Anatomy

The variations of the arteries that develop from the mesonephric arteries -including renal, gonadal and suprarenal arteries -are common. Understanding the anatomy of the vascular variations of this region is essential for the clinicians to perform procedures such as renal transplantation, interventional radiologic procedures and renal vascular operations more safely and efficiently. In order to facilitate the clinical approaches, we present a male cadaver with bilateral double renal arteries accompanied with doubled right testicular arteries and a left testicular artery of high origin, and we discuss the surgical, radiologic and possible embryologic aspects. © IJAV. 2009; 2: 45-47.

The round ligament of liver is formed by obliteration of the umblical vein, which exists in embryological life. We report an unusual variation of the round ligament of liver. During routine dissections, we encountered an unusual structure over rectus abdominis sheath of a 63-year-old male cadaver. This structure was determined to be the round ligament of liver. This ligament was not only more superficial than it normally should be, but also in an unusual manner: it reached the liver's visceral surface after running on its way on the diaphragmatic surface of liver, thus the fissure for round ligament was not observed. Consequently this cadaver's liver was not divided into lobes on the visceral surface. The residual lumen of the round ligament of liver is important for umbilical vein catheterization. We conclude that this rare variation may be important for catheterization and abdominal surgical procedures. © IJAV. 2009; 2: 62-64.

Introduction ! Circumscribed chondral defects in the weight bearing zones of the knee or ankle joints, for example in sports injury or secondary to osteochondritis dissecans, are one of the most frequent causes leading to premature arthritis . In the past two decades, a succession of therapeutic procedures has been developed to treat such chondral lesions . Until now, a specific treatment leading to the regeneration of normal, functioning articular cartilage has not been identified . One operative procedure frequently performed for this problem is autologous transplantation of one or more cylindrical osteochondral grafts . Sites typically used for harvest of the grafts are the minimally-loaded portions of the lateral and/or medial femoral condyles, as well as the intercondylar notch . The advantage of this technique compared to other procedures is the secure fixation and quick bony consolidation of the graft, as well as the fact that exclusively mature hyaline cartilage is transplanted. Studies of this technique published to this point showing short-and middle-term results have cited an improvement of symptomatic complaints and improved joint function in approximately 60 -90 % of treated patients .

The pronator quadratus is the principal muscle responsible for pronation of forearm, helped by the pronator teres. To study the innervation of the pronator teres, eighteen forearms from a formol fixed corpses were dissected and the relationship of the median nerve to the pronator teres was examined. The elbow articular line was used as reference point. In all cases the most branches of the median nerve to the pronator teres began in the arm distal third part, whereas the most branches penetrated at the distal half of the forearm proximal third part (75% in right upper limb and 75.8% in left upper limb). The treatment of pronator syndrome could be making easier with the knowledge of the anatomical distribution of nerves.

We aimed to navigate the surgeon regarding the localization of the main anatomical structures at the anterior part of the ankle joint, in order to find easily the safest anatomical points with reference to the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN), in particular for anterolateral portal placement in ankle arthroscopy. Sixty-three ankles in 36 fresh cadavers were dissected. In all specimens we

We describe a case of infrarenal abdominal coarctation in a 44-year-old woman who presented with severe uncontrolled hypertension. She had no signs of lower limb ischemia with normal distal pulses. Electron beam tomography revealed abdominal aortic coarctation extending from the superior mesenteric artery to the inferior mesenteric artery with a diameter of 9 mm. Also, at the level of coarctation, the aortic branches including the renal arteries were in a serpentine shape.

