Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2023
The cement process is one of the industries where energy is consumed intensively. High levels the... more The cement process is one of the industries where energy is consumed intensively. High levels the amount of carbon dioxide emission reaches since the nature of the raw materials used in its production. At this point, using industrial wastes and by-products containing oxides such as calcium, silica, alumina, and iron oxides blended cement reduces energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, the effects of using ceramic sanitary ware waste (CSW) instead of clinker on the cement grinding stage were investigated. The grinding tests were carried out with clinker in a ball mill, according to grinding parameters as ball filling ratio, ball diameter, and grinding time by using Taguchi method for optimization of cement grinding condition. The reference and blended cements with CSW were determined compressive strength.
International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2022
The consumption of mobile phones is increasing day by day and the replacement speed is also accel... more The consumption of mobile phones is increasing day by day and the replacement speed is also accelerating. Thus, a lot of old mobile phones and their parts need to be processed. Mobile phones contain more than 40 elements and/or materials. This experimental study aims to establish the possibilities of recovering valuable metals from waste mobile phones by using acidic leaching. The process steps include dismantling of waste mobile phones, pre-processing to liberate the materials, and directing them to final treatment processes. Prior to leaching tests, the PCBs of waste mobile phone sample are chemically analyzed and its metal contents are found as 33.22% Cu, 9.42% Fe, 1.86% Zn, 2.77% Ni, 1.63% Al, 0.4% Pb, 0.02% Co, 0.14% Ag, and 251.2 ppm Au. In the leaching experiments, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids are used. In the sulfuric acid leaching experiments, effects of acid concentration, temperature, hydrogen peroxide addition, and leaching periods on metal dissolution efficiencies are investigated. Results are compared and discussed in relation to the types of acids. XRD analyses of feed material and leach residues are also carried out. As a result of this experimental study, 97.9% Fe leaching in 8 M H 2 SO 4 solutions, 89% Pb, 100% Ni, 90.4% Co, and 4.1% Cu leaching in 1M HNO 3 solutions, 100% Pb, and 100% Al leaching in 4 M HCl solutions in one hour are found. In conclusion, sequential leaching with different acids is recommended for the effective leaching of all metals.
Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi &c... more Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde süre, sıcaklık, oksijen kısmi basıncı, katı konsantrasyonu, asit konsantrasyonu ve katalizör olarak gümüş iyonları ilavesinin metal çözünme verimleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Optimum çözündürme koşulları 160°C sıcaklık, 0.4 M başlangıç H2SO4 konsantrasyonu, 20 bar oksijen kismi basıncı, 50 g/l katı konsantrasyonu ve 120 dak liç süresi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu koşullarda bakır %95, kobalt %70 ve çinko %97 verimle çözeltiye alınabilmiştir. Ortama az miktarda gümüş iyonları ilavesinin liç prosesini hızlandırıcı etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bakır çözünme kinetiği incelenmiş ve çözünme reaksiyonunun aktivasyon enerjisi 52,74 kJ/mol olarak bulunmuştur. Bu değer reaksiyonun difüzyon kontroll...
The hydrometallurgical route of zinc hydroxide and synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO is a particul... more The hydrometallurgical route of zinc hydroxide and synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO is a particularly attractive method to recover oxidized lead and zinc from lead-zinc flotation tailings. In Turkey, lead-zinc complex/mixed ores along with high iron content are not suitable for conventional mineral processing methods and need hydrometallurgical treatments. Therefore, the control of iron during zinc processes is really important. In this study, hydrometallurgical process route for zinc recovery from Pb-Zn flotation tailings was investigated by considering the effects of H2SO4 concentration, leaching and roasting temperatures on the zinc dissolution considering the Eh-pH variations. The iron and zinc products were also individually examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images in order to compare before and after leaching, precipitation and roasting steps. 83.1% Zn and 91.6% Cd leaching efficiencies were obtained from ...
