Management Sciences

ABSTRACT- Globalization has been dominating in the most part of the world and the countries have opened their markets to take its benefits. But after 15 years of globalization, some countries are feeling pains due high rate of unemployment, stagnant wage rate, racial conflict and development of anti-globalization sentiment. The British decision to quit European Union and the success of Donald Trump in US election are the two important events in this respect. The objective of this paper is to analyze post-Brixit and Post-US election scenario and likely effects of these events on the world politics and economy. Another objective is to study whether anti-globalization sentiment is developing due to inherent weakness of capitalism or international trade. For this purpose, we have intended to investigate the causes of Brixit protectionist election-manifesto of US president-elect, Donald Trump and analyze rapidly changing political and economic scenario of the world so that we will be able to draw the results whether the world is moving from globalization to protectionism. Donald Trump has announced to impose 45% tariffs on imports from China, deport 13 million illegal immigrants, scrap free trade agreements signed during Obama’s period, and cancel nuclear deal with Iran, renegotiate with terms and conditions of World Trade Organization (WTO) and the expenditure of NATO alliance. We surmise if it happens it will cause an open trade war among the United States and European Union as well as among China and Western countries. Similarly, geo-strategic scenario of the world will also be changed because Japan, Germany and South Korea will have to build their military arsenals to counter impending threats from their rival countries as US military protection will not be available to them.

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to analyze the exchange rate volatility and its impact on Pakistan’s economy. We used time series data in this study for the period 1970-2014 and it was collected from Economic Survey of Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, World Bank and IMF databases. The variables selected for this study include: Real Exchange Rate, Imports, Exports, FDI, GDP, Inflation, Government Spending, money supply and Foreign Reserves.  To draw the results, firstly, ADF test was applied on data to check the stationarity problem. Then Co-Integration technique was applied to check whether the variables had long term sustained relationship or not by using simple Least Square Method. Data of 45 entries showed that real Exchange Rate Volatility has positive relationship with Exports, GDP and FDI, while it has negative relationship with imports, foreign reserves, Government spending, inflation and money supply. In the light of results, we recommend that Pakistan should expand its trade with middle income developing countries while using its own currency to avoid uncertainty in Exchange Rates and also provide required fiscal and other incentives to boost its exports.

ABSTRACT-The main aim of this research paper is to analyze and explore Totalitarianism and its heinous impacts on any society. The other purpose of research paper is to take a deep look at Marxism with its history, principles and ideologies. The next target is exploring the terms utopia and dystopia and their creation. The next important aim of this research paper is to interlink all these terms; Totalitarianism, Marxism and Dystopia. One causes the other. The purpose of main study is the impacts of totalitarianism and Marxism towards the creation of dystopia. George Orwell’s selected fictions include Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Both of these novels fulfill the above mentioned themes and for the first time all these themes will be connected and analyzed according to these two master pieces. Totalitarianism is a form of tyrant government in which a dictator rules the country according to his own wish and desire. History is full of such totalitarian leaders. The current research paper describes the history of the Totalitarianism and totalitarian dictators. The next resort is Marxism which is work of Karl Marx and he openly described themes, principles and ideologies of Marxism. Marxist study is embellished with capitalism in which a ruler or the upper class works to get control of the economy while exploiting the lower class. The dangerous impact of totalitarianism and capitalism is that it generates dystopian society and George Orwell’s novels are perfect choice for this research paper.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of different factors such as tough competition, lack of credit availability, lack of fiscal incentives, technological change, rising costs and customer's satisfaction on small entrepreneurial firms. Another objective is to investigate how small entrepreneurial firms are operating in competitive environment without support and financial incentive from the government. This study is quantitative, in which we used primary data collected from 200 owners of small entrepreneurial firms operating in Multan city of Pakistan through a structured questionnaire. Five points Likert Scale was used to measure the attitude of respondents. The questionnaires were filled during face-to-face interview with the respondents. The sampling population was small entrepreneurial firms operating in Multan City, which is one of the biggest city of Pakistan, having population of about 1.8 million. The findings of our study show that Banks are reluctant to lend loans to small entrepreneurial firms having weak financial position. Another factor noted during the study was the location that plays important role because good location provides opportunity for accessibility and parking. It becomes easy for owner to access customers, suppliers and employees. Lack of required capital is another factor that prevent small entrepreneurial firms from using latest technology and improve the quality of products. The level of productivity of small entrepreneurial firms is also low because of the shortage of energy and unscheduled load shedding. It is, therefore, recommended that the government should provide tax incentives, infrastructure, loans to small entrepreneurial firms at low interest rate so that they can use latest technology, and improve quality of their products. This study has practical implications because the sampling entrepreneurial firms have been facing the same problems as the small entrepreneurial firms are facing in other developing countries. The results of this study can easily be generalized and the researchers and policy makers of other countries can take benefit from them. It is the first study conducted on small entrepreneurial firms operating in Multan city of Pakistan.