Knowledge of the anatomy of the median nerve is important in surgery of the palmar aspect of the hand. The purpose of our study was to investigate the ramification pattern of the thenar branch before entering the thenar fascia and the distribution of the terminal branches in the thenar musculature. The observations were carried out on 144 hands of 74 dissecting room cadavers. According to the number of the thenar branches entering the thenar fascia we classified our specimens into four types. In 121 hands (84%, Group I) the thenar branch piercing the thenar fascia was a single trunk. In 19 hands (13.2%, Group II) two branches; in three (2.1%; Group III), three branches; and in one hand (0.7%; Group IV), four branches were identified entering the thenar fascia. Accessory thenar nerve was found in 8.3% of hands. The further division of each branch to its terminal branches was investigated in detail. Our results show that the more the number of thenar branches entering the thenar fascia, the less the terminal branching. Because more than one branch was seen in 16% of the specimens, meticulous dissection is required for preventing injury of the thenar branches before entering the thenar fascia.

The branching pattern of the ulnar nerve in the forearm is of great importance in anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve for decompression after neuropathy of cubital tunnel syndrom and malformations resulting from distal end fractures of the humerus. In this study, 37 formalin-fixed forearms were used to demonstrate the muscular branching patterns from the main ulnar nerve to the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) and ulnar part of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle (FDP). Eight branching patterns were found and classified into four groups according to the number of the muscular branches leaving the main ulnar nerve. Two (Group I) and three (Group II) branches left the main ulnar nerve in 18 and 17 forearms respectively. The remaining two specimens had four (Group III) and five (Group IV) branches each. Usually one or two branches were associated with the innervation of the FCU. However, in 2 cases, three and in one, four branches to FCU were observed. The FDP received a single branch in all cases, except in four, all of which had two branches. In six forearms, a common trunk was observed arising from the ulnar nerve to supply the FCU and FDP. The distribution of the muscular branches to the revealed muscles was outlined in figures and the distance of the origin of these branches from the interepicondylar line was measured in millimeters. The first muscular branch leaving the main ulnar nerve was the FCU-branch in all specimens. The terminal muscular branch of the ulnar nerve to the forearm muscles arose at the proximal 1/3 of the forearm in all specimens. In 7 forearms, Martin-Gruber anastomosis in form of median to ulnar was observed.

Successful physician-patient communication is very important in diagnosis and treatment processes. Understanding the facial reflections of emotions will contribute positively to this communication. To be able to manage doctor-patient communication well and to provide a good health care service, we think that medical faculty students and other health department students should be given communication skills training in their education life. The Facial Emotion Recognition Test was applied to 211 second grade students at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty before and after communication skills lesson. Before the test, seven different emotional face expressions (happy, surprised, fearful, sad, angry, disgusted and neutral) were introduced and 49 photos with facial expressions from different people were showed to each participant. Participants were asked to recognize facial emotion expressions. Pre-lesson, the highest mean accuracy rate of recognized facial emotion was "happy" while the lowest was "fear". The participants recognized "sad" and "fearful" emotions more accurately after the lesson. "Sad" and "fearful" emotions give information about some feelings of the patient. And being able to understand these feelings by the physicians make a good background for a good physician-doctor communication. Therefore, it is important to get communication skills training in terms of health care. Taking this education as a student can be quite effective.

Her alanda olduğu gibi tıp fakültelerinde de daha iyi bir eğitim için yeniliklere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu yenilikler daha çok kullanılan eğitim materyallerinde ve yöntemlerinde kendini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada anatomi gibi anlaşılması zor olabilen derslerde görsel ve farklı eğitim materyalleri ve yöntemleri kullanmanın öğrenmeye etkisini saptamak amaçlanmıştır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi'nde 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılında topografik anatomi uygulama derslerinde diğer kurul uygulama derslerinden farklı olarak resimli çalışma föyleri, çalışma yönergesi içeren dokümanlar, video görüntüleri kullanılmış, uygulama derslerinde kısa sınavlar ve öğrencilerle birlikte ders sonrası diseksiyonlar yapılmıştır. Kullanılan farklı eğitim materyallerinin ve yöntemlerinin öğretme ve öğrenmeye olan katkısını öğrenmek, öğrencilerin ihtiyaçlarını daha çok fark edebilmek için 106 öğrencinin katıldığı bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Alınan geri bildirimlerle iyi olanın devam ettirilmesi, eksiklerin giderilmesi amacıyla da yeni öğretim şekillerinin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir.

