Heat and Mass Transfer
COSC
Collisional Orogeny in the
Scandinavian Caledonides
Åre, Sweden
are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.SDDB.
Goal & Scientific Objective ICDP.5054.2015. For site survey data and other surveys
in the borehole, please contact the PIs.
The COSC-1 drill core is archived at the Core Reposito-
ry for Scientific Drilling at the Federal Institute for Ge-
osciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Berlin.
Operational Achievements
The borehole COSC-1 was drilled as the first of two
c. 2.5 km deep drill holes, cored and open (no casing)
from 102.7 m to total depth. Two additional boreholes
of 50 and 100 m depth, respectively, were drilled before
drilling of the main hole and equipped with seismome-
Freshly retrieved core at the COSC-1 drill site.
ters for passive monitor-
COSC is investigating mountain building processes in ing of the drilling opera-
an old (Paleozoic), deeply eroded collisional mountain tions.
belt of Himalayan dimensions. Utilising this orogen, the
April to August 2014:
Caledonides, as an analogue to comparable modern
settings, such as the Himalayan mountain belt, will drilling operations at the
advance our understanding of such orogenic systems main hole, final depth
and how they affect the stability of the living environ- 2495.8 m.
ment. Key scientific targets are i) to research mountain Downhole logging and
building processes in the deep interior of an orogen and borehole vertical seismic
utilise this new knowledge to better understand how profiling (VSP) conduct-
collisional mountain building operates, including the ed by OSG, GFZ and
nature and occurrence of natural hazards in modern Lund University.
orogenic environments, ii) to investigate the environ- Core studies: MSCL
mental conditions before, during and after continent- (Multi Sensor Core Log-
continent collision (c. 440-390 Ma), iii) to study the ging) including density
recent (up to 100 ka) evolution of the surface tempera- and magnetic suscepti-
ture in northern Europe by borehole temperature in- bility; DMT core scan-
verse modelling, iv) to research the (deep) groundwater ner, mud gas analyses
and thermal characteristics of old mountain belts and v) (OLGA), geological
the composition of deep microbial communities and logging.
their energy sources.
After the drilling of COSC-2, two fully cored boreholes
will provide a unique c. 5 km deep composite section
A demonstration of the excellent
through the foreland of a major orogen, in a key-locality drill core quality in the Seve
for research on mountain building processes that has gneisses.
relevance for the study of past and present mountain
belts around the globe.
Web & Media Resources
Data & Sample Access http://cosc.icdp-online.org/
Technical and scientific data from the operational phase www.facebook.com/collisionalorogeny/
cantly to applied studies about how to characterise rele-
Timeline vant aspects of the subsurface for (mainly) engineering
2009 COSC workshop proposal approved purposes (Eriksson et al. 2016, Dobson et al. 2016).
2010 international COSC science workshop
2011 ICDP full proposal for COSC-1 approved Key Publications
2014 COSC-1 borehole was drilled Dobson, P., Tsang, C.-F., Kneafsey, T., Borglin, S., Pice-
no, Y., Andersen, G., Nakagawa, S., Nihei, K.,
2015 international COSC-2 science workshop
Rutqvist, J., Doughty, C. and others (2016) Deep
2017 ICDP full proposal for COSC-2 approved Borehole Field Test Research Activities at LBNL,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL),
Principal Investigators Berkeley, CA (United States). [online] Available
from: http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/1306290
Christopher Juhlin, Uppsala University, Sweden Eriksson, L., Edlund, J., Johansson, L., Rabe, L., Bengts-
son, A. and Pedersen, K. (2016) Methods for sam-
David G. Gee, Uppsala University, Sweden
pling and analysis of attached and planktonic micro-
Randall Parrish, British Geological Survey organisms in deep granitic rock aquifers, SKB report
Christophe Pascal, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany R-16-09 p 61. [online] Available from:
http://www.skb.com/publication/2484526/R-16-
Chin-Fu Tsang, Lawrence Berkeley National Laborato- 09.pdf
ry, USA Hedin, P., Almqvist, B., Berthet, T., Juhlin, C., Buske, S.,
Simon, H., Giese, R., Krauß, F., Rosberb, J.-E.,
Scientific Findings Alm, P.-G. (2016) 3D reflection seismic imaging at
the 2.5km deep COSC-1 scientific borehole, central
During the COSC-1 drilling operations, a nearly com- Scandinavian Caledonides. Tectonophysics 689 40-
plete 2.4 km long drill core was obtained. It sampled a 55. doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.12.013
Lorenz, H., Rosberg, J.-E., Juhlin, C., Bjelm, L., Almqvist,
section through the Lower Seve Nappe, which is a dur-
B.S.G., Berthet, T., Conze, R., Gee, D.G., Klonow-
ing orogeny highly affected and modified rock unit that ska, I., Pascal, C., Pedersen, K., Roberts, N.M.W.,
was emplaced over hundreds of kilometres from the Tsang, C.-F. (2015). COSC-1 – drilling of a subduc-
deep internal part to the foreland of the orogen (Lorenz tion-related allochthon in the Palaeozoic Caledonide
et al. 2015). Since COSC is a two stage project and orogen of Scandinavia. Scientific Drilling. 19, 1–11.
