International Journal of Health Sciences and Research
Background: Despite significant advancements in the medical field, the health status of India'... more Background: Despite significant advancements in the medical field, the health status of India's tribal population remains a concern, which was equally prevalent 25 years ago. Tribes still face numerous health issues, including malaria, infections, sickle-cell anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. Hence, this study tried to examine the morbidity status and treatment seeking behaviors of tribal communities. Method and Material: A primary survey was conducted among 300 rural tribal households in Bijadandi block in the Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. The purposive sampling was applied to select the household for collecting information on morbidity treatment history, place of treatment and reasons for not treating. For this study a structured interview schedule was used in the studied field. The primary survey was conducted from August to November 2019. Result: The study found that nearly three-fifths had suffered from morbidities within the last 365 days prior to the survey which...
Keeping in view the concept of agglomeration economies and the New Economic Geography (NEG) angle... more Keeping in view the concept of agglomeration economies and the New Economic Geography (NEG) angle, this paper makes an attempt to examine the rural to urban population movement at the district level in India. The findings do not favour a strong positive association between levels of urbanization and migration rates. However, there exists a cluster of districts which are able to attract migrants on a large scale in spite of being already urbanized. The work participation rate, share of services and construction work, and literacy rate all form parts of this positive nexus, indicating that opportunities exist with increased levels of urbanization which in turn prompt people to migrate. The positive spill-over effects of higher levels of urbanization are not limited to the urban spaces only as the adjoining rural areas also seem to have undergone a significant transformation. The land use pattern and activities are changing and some of the developmental impact is evident. However, t...
The study examined effect of domestic violence (DV) on pregnancy intendedness among pregnant wome... more The study examined effect of domestic violence (DV) on pregnancy intendedness among pregnant women across geographical regions in India. Using fourth wave of National Family Health Survey data, the study is confined to experience of physical/sexual violence within 12 months preceding the survey. Close to 6% of the women were found pregnant with high in the central region. Among them, 12% were having unintended pregnancy (UIP), with highest in the central (17.4%) region. UIP found 7% higher among victims of DV compared to those who did not face it (11%). Significantly, regional variation is much persisting as the regions having high prevalence of DV are also at an increased risk of UIP which hampers the notion of dignified reproductive rights. This needs region-specific policy and programme. Study push for interventions on minimising DV and reducing burden of high UIP in regions of India.
This study is on caste inequality in child health outcomes: mortality, malnutrition and anaemia f... more This study is on caste inequality in child health outcomes: mortality, malnutrition and anaemia for the year 1998/99 to year 2019/21 and examines the association of socio-economic factors with outcomes. Disparity ratio (DR) and Concentration Index (CI) are computed to examine inequality in outcomes. The association of socio-economic factors was modelled using logit regression. The study finds marginalised group were more likely to have poor health outcomes. The disparity ratio found increased among SC and ST compared to Others during 1998-99 and 2019-21. The value of the concentration index was found high on U5MR among SC and ST. Among SC and ST, the child health outcome greatly varies for poorest and richest. Odds ratio is 40-60 per cent higher for SC and ST compared to children belonging to Others. On socio-economic factors; land ownership and wealth status contribute significantly but house ownership not so. Caste-based inequality is still impacting health and nutrition of childr...
In this paper, we use the endogenous growth model to build production function and utility functi... more In this paper, we use the endogenous growth model to build production function and utility function, By solving it, we concludes that when the government stable tax policy has been implemented, low carbon consumers have a unique optimal capital stock path, along this path it can promote the steady and optimal economic growth, we also discuss the tax policy influence on low carbon economic growth under the condition of market equilibrium, and get know how to adjust the tax rate to achieve the optimal low-carbon economic growth.