BACKGROUND: Temporal, spatial and affected ankle kinematic gait parameters of adults with hemiplegia are significantly different from the normal able-bodied population. Enabling hemiplegic patients to walk is a major goal of rehabilitation programs. Taping of the plegic ankle could be utilized by therapists as external support of the ankle to improve foot position and placement during gait rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE - The purpose of the study was to describe the immediate effect of neutral ankle taping on temporal spatial gait parameters and ankle joint kinematics of the affected ankle in ambulant adult hemiplegic patients. METHODS - A clinical trial using a crossover randomized testing order was conducted on a convenient sample of ten ambulant hemiplegic patients at the Physiotherapy and Motion Analysis Clinic, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa. The affected ankle joint was taped in a neutral talocrural dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion and neutral hindfoot inversion/ eversion position using rigid adhesive tape (5 cm). The gait parameters were analysed according to the Plug-In Gait Model using a motion analysis system (Vicon Nexus 1.1.7; Vicon Motion System Limited, Oxford, UK). The analyses were repeated six times for each testing condition and the average values were used for further analysis. The data were analyzed using Least Square Means tests and post hoc Fisher (Least Significant Difference) LSD multiple comparison tests to determine the significant differences at 95% confidence level. RESULTS - The main results of the study indicate that taping of the affected ankle joint in a neutral position does not significantly improve (p>0.5) temporal spatial gait parameters and ankle joint kinematics in ambulant adult hemiplegic patients. The following positive trends were however found and need to be further explored in larger homogeneous study samples: ankle taping of ambulant adult hemiplegic patients has limited benefits on selected temporal parameters as ankle taping could potentially improve cadence. Ankle taping could decrease plantarflexion of the plegic leg at initial contact. CONCLUSIONS - A systematic review revealed no conclusive evidence either to support or refute the beneficial effects of ankle taping on gait parameters of ambulant adult hemiplegic patients. Ankle taping of ambulant adult hemiplegic patients has potential clinical benefits on temporal, spatial and affected ankle kinematics, gait cadence and affected leg swing and stance duration.

By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification."

Rapid development of anesthetic techniques of thoracic paravertebral block required to redefine anatomical landmarks of the inferior lumbar (Petit) triangle (ILT). Anesthesiologists are mainly interested in the ILT to perform the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block. The aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information of the ILT to improve the success of TAP block. Descriptional anatomy of ILTs such as dimensions, space, area, and types was analyzed in 25 preserved adult male cadavers. The ILT was identified in 100% out of all explored cadavers' lumbar regions. The predominant triangle was the acute-angled shaped (46%). The ILT in terms of the surface area was classified into four distinct types: Type I with a surface area <8 cmwas identified in 50%. Type II or intermediate triangles with a surface area of 8-12 cmwere detected in 36%. Type III or large triangles with a surface area >12 cmwere found in 14%. Type 0 or no triangle did not exhibit a triangle. For...

As buttocks region is one of the most characteristic features of the ideal female body figure, the popularity of gluteal region contouring is on the rise. Perception of body form is influenced by its shape and size. Interventions to modify the form of this region are often difficult due to influence. The aim of this study is to investigate the attractiveness of various buttock shapes with the aid of a dedicated software. Standard personal photographs of the lower body were obtained from 200 healthy volunteers. Linear analyses were made and anatomical perception was calculated according to reference points. Compared to males, all measurements concerning buttock dimensions were a significantly greater in females. Proportional assessments revealed that in females, the most attractive buttock waist-to-hip ratio was 0.75 from the posterior view. This ratio was 0.85 in males. From the lateral view, the most attractive buttocks have a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.70 in females. Positioning of t...