Massive rich copper ore containing 7.95 % Cu, 2.13% Pb, 0.341 % Zn, 0.087 % Co, 0.039% Ni, 0.9 (g... more Massive rich copper ore containing 7.95 % Cu, 2.13% Pb, 0.341 % Zn, 0.087 % Co, 0.039% Ni, 0.9 (g/t) Au, 17 (g/t) Ag subjected to lhis experimental study was taken from Küre-Türkiye. Effects of leaching time, ferric ion concentration, solidlliquid ratio, acid concentration and temperature on lhe metal dissolution efíiciencies were investigated in bolh ferric chloride and ferric sulphate leaching processes. Optimum leaching conditions were determined and lhe results of these two processes have been compared. As a result of ferric chloride leaching experiments, carried out under lhe optimum leaching conditions, 76 % of Cu, 54.9 '?'o of Co, 93.4 % of Ni, 100 % of Pb, and 91.37% of Zn were leached . Under the optimum conditions of ferric sulphate leaching, 58.84 of Cu, 56.8 % of C o, 96 % of Ni, 97.2 % of Pb, 78.46 % of Zn leaching recoveries were obtained. According to tllese studies, ferric chloridc leaching gave better results in terms of metal leaching reco'4eries. Silve...
The recovery of copper and cobalt from ancient copper slags from the Küre region of Turkey was in... more The recovery of copper and cobalt from ancient copper slags from the Küre region of Turkey was investigated. A fayalitic-type of ancient copper slag containing 1.24% Cu, 0.53% Co and 53.16% Fe were subjected to an experimental study. Two different routes were followed to recover the metal values. The first route was roasting the slag with pyrite followed by leaching. The second route was flotation of the slags, roasting of the flotation tailings with pyrite and leaching. The second route was found to be suitable for the treatment of the copper slag studied. In the flotation step, a copper concentrate containing approximately 11% Cu was produced with a 77% recovery while 93% of the cobalt stayed in the tailings. In the roasting experiments, the effects of roasting time, pyriteislag ratio and roasting temperature on the dissolution efficiencies of Cu and Co were investigated, and the optimum conditions were determined. In the tests, 87% of the cobalt dissolution was observed after one...
Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde sü... more Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde süre, sıcaklık, oksijen kısmi basıncı, katı konsantrasyonu, asit konsantrasyonu ve katalizör olarak gümüş iyonları ilavesinin metal çözünme verimleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. ...
Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde sü... more Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde süre, sıcaklık, oksijen kısmi basıncı, katı konsantrasyonu, asit konsantrasyonu ve katalizör olarak gümüş iyonları ilavesinin metal çözünme verimleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. ...
Oxide lead–zinc ore sample containing 10.17% Pb, 10.98% Zn, 57g/t Ag and 164g/t Cd was subjected ... more Oxide lead–zinc ore sample containing 10.17% Pb, 10.98% Zn, 57g/t Ag and 164g/t Cd was subjected to this experimental study and taken from Kayseri located in the foothills of the Aladağ Mountains, Turkey. Preliminary flotation tests with the ore sample indicated that there was no selectivity in terms of zinc recovery; therefore studies were concentrated on producing lead concentrates. In the experiments, the effects of different parameters such as number of stages, amount of Na2S, amount of ZnSO4 and application of gravity concentration prior to flotation were investigated in relation to the metal contents of concentrates and flotation efficiencies. A lead concentrate with 65.42% Pb was produced with 77% recovery as a result of six stage flotation experiment carried out with 350g/t KAX, 250g/t Aero 407 and 4500g/t Na2S and 98.7% of zinc remained in the tailings with 12.23% Zn content. As a result of gravity concentration followed by flotation, a lead concentrate with an average Pb c...