Epidemiological transition other than demographic transition is a universal phenomenon across the... more Epidemiological transition other than demographic transition is a universal phenomenon across the countries and India is no exception. Reduced mortality at early age and increasing longevity has shifted the leading cause of death from communicable diseases (CDs) to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Even as NCDs and other ailments take centre stage, the unfinished agenda of communicable diseases needs attention. Further, there is a possibility that this change in increasing NCDs has not occurred equally across social and ethnic lines in the country. The changing disease pattern is also associated with increasing healthcare costs; although there may be variation across social and economic lines. The economic consequences of changing pattern of diseases put an additional burden on households and families both directly and indirectly with loss of household income, out of pocket expenditure, and burden of distress financing (Mclntyre et al, 2006). The economic burden increases when services are not available or provided by government forcing them to either seek treatment from private health facilities or remain untreated. This economic burden of health care on patients is greatly affected by the social groups to which they belong.
An overwhelming majority (above two-third) of India’s population particularly those resident in v... more An overwhelming majority (above two-third) of India’s population particularly those resident in villages have not performed adequately to move up the ladder of human development Indicators. However, many villages in rural India are better developed while others lag behind in terms of development indicators. Infrastructural development of a village or community has a direct bearing on its degree of human development. In the context, the study tries to examine the level of neighbourhood development and their linkages with caste group disparity in rural India using IHDS: 2004-05 data. Based on selected infrastructural indicators such as communication & services, educational and health institutions, level of neighbourhood development is measured taking village as a unit of analysis. Further, employing factor analysis techniques, composite index of neighbourhood development is constructed. Results of the study reveal that 27 percent villages or neighbourhoods are highly developed, 52 per...
This Working paper is focused on illness prevalence as well as curative care for children under a... more This Working paper is focused on illness prevalence as well as curative care for children under age of five years across different social groups in rural India, and India human development survey (IHDS) data is used to study these aspects. To capture differentials in illness, different demographic, HH economic and sanitation & hygiene indicators have been included whereas, for curative care, structural component of health care delivery is added. This was done mainly due to the fact that SC and ST are poor on both health outcome and also in accessing healthcare services. Univeriate and bivariate analysis have been used for estimation of IPR and their pattern across the social groups. Odds ratio estimates of Multinomial logistic regression has been used to observe differential in illness and curative care across the caste/social groups. The study reveals that social group having poor socio economic development level are poorly performing on reporting of morbidity/illness as well as on...
The level of infant and under-five mortality is high among scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled t... more The level of infant and under-five mortality is high among scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs) in India. This study intends to quantify the contribution of education in explaining the gap in infant and under-five mortality between SCs/STs and non-SC/ST population in India with a special focus on the effect of maternal education. We used data from three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS): 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06. The synthetic cohort probability approach using full birth histories was used to estimate childhood mortality. We performed binary logistic regression analysis to examine the association of infant mortality (IM) and under-five mortality (U5M) with maternal education and selected other covariates. Further, we applied Fairlie's decomposition technique to understand the relative contribution of maternal education and other covariates on IM and U5M risk between the caste groups. The IM rate (IMR) among children born to illiterate mothers is about 3 times higher than those born to mothers with higher education across all caste groups. Similarly, the U5M rate (U5MR) is 5 times higher among ST population and 3 times higher among SC population during the 14-year observation period (1992-2006). The proportions of secondary and higher educated SC and ST mothers are relatively lower than among non-SC/ST mothers. The regression analysis shows that mother's education has a statistically significant effect on reducing IM and U5M. A number of socioeconomic covariates are found associated with IM and U5M; such as father's education, mother's age at first birth, mother's work status, household wealth, exposure to media and socioeconomic empowerment of the mother. A decomposition analysis shows that more than 90 percent of the gap in IM and U5M between social groups is explained by the differences in the distribution of maternal education and household wealth. The findings of this study emphasise the need to provide education to disadvantaged girls and health counselling to women, particularly among SC/STs with more focus on backward regions or states, to further reduce IM and U5M in India.
This study examined the level of unintended pregnancy among young Indian women and their covariat... more This study examined the level of unintended pregnancy among young Indian women and their covariate using demographic and health survey data for India collected in 2005-2006 i.e, NFHS-3. The respondents were married young women aged between 15-24 years (N=19,724) who answered questions regarding their status pregnancy. Bivariate analysis was done using chi square test for significance. Factors and correlates were modelled using binary logit regression at 5 percent significance level. 17 percent young women were found currently pregnant and 22 percent (4,046 women) were conceived unintendedly. The number of surviving children, fertility preference, and spousal desire for children, elevates unintended pregnancy. Sexual violence increases the risk and burden of unintended pregnancy (p<0.05) among young women in the country. The study concludes that non-socioeconomic factors particularly sexual violence contributes to unintended pregnancy in India, requiring strong intervention and community participation to advance women empowerment, age at marriage and stop threat of violence to accelerate the goal of sustainable development goals.