The present study investigates the impact of agriculture productivity on economic growth. The secondary source of data covering the time series period 1972 to 2012 is employed. We have used the auto regressive distributed lags method (ARDL) to estimate the economic growth. Different variables are used such as real gross domestic production per capita gross capital formation, employed labor force, inflation rate, trade, openness, agriculture value added. The inflation rate has negative effect on economic growth while all other variables are positively related to economic growth. The study concludes that big share of agriculture contribute more in economic growth and suggest that government should enhance employed labor force by increasing the higher education in both agriculture and industrial sector.

Change management is one of the most popular topics not only in business, but also in academics and practitioners. However, from previous research development in change management, the limiting conditions that applies to the two competing paradigms call for more empirical investigations in different organizational contexts. The objective of this paper is investigate into the change management to make it clear that both content and process dimensions of change should be evaluated, and their separate effects need to be distinguished. For this purpose, we have selected banking sector of Pakistan, which is fast growing segment of the economy and is facing problem of change management. We have used descriptive method for analyzing the financial conditions of the banks and the factors that provide base for change management. We have selected six variables that affect the financial performance of these banks. We have also analyzed 16 factors that mostly affect the implementation of change in organization. We have transformed these factors into questions and explored their answers by having face-to-face interviews of professionals of different cadres of selected banks. We have used the arithmetic mean to analyze this data in order to support the results of our descriptive study. The empirical results show that culture of an organization, working condition, structure of an organization, support from top management, good communication, feedback and efficient planning, play vital role in the implementation of change management in an organization and it also affects the performance of the organization. More than 73 percent of respondents were agreed that if the employees are not satisfied with the working environment it will cause negative change and consequently will affect

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of 2008 financial crisis on the economies, societies, health and political systems of advanced countries and problems originated from this crisis. For this purpose, first we focused on macroeconomic variables to measure the impact on the economies of advanced countries. Then we have studies microeconomic variables to measure the impact of this crisis on the behavior of the citizens of advanced countries. Our study found that this crisis has created a wave of unrest among the middle and low income segments of society, widen social gap, generated sense of security. The people perceived the existing political system or globalization as unviable mechanism and voted against the concepts of open markets, free trade and free mobility of labour and capital in the British referendum and US Presidential election. The environment produced as a result of this crisis has posed serious threat to traditional political, economic and strategic alliances and the leaders and people start thinking about their well-being and prosperity rather than the whole world. It will likely to cause trade war among big power and shift in their political, economic and strategic policies, out study concluded.

Female education is necessary for the growth of the economy and having a remarkable effect on the reduction of poverty, raising level of income, and reducing unemployment from the backward areas of Pakistan. The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of rural women education on household welfare in the area of District Rahim Yar Khan. For this purpose, we developed a questionnaire to collect primary data from a sample of 320 women having age from 18 to 70 years living in district Rahim Yar Khan. The sample was taken randomly and the questionnaire was filled through field survey. The results show that educated female involvement in household affairs enhanced the welfare as well as reduce poverty level at micro level due to increase in family income. The evidence shows that education level must be increased among the women in order to reduce poverty. Policy implications of this study is that the role of women should be enhanced in the economic activities to accelerate national income because the population of women is more than 50 percent and increase their participation rate in economic activities will not only increase level of output but also raise per capita income as well as raise living standard.

The objective of this paper is to compare the Grammar Translation Method (GTM) and Direct Method (DM) and to determine which method is most effective for teaching English language at secondary level. For this purpose, we took 35 secondary schools of District Khanewal and randomly selected 200 English teachers as a sample of this study. We collected data from sampling population through a structured questionnaire. Our results show that mostly teachers use GTM method during teaching of English language due its convenience and time saving. It is useful for large classes and meet the demand of examination. In contrast, Direct Method is difficult to use because it needs trained and skilled teachers. However, it develops fluency and improve pronunciation. However, we conclude that no single method of teaching English as a foreign language could guarantee to achieve hundred percent results.

With the development of mobile technologies, mobile services have become an essential part of people's lives and the general public. After an ample research a series of advance experimentation and development, the mobile technology emerged and enter into more advance 3G period. This study aims to investigate Pakistani consumers' approach towards the existing mobile services and classify the factors affecting their preferences towards 3G acceptance. With a view to accomplish this the study suggested an extended TAM model for checking consumers' behavior towards 3G mobile services. Furthermore, the survey methodology was espoused for data collection through a closed type questionnaire. After the data analysis and discussion, the results show that the convenience, price, service quality, selfefficacy and value are the factors affecting consumers' acceptance in the presence of a moderator that is perceived usefulness.