A combination of semicoking followed by a permanent roll magnetic separator (PERMROLL) has been u... more A combination of semicoking followed by a permanent roll magnetic separator (PERMROLL) has been used for the upgrading of a Turkish low-rank lignitic coal. The lignite samples were subjected to a low temperature carbonization process at 600°C and then upgraded by the PERMROLL. Under optimum conditions, carbonization of lignite particles in −9 + 0.5 mm size range which contained 12.18 wt.%
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2023
The cement process is one of the industries where energy is consumed intensively. High levels the... more The cement process is one of the industries where energy is consumed intensively. High levels the amount of carbon dioxide emission reaches since the nature of the raw materials used in its production. At this point, using industrial wastes and by-products containing oxides such as calcium, silica, alumina, and iron oxides blended cement reduces energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, the effects of using ceramic sanitary ware waste (CSW) instead of clinker on the cement grinding stage were investigated. The grinding tests were carried out with clinker in a ball mill, according to grinding parameters as ball filling ratio, ball diameter, and grinding time by using Taguchi method for optimization of cement grinding condition. The reference and blended cements with CSW were determined compressive strength.
International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2022
The consumption of mobile phones is increasing day by day and the replacement speed is also accel... more The consumption of mobile phones is increasing day by day and the replacement speed is also accelerating. Thus, a lot of old mobile phones and their parts need to be processed. Mobile phones contain more than 40 elements and/or materials. This experimental study aims to establish the possibilities of recovering valuable metals from waste mobile phones by using acidic leaching. The process steps include dismantling of waste mobile phones, pre-processing to liberate the materials, and directing them to final treatment processes. Prior to leaching tests, the PCBs of waste mobile phone sample are chemically analyzed and its metal contents are found as 33.22% Cu, 9.42% Fe, 1.86% Zn, 2.77% Ni, 1.63% Al, 0.4% Pb, 0.02% Co, 0.14% Ag, and 251.2 ppm Au. In the leaching experiments, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids are used. In the sulfuric acid leaching experiments, effects of acid concentration, temperature, hydrogen peroxide addition, and leaching periods on metal dissolution efficiencies are investigated. Results are compared and discussed in relation to the types of acids. XRD analyses of feed material and leach residues are also carried out. As a result of this experimental study, 97.9% Fe leaching in 8 M H 2 SO 4 solutions, 89% Pb, 100% Ni, 90.4% Co, and 4.1% Cu leaching in 1M HNO 3 solutions, 100% Pb, and 100% Al leaching in 4 M HCl solutions in one hour are found. In conclusion, sequential leaching with different acids is recommended for the effective leaching of all metals.
Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi &c... more Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde süre, sıcaklık, oksijen kısmi basıncı, katı konsantrasyonu, asit konsantrasyonu ve katalizör olarak gümüş iyonları ilavesinin metal çözünme verimleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Optimum çözündürme koşulları 160°C sıcaklık, 0.4 M başlangıç H2SO4 konsantrasyonu, 20 bar oksijen kismi basıncı, 50 g/l katı konsantrasyonu ve 120 dak liç süresi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu koşullarda bakır %95, kobalt %70 ve çinko %97 verimle çözeltiye alınabilmiştir. Ortama az miktarda gümüş iyonları ilavesinin liç prosesini hızlandırıcı etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bakır çözünme kinetiği incelenmiş ve çözünme reaksiyonunun aktivasyon enerjisi 52,74 kJ/mol olarak bulunmuştur. Bu değer reaksiyonun difüzyon kontroll...
The hydrometallurgical route of zinc hydroxide and synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO is a particul... more The hydrometallurgical route of zinc hydroxide and synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO is a particularly attractive method to recover oxidized lead and zinc from lead-zinc flotation tailings. In Turkey, lead-zinc complex/mixed ores along with high iron content are not suitable for conventional mineral processing methods and need hydrometallurgical treatments. Therefore, the control of iron during zinc processes is really important. In this study, hydrometallurgical process route for zinc recovery from Pb-Zn flotation tailings was investigated by considering the effects of H2SO4 concentration, leaching and roasting temperatures on the zinc dissolution considering the Eh-pH variations. The iron and zinc products were also individually examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images in order to compare before and after leaching, precipitation and roasting steps. 83.1% Zn and 91.6% Cd leaching efficiencies were obtained from ...