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is mu... more The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is much poor than expected, especially their status of health. They report the highest mortality and malnutrition, low level of obstetric care, and are also among the poorest users of healthcare services in the country. This study examines the prevalence of acute and chronic morbidities and treatment-seeking behaviour among the ST in India. Second wave of India Human Development Survey (IHDS-2) data, 2011–2012, has been used in the study. Considering that culture and religion shape the demographic and health outcomes of people, this article has tried to seek a deeper understanding on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour by categorising the ST into four tribo-religious groups: namely, Hindu ST, Christian ST, Indigenous ST and the rest along ethnicity and religion lines. The study found evidence of an early epidemiologic transition in tribal areas and associated increase in the incidence of c...
Objective: Although under-five mortality (U5M) is declining in India, it is still high in a few s... more Objective: Although under-five mortality (U5M) is declining in India, it is still high in a few selected states and among the scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) population of the country. This study re-examines the association between castes and U5M in high focus Indian states following the implementation of the country's National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) program. In addition, we aim to quantify the contribution of socioeconomic determinants in explaining the gap in U5M between the SC/ST population and non-SC/ST population in high focus states in India. Data and method: Using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we calculated the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) by applying a synthetic cohort probability approach. We applied a binary logistic regression model to examine the association of U5M with the selected covariates. Further, we used Fairlie's decomposition technique to understand the relative contribution of socioeconomic variables on U5M r...
Morbidity and Treatment-seeking Behaviour Among Scheduled Tribe in India: A Cross-sectional Study, 2019
Abstract
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indica... more Abstract
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is much poor than expected, especially their status of health. They report the highest mortality and malnutrition, low level of obstetric care, and are also among the poorest users of healthcare services in the country. This study examines the prevalence of acute and chronic morbidities and treatment-seeking behaviour among the ST in India. Second wave of India Human Development Survey (IHDS-2) data, 2011–2012, has been used in the study. Considering that culture and religion shape the demographic and health outcomes of people, this article has tried to seek a deeper understanding on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour by categorising the ST into four tribo-religious groups: namely, Hindu ST, Christian ST, Indigenous ST and the rest along ethnicity and religion lines. The study found evidence of an early epidemiologic transition in tribal areas and associated increase in the incidence of chronic and lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma. Other emerging concerns are prevalence of high untreated morbidity, dependence on private healthcare providers and increasing dependence on pharmacists among the ST.
Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, Vol.3(1&2), 2017
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenge... more This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenges in health services utilisation across the social groups in India. The study focuses on social disparity and differentials because marginalized groups, especially SC and ST are poorly developed and run high risk of poor health and low healthcare services utilisation. National Sample Survey data on social consumption on health collected during 2014 is used in the study. Univariate and bivariate method is used to understand the nature and distribution of health indicator i.e, morbidity (communicable and non-communicable diseases) across the social groups. Finally, binary logit regression has been applied to examine factors associated with seeking treatment and distress financing for seeking treatment. The reference period for the study was seeking treatment for an ailment during the fortnight preceding the survey. The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’ The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study. Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenge... more This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenges in health services utilisation across the social groups in India. The study focuses on social disparity and differentials because marginalized groups, especially SC and ST are poorly developed and run high risk of poor health and low healthcare services utilisation. National Sample Survey data on social consumption on health collected during 2014 is used in the study. Univariate and bivariate method is used to understand the nature and distribution of health indicator i.e, morbidity (communicable and non-communicable diseases) across the social groups. Finally, binary logit regression has been applied to examine factors associated with seeking treatment and distress financing for seeking treatment. The reference period for the study was seeking treatment for an ailment during the fortnight preceding the survey. The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’ The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study. Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH
Infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare disorder characterized by widespread deposition of hyalin... more Infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare disorder characterized by widespread deposition of hyaline. They usually present with skin lesions, joint contractures, and intractable diarrhea. We report a 2 year 4 month old boy with growth retardation, typical facial appearance, gingival enlargement, generalized stiff skin, joint contractures, and intermittent diarrhea. Skin biopsy revealed deposition of hyaline.