This study was conducted on the Islamic banking scenario in Pakistan. The objectives of this paper were to review the distinctive concepts of Islamic banking and to analyze its customer satisfaction and also to evaluate the current practice and performances of the Islamic banks. The sample size was 200 taken from five full-fledged Islamic banks operating in Multan city by using judgmental sampling method. Judgmental sampling was used here because population size is small. All respondents were male. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire. The statistical procedure was carried out through SPSS Software; descriptive statistics. The results show that majority of the respondents prefer Islamic banking due to their religious faith. The author suggested that the Islamic banks should improve their total assets and the profitability.

The objective of the study is to measure the impact of empowerment, reward system and self-esteem on employees' creativity. Self-determination and creative process engagement is taken as the mediating variables of the study. A questionnaire was developed for collection of data while a sample of 300 persons were taken randomly. The data was analyzed through the SPSS (20.0) software. Different analytical techniques such as descriptive statistics, cross tabulations and Chisquare test were used to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

The present research study aimed at to investigate the causes of low achievement in English at elementary level in District Vehari, Pakistan. In this study effort was made to collect information about the causes which effect the students' achievement and provide the guide line for the educationists to improve the educational system. The study was a survey type of study. The data was collected from urban and rural, government and private elementary school students through personal visit. Total number of schools was 10 and total number of students was 200. 20 students were selected from each school. To identify the causes' data was collected by random sampling techniques by using questionnaire as data collection tool. The questionnaire contains 20 items. The questions were asked about the causes of low achievement in English language learning. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed with the help of percentage formula.

The objective of this study was to compare the extent of poverty in Central and Southern Punjab, Pakistan. From the list of all districts of Central and Southern Punjab, district Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and distict Dera Ghazi Khan (DGK) were selected randomly as representative of Central and Souther Punjab respectively. Data was collected in 2011-12. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. The results of the demographic analysis showed that labour class was higher in DGK (43%) while dependency ratio was estimated for TTS (135.12%) as compared to DGK (132.78). Literacy rate was observed higher (73.28%) in Central Punjab while 59.11% was found in district DGK. Houses with permanent structure were higher (40%) in TTS as compared to 12% in DGK. The ownership of other assets revealed that tractors, car/scooter, refrigerator and televisions were owned more in TTS due to their better economic conditions. Data further showed that participation of women in family income was found as 67 in district D. G. Khan which is higher than 45 in TTS. Further analysis revealed that in the district of DGK majority of households (43.7%) have their own cultivated lands. The use of tractors and implements is more in deistrict DGK as compared to TTS. About 66% farmers in district TTS use certified seeds while it is 42% in district DGK. As for as food security is concerned, district TTS was found more food securied due to more average income. . The study concludes that incidence of poverty is higher in Southern Punjab relative to Central Punjab as shown by various indicators. ______________________________________________________________________________

We conducted this study to evaluate financial performance of the Islamic and Conventional banks operating in Pakistan. The major objective of this study was to present picture of Islamic and conventional banks before the investors, depositors, shareholders, bank managers and regulatory bodies. The required data was collected from financial statements and annual reports of Islamic and conventional banks for the year, 2012-2013. We used CAMEL techniques to analyze the financial performance of Islamic and conventional banks. We also used t-test to find out P-value.

There are two basic purposes to conduct this study in D.G Khan area i.e. to evaluate the methodology for teaching English language at secondary level in government school and to take the perspective from the students about the present teaching methodology of their teachers. For this purpose, we have selected six out of nine government secondary schools of both girls and boys three from each. We have used simple random sampling technique for the collection of data and used inferential, descriptive and one tailed test for the analysis of the data. Total 300 students of both girls and boys Schools are included in the sample and thirty teachers at secondary level are included. Two questionnaires: one for teachers and the other for students were developed for data collection. These questionnaires were distributed personally along with the permission letter so that we do not face any kind of difficulty for collecting data. Results were analyzed SPSS software.

The objective of this study is to carry out a comparison between working and non-working female consumers. This is a quantitative study in which we collected data from different cities of Pakistan through a structured questionnaire. The random sample of study was 300 working and non-working women. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were applied to analyze the data while SPSS (2.0) software was used to draw the results. During the study we found that the working women are more fashion conscious than non-working women but there is not a significant difference among them. It was also noted that both groups of women obtain information about fashion and adaptation from different sources. However, they prefer and desire to be in nice apparels, which make them attractive and good-looking, the study conclude.