Massive rich copper ore containing 7.95 % Cu, 2.13% Pb, 0.341 % Zn, 0.087 % Co, 0.039% Ni, 0.9 (g... more Massive rich copper ore containing 7.95 % Cu, 2.13% Pb, 0.341 % Zn, 0.087 % Co, 0.039% Ni, 0.9 (g/t) Au, 17 (g/t) Ag subjected to lhis experimental study was taken from Küre-Türkiye. Effects of leaching time, ferric ion concentration, solidlliquid ratio, acid concentration and temperature on lhe metal dissolution efíiciencies were investigated in bolh ferric chloride and ferric sulphate leaching processes. Optimum leaching conditions were determined and lhe results of these two processes have been compared. As a result of ferric chloride leaching experiments, carried out under lhe optimum leaching conditions, 76 % of Cu, 54.9 '?'o of Co, 93.4 % of Ni, 100 % of Pb, and 91.37% of Zn were leached . Under the optimum conditions of ferric sulphate leaching, 58.84 of Cu, 56.8 % of C o, 96 % of Ni, 97.2 % of Pb, 78.46 % of Zn leaching recoveries were obtained. According to tllese studies, ferric chloridc leaching gave better results in terms of metal leaching reco'4eries. Silve...
The recovery of copper and cobalt from ancient copper slags from the Küre region of Turkey was in... more The recovery of copper and cobalt from ancient copper slags from the Küre region of Turkey was investigated. A fayalitic-type of ancient copper slag containing 1.24% Cu, 0.53% Co and 53.16% Fe were subjected to an experimental study. Two different routes were followed to recover the metal values. The first route was roasting the slag with pyrite followed by leaching. The second route was flotation of the slags, roasting of the flotation tailings with pyrite and leaching. The second route was found to be suitable for the treatment of the copper slag studied. In the flotation step, a copper concentrate containing approximately 11% Cu was produced with a 77% recovery while 93% of the cobalt stayed in the tailings. In the roasting experiments, the effects of roasting time, pyriteislag ratio and roasting temperature on the dissolution efficiencies of Cu and Co were investigated, and the optimum conditions were determined. In the tests, 87% of the cobalt dissolution was observed after one...
Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde sü... more Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde süre, sıcaklık, oksijen kısmi basıncı, katı konsantrasyonu, asit konsantrasyonu ve katalizör olarak gümüş iyonları ilavesinin metal çözünme verimleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. ...
Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde sü... more Bu çalışmada, Küre masif zengin bakır cevherinin basınç altında liçi çalışılmıştır. Deneylerde süre, sıcaklık, oksijen kısmi basıncı, katı konsantrasyonu, asit konsantrasyonu ve katalizör olarak gümüş iyonları ilavesinin metal çözünme verimleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. ...
Oxide lead–zinc ore sample containing 10.17% Pb, 10.98% Zn, 57g/t Ag and 164g/t Cd was subjected ... more Oxide lead–zinc ore sample containing 10.17% Pb, 10.98% Zn, 57g/t Ag and 164g/t Cd was subjected to this experimental study and taken from Kayseri located in the foothills of the Aladağ Mountains, Turkey. Preliminary flotation tests with the ore sample indicated that there was no selectivity in terms of zinc recovery; therefore studies were concentrated on producing lead concentrates. In the experiments, the effects of different parameters such as number of stages, amount of Na2S, amount of ZnSO4 and application of gravity concentration prior to flotation were investigated in relation to the metal contents of concentrates and flotation efficiencies. A lead concentrate with 65.42% Pb was produced with 77% recovery as a result of six stage flotation experiment carried out with 350g/t KAX, 250g/t Aero 407 and 4500g/t Na2S and 98.7% of zinc remained in the tailings with 12.23% Zn content. As a result of gravity concentration followed by flotation, a lead concentrate with an average Pb c...
A combination of semicoking followed by a permanent roll magnetic separator (PERMROLL) has been u... more A combination of semicoking followed by a permanent roll magnetic separator (PERMROLL) has been used for the upgrading of a Turkish low-rank lignitic coal. The lignite samples were subjected to a low temperature carbonization process at 600°C and then upgraded by the PERMROLL. Under optimum conditions, carbonization of lignite particles in −9 + 0.5 mm size range which contained 12.18 wt.%
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