Compression of the femoral nerve (FN) to the iliac fossa has been reported as a consequence of several pathologies as well as due to the aberrant muscles. The purpose of this research was to investigate the patterns of the accessory muscles of iliopsoas muscles and the relationship of the FN in fifty semi pelvis. Accessory muscular slips from iliacus and psoas, piercing or covering the FN, were found in 19 specimens (7.9%). Based on the macroscopic structure, the muscle was categorized into two types. Pattern 1 as the more frequent variation, was sheet muscular type covering the FN (17 specimens, 89.5%). Pattern 2, the less frequent variation was found on a muscular slip covering the FN (2 specimens, 10.5%). Iliac and psoas muscles and their variants on both types were defined. Appraising the relation between the muscle and the nerves, each disposition of the patterns may be a potential risk for nerve entrapment. The knowledge about the possible variations of the iliopsoas muscle complex and the FN may also give surgeons confidence during pelvic surgery. Recognition of these variations in normal anatomy may be useful to the clinicians when treating patients with refractory leg pain.

His life Gabriele Falloppio, one of the most precious anatomists of the sixteenth century, was born in 1523 in Modena, Italy, with the better-known Latin name "Fallopius" (Fig. 1). His father, Geronimo Falloppio, died of syphilis when Gabriele Falloppio was only 10 years old. Falloppio, who was in financial difficulty following his father's death, joined the clergy at the church and became a priest at the age of 19 [1-3]. Later, as his financial position improved, he began studying medicine in Modena under the direction of Niccolo Machella. Meanwhile, he performed dissections on the cadavers of executed criminals [3, 4]. As a result, he moved to Ferrara due to study medicine at the University of Ferrara, which is regarded as one of the best medical schools in Europe. He graduated in 1548 after studying under the supervision of the expert doctor and botanist Antonio Brassavola [5]. At the age of 25, he was honored as a head of anatomy at the University of Pisa by Cosimo de Medici, Duke of Florence, and maintained that position until 1551. During his time in Pisa, he specialized not only in anatomy but also in chemistry and botany [3, 5]. It is also known that Falloppio also performed vivisection during these years [3]. In 1551, he was honored by the Venetian Senate as professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Botany at the University of Padua. He remained in this position for the rest of his life. His superior dissection abilities and powers of observation contributed to his career as an anatomist. Falloppio, a wellknown physician, was the doctor of numerous aristocratic figures, including the pope's brother [1]. Falloppio died in Padua on October 9, 1563, at the age of 40. The cause of his death was probably tuberculosis [1, 3]. Career and achievements In 1561, Falloppio published his book Observationes Anatomicae in Venice (Fig. 2 and Cover). This was the only book that was published during his lifetime. This publication, which did not include any illustrations or figures, had

, in Imola, Italy (Fig. 1) [1]. Pompeo Pini, a jeweler, was his father, and Catarina Tosi was his mother [2]. The name Valsalva, on the other hand, originated from the place where his grandfather's family home was located. Valvalsa grew up in an upper-middle class family. At the age of 43, he married Elena Lisi, the 17-year-old daughter of a noble Bologna senator. They had six children, half of whom died in childhood. Valsalva died of apoplexy in Bologna on February 2, 1723, at the age of 57 [3]. As a child, he was sent to a Jesuite school to study the humanities, mathematics, and natural sciences [1, 3]. Interested in anatomy and physiology, Valsalva continued his education at the University of Bologna and graduated at the age of 21 [2]. At this University, he was a student of Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), known as the discoverer of microscopic anatomy [1]. By the time he graduated, a plague epidemic in Bologna spread throughout the city. Therefore, as soon as he graduated, he was appointed as an inspector of public health services in Bologna. While performing this duty, he treated many important people, including the governor of the city, with his clever clinical judgment [1, 3]. Afterwards, the academic community appreciated his achievements and declared him Professor of Anatomy, and he became * Gkionoul Nteli Chatzioglou

The Monro family has served 126 years as chair of anatomy at Edinburgh University for three generations [1]. Alexander Monro secundus (Fig. 1a), together with his father and son (Alexander Monro primus (Fig. 1b), Alexander Monro tertius (Fig. 1c)), has made Edinburgh University an internationally important center for medical learning [2].