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Cso 204

CSO notes

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385 visualizzazioni128 pagine

Cso 204

CSO notes

Caricato da

bensonkaranjams10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Per noi i diritti sui contenuti sono una cosa seria. Se sospetti che questo contenuto sia tuo, rivendicalo qui.
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TROBI DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK SECOND YEAR: CSO 204: SOCIAL STATISTICS I - COURSE LECTURER Name: Lillian A. Owiti Office: 4° Floor Gandhi Wing Rin. 404 B Consultation hours: Monday =: 10.30 am—11.30 am " Wednésday —: 11.00 am ~ 12.00 pm Or by appointment Lecture Hours Module I Evening: Monday 5.30pm — 8.30 pm Taifa Hall Module Day: Monday 2.00 pm 3.00 pm Gandhi Wing 120 Module [ (To be provided each academic year) Required Textbook: Gupta, SP. 1969. Statistical Methods: Sultan Chand and Sons. All the sections in this course are covered in this book. The book is easy to follow and has questions and answers which will help you in revision. ‘The book will assist you in the CSO 308 Social statistics II course, the CSO 202 Quantitative Research Methods course and also for the Statistics unit offered at the post graduate level. Required Materials: ‘Students taking this unit require:- * A Scientific Calculator or a calculator with statistical features for class, continuous assessment tests (CATS) and end of semester exam. Use of cell phone during CATs quizzes and end of semester examination will not be permitted. + A Geometrical set and writing Materials (notebook, paper, pencils, etc) __ UNIT DESCRIPTION Welcome to CSO 204 Social Statistics I. Social Statistics I is a course designed f> Sociology students as a basic introduction to statistics and serves as a foundation for other more advanced statistics offered within the department namely Social Statistics IT which is — offred at the third level and-Advanced Social Statistics offered at Post Graduate level: Iisa Page 1 of 6 | aN core course for second year Sociology Students whe intend to engage in social research. The Course aims at giving undergraduate students the opportunity to acquire skills in data organization, presentation and analysis. The topics covered include classification and tabulation of data, measures of central tendency, measures of deviation or dispersion. You will also lear measure association between variables. ‘The Course also aims at helping students think about data and use statistical methods with understanding, COURSE OBJECTIVES ‘Upon successful completion of this course you willbe able to: ‘Define statistics and discuss its features, functions and limitations ‘+ Explain basic concepts in social statistics ‘+ Pregent data using tables and graphs ‘+ Summarise numeric data using measures of central tendency and measures of deviation. ‘+ Understand correlation analysis and measure the degree of association between variables. COURSE OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION This section lays the ground for the unit and outlines and discusses definitions, scope, features of statistics and functions and some of the misuses of Statistics. After completing — this section, students should be able to define statistics and demonstrate knowledge of the features of statistics, its uses and limitations. * Definitions of statistics © Features of statistics '* Functions of Statistics ‘+ Limitations of statistics 2, PRESENTATION OF DATA This section delves into methods of classifying, and presenting data. After completing this section students shoiild be able to understand the functions of classification and tabulation of data. You will also be able to demonstrate the difference between tabular and diagrammatic data presentation and organize data using various types of frequency distributions and different diagrammatic methods. nd tabulation = + Purpose of Classification of date Page 2 of 6 ® © Types of Classification + Requisites ofa good table * Types of frequeney distribution (Relative frequencies, Percentage frequency Distributions, Cumulative frequency distributions in ascending and descending order) * Differentiating between tables and diagrams 7 * Pictorial presentation of data ( Bar Charts (Positive and negative bar charts, multiple and component bar charts) Histograms and Frequency polygons, Pie charts "3, MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (AVERAGES) This section introduces students to summarising data using measures of central tendency namely Mean, Median and Mode. * Definition and functions of measures of central tendency * Differentiating between individual series, discrete series and Continuous series. © Definition and uses of Mode, calculation of mode (for Individual, Discrete and _ Continuous or Grouped series) and merits and limitation of mode as a measure of central tendency * Definition and uses of Mean, calculation of mean (for Individual, Discrete and 7 Continuous or Grouped series) and merits and limitation of mean as a measure of central tendency * Definition and uses of Median, calculation of median (for Individual, Discrete and Continuous or Grouped series) and merits and limitation of median as a measure of central tendency. 