doi.org/10.5194/sd-19-1-2015
COSC-2 not yet drilled, the scientific findings are pre-
Lorenz, H., Rosberg, J. E., Juhlin, C., Bjelm, L., Almquist,
liminary and restricted to COSC-1 only. B., Berthet, T., Tsang, C. F. (2015). Operational re-
Detailed pressure-temperature studies on drill core port about phase 1 of the Collisional Orogeny in the
samples unexpectedly proved that the Lower Seve Scandinavian Caledonides scientific drilling project
(COSC-1). Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ.
Nappe was affected by very high pressure and tempera- doi.org/10.2312/icdp.2015.002
ture (up to the amphibolite/eclogite metamorphic facies Lorenz, H., Rosberg, J. E., Juhlin, C., Bjelm, L., Almquist,
boundary) in the interior of the mountain belt before it B., Berthet, T., Tsang, C. F. (2015). COSC-1 opera-
was emplaced onto less affected rocks of the continental tional report Explanatory remarks on the operational
data sets. Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ.
margin (Jeanneret et al., in prep.). This on-going study
doi.org/10.2312/icdp.2015.001
is central for our understanding how mass and heat is Doughty, C., Tsang, C.-F., Rosberg, J.-E., Juhlin, C.,
transferred within a developing mountain belt. Dobson, P. F. and Birkholzer, J. T. (2016). Flowing
The rock volume around the drill hole was extensively Fluid Electric Conductivity (FFEC) Logging of a
Deep Borehole During and Following Drilling: Esti-
characterised by geophysical methods. Thus, it was mation of Transmissivity, Water Salinity and Hy-
possible to refine the interpretation of regional (>150 draulic Head of Conductive Zones. Hydrogeology
km) and COSC (c. 60 km site investigations) multi- Journal. doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1497-5.
disciplinary geophysical data sets and integrate them Wenning, Q. C., Almqvist, B. S. G., Hedin, P. and Zap-
with the geological findings (Hedin et al. 2016, Wen- pone, A. 2016. Seismic Anisotropy in Mid to Lower
Orogenic Crust: Insights from Laboratory Measure-
ning et al. 2016, Simon et al. 2017). This work is not ments of Vp and Vs in Drill Core from Central Scan-
finished yet, pending the drilling and investigations of dinavian Caledonides. Tectonophysics..doi.org/10.
the COSC-2 borehole. 1016/j.tecto. 2016.07.002.
Simon, H., Buske, S., Krauß, F., Giese, R., Hedin, P.,
The bedrock drilled in COSC-1 was surprisingly mas-
Juhlin, C. (2017) The derivation of an anisotropic ve-
sive and does not provide good conductivity for locity model from a combined surface and borehole
groundwater. However, seven zones of limited seismic survey in crystalline environment at the
groundwater inflow into the borehole could be detected COSC-1 borehole, central Sweden. Geophysical
and characterised (Doughty et al. 2016, Tsang et al. Journal International. doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx223
Tsang, C.-F.; Rosberg, J.-E.; Sharma, P.; Berthet, T.; Juh-
2016). Such compact bedrock is not very favourable for lin, C.; Niemi, A. (2016) Hydrologic testing during
deep microbial life. However, the limited results and drilling: application of the flowing fluid electrical
COSC-specific methodological developments in both conductivity (FFEC) logging method to drilling of a
microbiology and hydrogeology did contribute signifi- deep borehole. Hydrogeology Journal, Volume 24, 6
1333-1341. doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1405 -z