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research
Background: Despite significant advancements in the medical field, the health status of India'... more Background: Despite significant advancements in the medical field, the health status of India's tribal population remains a concern, which was equally prevalent 25 years ago. Tribes still face numerous health issues, including malaria, infections, sickle-cell anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. Hence, this study tried to examine the morbidity status and treatment seeking behaviors of tribal communities. Method and Material: A primary survey was conducted among 300 rural tribal households in Bijadandi block in the Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. The purposive sampling was applied to select the household for collecting information on morbidity treatment history, place of treatment and reasons for not treating. For this study a structured interview schedule was used in the studied field. The primary survey was conducted from August to November 2019. Result: The study found that nearly three-fifths had suffered from morbidities within the last 365 days prior to the survey which...
Keeping in view the concept of agglomeration economies and the New Economic Geography (NEG) angle... more Keeping in view the concept of agglomeration economies and the New Economic Geography (NEG) angle, this paper makes an attempt to examine the rural to urban population movement at the district level in India. The findings do not favour a strong positive association between levels of urbanization and migration rates. However, there exists a cluster of districts which are able to attract migrants on a large scale in spite of being already urbanized. The work participation rate, share of services and construction work, and literacy rate all form parts of this positive nexus, indicating that opportunities exist with increased levels of urbanization which in turn prompt people to migrate. The positive spill-over effects of higher levels of urbanization are not limited to the urban spaces only as the adjoining rural areas also seem to have undergone a significant transformation. The land use pattern and activities are changing and some of the developmental impact is evident. However, t...
The study examined effect of domestic violence (DV) on pregnancy intendedness among pregnant wome... more The study examined effect of domestic violence (DV) on pregnancy intendedness among pregnant women across geographical regions in India. Using fourth wave of National Family Health Survey data, the study is confined to experience of physical/sexual violence within 12 months preceding the survey. Close to 6% of the women were found pregnant with high in the central region. Among them, 12% were having unintended pregnancy (UIP), with highest in the central (17.4%) region. UIP found 7% higher among victims of DV compared to those who did not face it (11%). Significantly, regional variation is much persisting as the regions having high prevalence of DV are also at an increased risk of UIP which hampers the notion of dignified reproductive rights. This needs region-specific policy and programme. Study push for interventions on minimising DV and reducing burden of high UIP in regions of India.
This study is on caste inequality in child health outcomes: mortality, malnutrition and anaemia f... more This study is on caste inequality in child health outcomes: mortality, malnutrition and anaemia for the year 1998/99 to year 2019/21 and examines the association of socio-economic factors with outcomes. Disparity ratio (DR) and Concentration Index (CI) are computed to examine inequality in outcomes. The association of socio-economic factors was modelled using logit regression. The study finds marginalised group were more likely to have poor health outcomes. The disparity ratio found increased among SC and ST compared to Others during 1998-99 and 2019-21. The value of the concentration index was found high on U5MR among SC and ST. Among SC and ST, the child health outcome greatly varies for poorest and richest. Odds ratio is 40-60 per cent higher for SC and ST compared to children belonging to Others. On socio-economic factors; land ownership and wealth status contribute significantly but house ownership not so. Caste-based inequality is still impacting health and nutrition of childr...
In this paper, we use the endogenous growth model to build production function and utility functi... more In this paper, we use the endogenous growth model to build production function and utility function, By solving it, we concludes that when the government stable tax policy has been implemented, low carbon consumers have a unique optimal capital stock path, along this path it can promote the steady and optimal economic growth, we also discuss the tax policy influence on low carbon economic growth under the condition of market equilibrium, and get know how to adjust the tax rate to achieve the optimal low-carbon economic growth.