4, MEASURES OF DEVIATION OR DISPERSION In statistics, to desoribe the data set more accurately, statisticians must know more than just the measures of central tendency. This section introduces students to measures of dispersion or deviation such as range, variance and standard deviation, ©. Definition and functions © Range as a measure of dispersion _ Cterquartile range, Quartile deviation and coefficient of Quartile deviation) —— © Mean Deviation Page 3 0f 6 5. Standard Deviation MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION ‘The first four sections of this Course focus on descriptive statistics. ‘This last section introduces students to one area of inferential statistics which involves determining whether a ‘relationship exists between two or more variables, After covering this section students will understand correlation analysis, different types of correlation and will be able to calculate coefficient of correlation Definition and functions Introduction to Correlation Types of Correlation Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation Requirements and Grading There will be at least one sit-in continuous assessment test. Impromptu tests may also be given. No make-up CATs will be given unless the student. The CATs and quizzes will Constitute 30% of the overall grade with the end of semester examination accounting for 70%. Quizzes, CATs and Final Exam Impromptu short quizzes may be given on an unannounced basis. At least one sit in Continuous Assessment Test (CAT) will be announced at least a week in advance. The CATS will account for 30% of the total grade. Makeup tests: There will be no makeup CATs unless permission is sought from the course lecturer prior to the CAT. To qualify for @ make-up, a student must have official documentation and must have notified the course lecturer and rescheduled in a timely manner. A two hour end of semester Exam accounting for 70% of the total grade will be given, Students who have not done CATs will NOT be allowed to sit for the end of semester exam. In the quizzes, CATs and examination all work must be shown along with the correct. ‘answer to-receive full marks. Page 4.of6 Academic Honesty Cheating and plagiarism will not be tolerated. An act of academic dishonesty or plagiarism may result in failure in a course or even expulsion from the university. Cheating or acts of academic dishonesty include (but are not limited to) copying, and offering or receiving unauthorized assistance or information. Failure to comply. with University of Nairobi guidelines of academic honesty may result in a failing grade in the course and farther action. taken by the university, Please do not attempt to test the boundaries of this guideline. Class Policies: Students are expected to come to class on time and to ATTEND ALL CLASSES. In case of illness, death in the family, or other extenuating circumstances, the student must present documented evidence of inability to attend classes. A student who misses more than a third of the lectures will not be eligible to sit for the end of semester examination, ‘An attendance list will be circulated during each lecture and each student is expected to sign in. You may not sign in on behalf of another student as this will automatically, lead to penalties. . Cell phones: I respect the student's need for communication provided the following rales are followed without exception: 1. Cell phones will be turned to silent mode (not vibrate) or preferably off in the lecture room. . Do not answer phone in class. Please leave instead of disrupting the lecturer or those around you. 3 All phone conversations are to be completed before re-entering class. Excessive talking, leaving and re-entering the lecture room or other means of disrupting the class will not be tolevated and students may be asked to leave. Expectations Social Statistics I is not a very challenging course. The methods for success are simples,» 5. Regular practice is essential for success in Social Statistics 1. BUY AND READ the joi.) recommended textbook and other references that have been provided and also ensure that. exercises are worked out and repeated to ensure understanding of the lecture. Actively participate in class and ask questions when concepts are not clear. Many students find that forming study groups with other students is # very effective way for them to master statistics. You should be prepared to spend at least two hours studying outside of class for each hour of in-class time. Page 5 of 6 READING LIST Agrésti, Alan, and Barbara Finlay, 1999, Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, New Jersey; Prentice Hall. Fielding, Jane, and Gilbert Nigel. 2000, Understanding Social Statistics. London: Sage Publications Ltd. . Gupta, $ P. 1969. Statistical Methods: Sultan Chand and Sons. . Hardy, Melissa, and Alan Bryman. 2004. Handbook of Data Analysis. London: Sage Publishers Ltd, Hoyle, K, and R Ingram. 1991. Statistics for Business. Oxford: Reed International Books. Lewin, J. 1973. Elementary Statistics in Social Research. London: Harper and Row Publishers. Mann, $ P. 1995. Statistics for Business and Economics: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Moore, D, and G McCabe. 1989. Introduction to the Practice of Statistics: W H Freeman and Company. Parket, Robert I. 1974. Statistics for Business Decision Making. New York: Random House Ine. . Runyon, RP, A Haber, D J Pittenger, and K A Fundamentals of Behavioural Statistics Coleman, The McGraw-Hill Book companies, Ine. (1996). 