify A, B, C and D. Also write down the equations for the reactions involved. Answer: Element A is 17 Sodium because it will burn with golden flame in air. Element 8 is Chlorine for its atomicsnumber is 17. Product C is Sodium Chloride 2Na+c0—> 2nlacd Product D is Sodium hydroxide DNac® + DHb —> ANadH eed, FHL