Epidemiological transition other than demographic transition is a universal phenomenon across the... more Epidemiological transition other than demographic transition is a universal phenomenon across the countries and India is no exception. Reduced mortality at early age and increasing longevity has shifted the leading cause of death from communicable diseases (CDs) to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Even as NCDs and other ailments take centre stage, the unfinished agenda of communicable diseases needs attention. Further, there is a possibility that this change in increasing NCDs has not occurred equally across social and ethnic lines in the country. The changing disease pattern is also associated with increasing healthcare costs; although there may be variation across social and economic lines. The economic consequences of changing pattern of diseases put an additional burden on households and families both directly and indirectly with loss of household income, out of pocket expenditure, and burden of distress financing (Mclntyre et al, 2006). The economic burden increases when services are not available or provided by government forcing them to either seek treatment from private health facilities or remain untreated. This economic burden of health care on patients is greatly affected by the social groups to which they belong.
An overwhelming majority (above two-third) of India’s population particularly those resident in v... more An overwhelming majority (above two-third) of India’s population particularly those resident in villages have not performed adequately to move up the ladder of human development Indicators. However, many villages in rural India are better developed while others lag behind in terms of development indicators. Infrastructural development of a village or community has a direct bearing on its degree of human development. In the context, the study tries to examine the level of neighbourhood development and their linkages with caste group disparity in rural India using IHDS: 2004-05 data. Based on selected infrastructural indicators such as communication & services, educational and health institutions, level of neighbourhood development is measured taking village as a unit of analysis. Further, employing factor analysis techniques, composite index of neighbourhood development is constructed. Results of the study reveal that 27 percent villages or neighbourhoods are highly developed, 52 per...
This Working paper is focused on illness prevalence as well as curative care for children under a... more This Working paper is focused on illness prevalence as well as curative care for children under age of five years across different social groups in rural India, and India human development survey (IHDS) data is used to study these aspects. To capture differentials in illness, different demographic, HH economic and sanitation & hygiene indicators have been included whereas, for curative care, structural component of health care delivery is added. This was done mainly due to the fact that SC and ST are poor on both health outcome and also in accessing healthcare services. Univeriate and bivariate analysis have been used for estimation of IPR and their pattern across the social groups. Odds ratio estimates of Multinomial logistic regression has been used to observe differential in illness and curative care across the caste/social groups. The study reveals that social group having poor socio economic development level are poorly performing on reporting of morbidity/illness as well as on...
The level of infant and under-five mortality is high among scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled t... more The level of infant and under-five mortality is high among scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs) in India. This study intends to quantify the contribution of education in explaining the gap in infant and under-five mortality between SCs/STs and non-SC/ST population in India with a special focus on the effect of maternal education. We used data from three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS): 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06. The synthetic cohort probability approach using full birth histories was used to estimate childhood mortality. We performed binary logistic regression analysis to examine the association of infant mortality (IM) and under-five mortality (U5M) with maternal education and selected other covariates. Further, we applied Fairlie's decomposition technique to understand the relative contribution of maternal education and other covariates on IM and U5M risk between the caste groups. The IM rate (IMR) among children born to illiterate mothers is about 3 times higher than those born to mothers with higher education across all caste groups. Similarly, the U5M rate (U5MR) is 5 times higher among ST population and 3 times higher among SC population during the 14-year observation period (1992-2006). The proportions of secondary and higher educated SC and ST mothers are relatively lower than among non-SC/ST mothers. The regression analysis shows that mother's education has a statistically significant effect on reducing IM and U5M. A number of socioeconomic covariates are found associated with IM and U5M; such as father's education, mother's age at first birth, mother's work status, household wealth, exposure to media and socioeconomic empowerment of the mother. A decomposition analysis shows that more than 90 percent of the gap in IM and U5M between social groups is explained by the differences in the distribution of maternal education and household wealth. The findings of this study emphasise the need to provide education to disadvantaged girls and health counselling to women, particularly among SC/STs with more focus on backward regions or states, to further reduce IM and U5M in India.