1996. Fundamentals of Behavioural Statistics: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Spiegel, MR, and L J Stephens. 1999, The Theory and Problems of Statisties: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company. Vaughan, Eva D. 1998. Statistics for Understanding Data in the Bahavioral Sciences, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Wallis, W A, and Harry Roberts, 1962, The Nature of Statistics. New York: The Free Press. Yeomans, K A. 1968. Applied Statistics for the Social Scientist. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. = 1971. Statistics for the Social Scientist: | Intcoducing Statistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. CSO-204: SOCIAL STATISTICS | COURSE LECTURER MS. LILLIAN OWITI : ® Statistics has been defined as 1. dataand 2. aS amethod Itis the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. WAIBO WTC Univeriias fora Calhave of Pee eee 2/11/2013 ®The word ’statistics’ is defined by Professor Secrit as follows:- © “aggregate of facts affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated according’ to reasonable standards of accuracy, collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other.“ ‘WATIBU WETO: Univertico ora Cale of Peace Features of Statistics Statistics may be data or methods and principles of application Statistics are a group of facts Statistical data are affected by multiplicity of causes Statistical data should be numerically expressed ‘WAJTBU WETU: Universities Foe a Caltre of Pence. 21/2013 5. The data should be obtained in a systematic manner through estimation or enumeration. 6. Statistical data should be collected to fulfill a predetermined objective. 7. Statistical data establishes relationships with other information. 8, [Link] a science Statistics deals with mass data WAJIBU WETU: Univerites fora Culture of Peace Functions of Statistics ® Provides, ‘quantitative base for the study of a problefn:. It presents the data in a concise and definite'form. ® It measures the magnitude of a phenomenon © It simplifies complex and large mass of data ® It establishes relationships between variables WaJIB0 WETU: Universes fora Culture of Paace. 2/11/2013 po @lt provides comparative analysis between groups of variables or data @ It helps in formulating policies and in decision making ® It is used in forecasting or planning © It helps in testing hypothesis @\t develops the knowledge base of researchers WAJIBU WETU: Universi fora Culture of Peace Limitations of Statistics @Statistics does not deal with individual measurements. @Statistics cannot be used to- study qualitative phenomenon as they cannot be quantified accurately. elt deals with data that is affected by a multiplicity of causes. 'WAJIBU WETU: Univers for Gute of Peace 2/11/2013 © Researcher also matters © Researchers interested in obtaining predetermined results may cook data Technical mistakes may also occur @ Wrong use of percentages. ® Wrong conclusion sometimes on the basis of little data. The characteristics “of a individual may be attached to a “group. ‘WAJIDU WHT: Univeniis for Cltue of Peace 2/14/2013 Limitations of Statistics © The data collection and analysis process can not be 100% accurate. ® Statistics is less exact as compared to the natural science. ® Statistical data, being approximations, may be mathematically incorrect. ® Statistics, being dependent on figures, can be manipulated and therefore can be used only when the authenticity of the figures iS. been proved beyond doubt. Distrust of Statistics Statistics is the most doubted of all sciences. © The distrust implies lack of confidence in the. subject and its principles and: methods ® The usefulness of statistics depends on 1. how the data was coliected 2, howit was analyzed and 3. how it was interpreted. WAJIBU WET: Universes fora Caltreof Pace 2/11/2013 Reasons for Distrust of Statistics © Figures stand for perfection and accuracy and are thus easily believed © Data can be collected in a_biased manner leading to wrong conclusions © They can be manipulated to establish foregone conclusions. WAJIBU WETU: Dnivesiis fora Calture of Peace Issues with Data Collection Process © Census vs sample © Wrong:sample selection, (too small or not representative) ® Instructions and concepts not clear © Faulty translation © Timing of the interview matters @ Terminology used ‘WAJIBU WHTU Universities fora Culture of Peace 2/41/2013, o PRESENTATION OF DATA Section Overview * Significance of graphs and diagrams * Principles of constructing diagrams + Various types of Bar charts * Histogram * Frequency Polygon Pie Chart Let sve pence a chance neve Un \enow 2/28/2013 Significance of Diagrams and Graphs Fa ey are attractive and impressive. | * They make data simple and intelligible. They facilitate comparison They save time. They have universal utility. They give more information. They have a great memorizing effect. Lotus ee pace chance :) Principles for Constructing Diagrams % » Diagrams must have a short and suitable title > Should be simple >Histograms and bar charts should maintain proper proportions between height and width Should be neat and accurately drawn with the help of drawing instruments. Let oe paca chance 2/25/2013 » Select a proper scale (Multiples of 5 or 10 or even numbers) i » Sources of data should be shown > Index must be used where necessary Lat pie pence a chance Alll axis should be labelled Include an index explaining 23 — _____different shades 20 - =— Sales ~ | cana j mara } YE>ROOMER | ] LS math [z) Bar Diagrams It is a graph made of bars whose height represent the frequencies of respective categories. Bt The categories are marked on the horizontal axis, the frequencies are marked on the vertical | axis The bars do not touch one another The spaces between the bars are uniform * Only the length of the bar matters not the width 8 * The width of the bars must be uniform Lets give once a chance Bar Diagrams -— --——— Series 1 ™ Economics sociology «| history 3 Uterature. | Economics Sociology History Literature } OF © hctent Types of Bar Diagrams Simple bar diagram * Positive and negative bar diagram * Vertical and Horizontal bar diagram * Component bar diagram * Multiple bar diagram “Lata give peace a chance Simple Bar Diagram Wafula’s Sales n® M 20. R wo. Videos es DVDs Cassettes 2/25/2013 2/25/2013 Simple Bar Diagram (+ and -) Wafula’s Sales Vertical Bar Diagram Wafula’s Sales Videos ce DVDs Cassettes Horizontal Bar Diagram Wafula’s Sales ue 23040 NUMBER, Cr) Component Bar Diagram Wafula’s Sales f WEEK 14 WEEK 2 Videos 15 5 feos 3 0 | | _ 5 DEED Lecce or 10 5 Gassatios 3 70 __|__10 STOLEN Lets poe peace achanee Multiple Bar Diagram Wafula’s Sales [WEEK 1 | WEEK2 el | [os 10 10 OVS 5 wo | = 7 = : | Let pepe tclaet Histogram f° Is a diagram used to present continuous variables Only one variable is presented so ; shading is not necessary * The bars touch one another * Only the height matters * The width of bars must be uniform “Latne give pence chance 2/25/2013 Histogram [Bam MARKS [NO OF STUDENTS | /10-20 5 20-30 12 30-40 15 40-50 45 50 - 60 40 STUDENTS’ EXAM MARKS] Frequency Polygon g° Is a graph of frequency distribution 7 * Is effective in comparing two or more frequency distributions It can be constructed in 2 ways cs 1. From a histogram 2 From the mid-points of the classes Leta give pace a chanee Histogram ‘Age Distribution 30 20. | WAZmMocd4H 2/25/2013 representing relative frequencies or percentages * One needs a compass anda protractor to construct a pie chart * Formula = x/n x 360 Leta ge pence a chance Example of a Pie Chart Sales 2/25/2013 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY What is Central Tendency? Ate measures of location of the middle (center) of a distribution They are the typical values around which other figures congregate. ‘They represent the whole mass of data The value lies in between the largest and the smallest| item They help in summarising data and facilitating 2 comparison “Wa Wet 3/14/2013 5 S Requisites of aGood Average KP) v should be easy [Link] and to compute Y Should be based on each and every item in the series & Should not be unduly affected by extreme items ¥ Should be capable of further computation Y Should be rigidly defined y ~ Should work in open ended classes 1. Individual series (ungrouped raw d 82 58 75_ 82 62 78 58 2. Discrete Series (Ungrouped frequent 3/11/2013 Measures of Central Tendency 1. Mode 2. Mean 3. Median * It~is~ the item that appears frequently, most popular or comm * It does not necessarily mean frequency represents a majority. ° Eg. Top scorers in the Premier Leagi Suaiez | van ers [Gareth | inch 2 1S || _16 me 3/11/2013 «In free and fair electoral processes (declaring the winner) = In procurement (Helps determine what one should procure) " In sporting activities (declaring the winning team or MVP) « In describing qualitative phenomena jibe Wenn Uavetiis fra Guure of Pee No Mode Raw Data: One Mode (Unimoda Raw Data: 6 More than 2 modes ou Raw Data: 6 3/41/2013 Calculating Mode Individual series - Observation Marks: 20, 20, 21, 23, 20, 25, 23, 24, 25, 21 Mode = 20 * Discrete series — Observation MARKS 2 25 STUDENTS 2 g 2 Mode = 20 Formula Step Use observation to identify the class with the highest frequency This is where the mode is located = modal class Note the class limits of this class Step 2 Use the formula provided to calculate the actual value of the mode The actual value of mode should lie within the class lunits identified through Stey in the modal class 3/11/2013 a Calculating Mode - Continuous Se: Kp) * Observation and Formula NZ * Mode= L + (B-A) x Ci (B-A) +(B-C) C= Frequency of the post modal class Ci= Class interval Woes Wate Univair fora ar face Calculating Mode cE NUMBER . | 0-10 4 0-20 25 3/11/2013 a, pil. on * Mode= L+ (B-A) x Ci (B-A) + (B-C) STEP 3 STEP 1 STEP 2 PERS Work out what is in the brackets Multiply the total from Step 1 by the class interval Add the lower limit of modal class to the total of Step 2. Mba Wit Universities fora Culture of Peace Calculating Mode [ marks - "STUDENTS Wea ia Unkle a Gare of ace Calculating Mode - Continuous Series 3/11/2013 4 Calculating Mode FARE NUMBER Merits of Mode co } * Not affected by extreme items * Can be determined in open-ended ~~ distributions * Can be used to describe qualitative phenomena. ».Can be determined graphically 3/11/2013 3/11/2013 Merits of Mode * Can be determined graphically AGE FREQUENCY | 10-20 “25 20-30 - 20 30-40 | 30 40-50 : 40 50-60 a ae

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