This study examined the level of unintended pregnancy among young Indian women and their covariat... more This study examined the level of unintended pregnancy among young Indian women and their covariate using demographic and health survey data for India collected in 2005-2006 i.e, NFHS-3. The respondents were married young women aged between 15-24 years (N=19,724) who answered questions regarding their status pregnancy. Bivariate analysis was done using chi square test for significance. Factors and correlates were modelled using binary logit regression at 5 percent significance level. 17 percent young women were found currently pregnant and 22 percent (4,046 women) were conceived unintendedly. The number of surviving children, fertility preference, and spousal desire for children, elevates unintended pregnancy. Sexual violence increases the risk and burden of unintended pregnancy (p<0.05) among young women in the country. The study concludes that non-socioeconomic factors particularly sexual violence contributes to unintended pregnancy in India, requiring strong intervention and community participation to advance women empowerment, age at marriage and stop threat of violence to accelerate the goal of sustainable development goals.
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is mu... more The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is much poor than expected, especially their status of health. They report the highest mortality and malnutrition, low level of obstetric care, and are also among the poorest users of healthcare services in the country. This study examines the prevalence of acute and chronic morbidities and treatment-seeking behaviour among the ST in India. Second wave of India Human Development Survey (IHDS-2) data, 2011–2012, has been used in the study. Considering that culture and religion shape the demographic and health outcomes of people, this article has tried to seek a deeper understanding on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour by categorising the ST into four tribo-religious groups: namely, Hindu ST, Christian ST, Indigenous ST and the rest along ethnicity and religion lines. The study found evidence of an early epidemiologic transition in tribal areas and associated increase in the incidence of c...
Objective: Although under-five mortality (U5M) is declining in India, it is still high in a few s... more Objective: Although under-five mortality (U5M) is declining in India, it is still high in a few selected states and among the scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) population of the country. This study re-examines the association between castes and U5M in high focus Indian states following the implementation of the country's National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) program. In addition, we aim to quantify the contribution of socioeconomic determinants in explaining the gap in U5M between the SC/ST population and non-SC/ST population in high focus states in India. Data and method: Using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we calculated the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) by applying a synthetic cohort probability approach. We applied a binary logistic regression model to examine the association of U5M with the selected covariates. Further, we used Fairlie's decomposition technique to understand the relative contribution of socioeconomic variables on U5M r...
Morbidity and Treatment-seeking Behaviour Among Scheduled Tribe in India: A Cross-sectional Study, 2019
Abstract
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indica... more Abstract
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is much poor than expected, especially their status of health. They report the highest mortality and malnutrition, low level of obstetric care, and are also among the poorest users of healthcare services in the country. This study examines the prevalence of acute and chronic morbidities and treatment-seeking behaviour among the ST in India. Second wave of India Human Development Survey (IHDS-2) data, 2011–2012, has been used in the study. Considering that culture and religion shape the demographic and health outcomes of people, this article has tried to seek a deeper understanding on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour by categorising the ST into four tribo-religious groups: namely, Hindu ST, Christian ST, Indigenous ST and the rest along ethnicity and religion lines. The study found evidence of an early epidemiologic transition in tribal areas and associated increase in the incidence of chronic and lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma. Other emerging concerns are prevalence of high untreated morbidity, dependence on private healthcare providers and increasing dependence on pharmacists among the ST.
Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, Vol.3(1&2), 2017
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenge... more This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenges in health services utilisation across the social groups in India. The study focuses on social disparity and differentials because marginalized groups, especially SC and ST are poorly developed and run high risk of poor health and low healthcare services utilisation. National Sample Survey data on social consumption on health collected during 2014 is used in the study. Univariate and bivariate method is used to understand the nature and distribution of health indicator i.e, morbidity (communicable and non-communicable diseases) across the social groups. Finally, binary logit regression has been applied to examine factors associated with seeking treatment and distress financing for seeking treatment. The reference period for the study was seeking treatment for an ailment during the fortnight preceding the survey. The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’ The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study. Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH
This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenge... more This study aimed to explore the prevalence of illness, treatment seeking behaviour, and challenges in health services utilisation across the social groups in India. The study focuses on social disparity and differentials because marginalized groups, especially SC and ST are poorly developed and run high risk of poor health and low healthcare services utilisation. National Sample Survey data on social consumption on health collected during 2014 is used in the study. Univariate and bivariate method is used to understand the nature and distribution of health indicator i.e, morbidity (communicable and non-communicable diseases) across the social groups. Finally, binary logit regression has been applied to examine factors associated with seeking treatment and distress financing for seeking treatment. The reference period for the study was seeking treatment for an ailment during the fortnight preceding the survey. The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’ The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study. Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH
Infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare disorder characterized by widespread deposition of hyalin... more Infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare disorder characterized by widespread deposition of hyaline. They usually present with skin lesions, joint contractures, and intractable diarrhea. We report a 2 year 4 month old boy with growth retardation, typical facial appearance, gingival enlargement, generalized stiff skin, joint contractures, and intermittent diarrhea. Skin biopsy revealed deposition of hyaline.
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Papers by Rajesh Raushan
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is much poor than expected, especially their status of health. They report the highest mortality and malnutrition, low level of obstetric care, and are also among the poorest users of healthcare services in the country. This study examines the prevalence of acute and chronic morbidities and treatment-seeking behaviour among the ST in India. Second wave of India Human Development Survey (IHDS-2) data, 2011–2012, has been used in the study. Considering that culture and religion shape the demographic and health outcomes of people, this article has tried to seek a deeper understanding on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour by categorising the ST into four tribo-religious groups: namely, Hindu ST, Christian ST, Indigenous ST and the rest along ethnicity and religion lines. The study found evidence of an early epidemiologic transition in tribal areas and associated increase in the incidence of chronic and lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma. Other emerging concerns are prevalence of high untreated morbidity, dependence on private healthcare providers and increasing dependence on pharmacists among the ST.
The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’
The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study.
Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH
The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’
The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study.
Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH
The progress of Indigenous people or the Scheduled Tribes (STs) on developmental indicators is much poor than expected, especially their status of health. They report the highest mortality and malnutrition, low level of obstetric care, and are also among the poorest users of healthcare services in the country. This study examines the prevalence of acute and chronic morbidities and treatment-seeking behaviour among the ST in India. Second wave of India Human Development Survey (IHDS-2) data, 2011–2012, has been used in the study. Considering that culture and religion shape the demographic and health outcomes of people, this article has tried to seek a deeper understanding on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour by categorising the ST into four tribo-religious groups: namely, Hindu ST, Christian ST, Indigenous ST and the rest along ethnicity and religion lines. The study found evidence of an early epidemiologic transition in tribal areas and associated increase in the incidence of chronic and lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma. Other emerging concerns are prevalence of high untreated morbidity, dependence on private healthcare providers and increasing dependence on pharmacists among the ST.
The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’
The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study.
Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH
The study finds a shift in the pattern of diseases with non communicable diseases (NCDs) far outnumbering communicable diseases (CDs). Nearly 60 per cent of the sample population has reported suffering from NCDs, as against 37 per cent from CDs. While communicable diseases are more common among the underprivileged and marginalized social groups like SC and ST, NCDs are more prevalent among the better-off social groups. Also, CDs have an inverse relationship with age whereas NCDs have a direct relation with age irrespective of social groups. Around 96 per cent of the diseases have sought treatment which ranges from 87 per cent among ST to 98 per cent among ‘Others.’ An overwhelming majority (93 per cent) has availed allopathic treatment. However, three-fifths of the treatment stands availed from private health facilities ranging from 52 per cent among ST to 81 per cent among ‘Others.’
The lower utilisation of health care among ST and SC groups is attributed to poor awareness, unwillingness, and unavailability of affordable services. Among those who did not seek treatment, more than half said they did not consider the condition serious enough; 30 per cent attribute it to unavailability of health facilities in their localities, and 15 per cent feel the services are too expensive. Distress financing reduces the chances of seeking treatment also. Poor economic condition, location in rural areas, and illiteracy increases the chance of availing treatment on borrowed money, sale of properties, and contributions is concern of the study.
Keywords: communicable, non-communicable, healthcare, service utilisation, distress, AYUSH