Hanging consists of the external pressure of the neck by a ligature through suspension of the bod... more Hanging consists of the external pressure of the neck by a ligature through suspension of the body. It may cause death by asphyxiation, vascular change, cerebral ischaemia, anoxia or bone trauma. Skeletal trauma by hanging occurs predominantly at the axis, but may likewise take place at the cranial base, other upper cervical vertebrae, and hyoid bone. Six individuals from the Lisbon Identified Skeletal Collection, whose cause of death was by hanging, were macroscopically analyzed for perimortem trauma at the cranium and cervical area. Only one female individual of 53 years exhibited perimortem fractures. The trauma observed at the sixth cervical vertebra and the cranium was inconsistent with the fracture pattern expected for hanging. The individual also had a craniotomy, suggesting the perimortem blunt trauma arose on the autopsy procedure, which was confirmed by the medical-legal report. Hanging not always results in skeleton trauma as methods of hanging can differ in drop length, knot position, and ligature material. This study emphasizes the difficulty in inferring death by hanging in non-identified skeletons, particularly in suicides.
The estimation of biological sex is a critical step in the assessment of the biological profile o... more The estimation of biological sex is a critical step in the assessment of the biological profile of an anonymous skeletonized individual. In certain recovery circumstances, the most dimorphic skeletal areas, such as the pelvis, are absent or fragmented; in that case, other bones of the skeleton, including the clavicle and scapula, can be used to predict sex. The purpose of this research is to generate new models for the estimation of sex with clavicular and scapular measurements using a study-sample of 129 individuals with clavicle (65 males and 64 females) and 112 individuals with scapula (50 males and 62 females) from the Lisbon Identified Skeletal Collection (Portugal). A decision tree classifier (C4.5) and logistic regression (LR) were employed to create univariable and multivariable sex prediction models. Accuracy under cross-validation of the classification models is high (up to 93.8%), with minimal bias (<5%), particularly in the multivariable models. The proposed LR models...
The analysis of how people’s bodies were affected by trauma can increase our understanding of dai... more The analysis of how people’s bodies were affected by trauma can increase our understanding of daily life and suffering in past populations. Although rib fractures are common and can provide useful insights about morbidity and mortality in past populations, they are seldom investigated in archaeological populations. This study focusses on rib fractures in 94 adults recovered from the churchyard of the São Martinho Medieval church (Leiria, Portugal). The prevalence of rib fractures was 32.8% and 66 out of 1169 macroscopically observed ribs had fractures (17.7%). Males had more broken ribs than females and older individuals had more broken ribs than younger individuals, but the differences in prevalence were only significant for age. Among females, rib fractures were associated with pathological conditions such as osteoporosis; among males, the association with osteoporosis was rarer, but rib fractures were found to be associated with fractures on other bones. Garcia /Cadernos do GEEvH...
This study attempts to address the issue of relative living standards in Portuguese medieval and ... more This study attempts to address the issue of relative living standards in Portuguese medieval and early 20th century periods. Since the growth of children provides a good measure of environmental quality for the overall population, the skeletal growth profiles of medieval Leiria and early 20th century Lisbon were compared. Results show that growth in femur length of medieval children did not differ significantly from that of early 20th century children, but after puberty medieval adolescents seem to have recovered, as they have significantly longer femora as adults. This is suggestive of greater potential for catch-up growth in medieval adolescents. We suggest that this results from distinct child labor practices, which impact differentially on the growth of Leiria and Lisbon adolescents. Work for medieval children and adolescents were related to family activ
The assessment of sex is of immense relevance in the analysis of human skeletal remains, as other... more The assessment of sex is of immense relevance in the analysis of human skeletal remains, as other parameters of the biological profile are usually sex-specific (e.g., age at death or stature). The radius can be used to estimate sex when more dimorphic bones are not available or in the case of incomplete and fragmentary remains. Ten radius measurements collected in a sample of 364 individuals (166 females and 198 males) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (late 19th - early 20th centuries) were employed to generate univariable and multivariable models for sex estimation. All models were evaluated with a 10-fold cross-validation method and an independent holdout sample from the Luís Lopes Collection (late 19th - mid 20th centuries) encompassing 50 individuals (25 females and 25 males). Univariable models show an accuracy ranging from 77.7% to 89.8% (cross-validation), and from 70% to 86% (test sample), while accuracy in the multivariable models varies from 88.7% to 93.4% (cross-validation), and 84.0% to 90.0% (test sample). Results suggest that measurements of the radius are useful to develop standard guidelines for sex estimation of anonymous skeletal remains.
Teeth play an important biological role (e.g., in feeding, speech) but also have social relevance... more Teeth play an important biological role (e.g., in feeding, speech) but also have social relevance as they are related to health status, hygiene and the ideal of beauty. Since ancient times, dentistry is concerned with dental treatments and embellishment. However, little is known about the techniques and materials used in each time period and region in Portugal. The aim of this study is to compare the dental procedures performed in individuals belonging to the Identified Osteological Collections of Lisbon and Coimbra, who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in order to make a contribution to the history of Dentistry in Portugal. Dental fillings and prostheses were sought in adults from both sexes from Lisbon (n=200) and Coimbra (n=600), for whom the age, sex, place of birth, occupation, and cause of death are known. Dental fillings were identified in both samples although more frequently in the Lisbon collection. The most common restorative material was the amalgam, although other types of materials were identified (e.g., silicate cement). Most restorations were performed according to Black’s principle “extension for prevention”, bringing the margins of the filling out to the point where they could be readily reached by a toothbrush. Several types of dental prostheses were identified, namely partial removable prosthesis and dental crowns. Vulcanite, a material used in the production of dentures since the late 19th century until the 1930s, was also identified.The greater presence of dental procedures in individuals from the Lisbon collection can be related to a highest socioeconomic status of some individuals and/or a greater availability of dental care services in the Portuguese capital city. This study, besides making a contribution to the history of dentistry in Portugal, makes evident the great value of skeletal collections and paleopathology to the field of medical history.
This paper presents the osteological analysis of a young adult exhumed from the cemetery associat... more This paper presents the osteological analysis of a young adult exhumed from the cemetery associated to Igreja do Carmo, Lisbon, Portugal, during the second archaeological intervention in 2010/2011. Although the cemetery had been used between the beginning of the 15 th century and 1755 A.D., the archaeological context of the burial allows us to gauge its dating between the 17 th and the 18 th centuries. The skeleton is distinguished by a cranial morphology suggestive of an African origin and intentional dental modifications. These consist of the removal of both incisal angles of the upper incisors, which corresponds to a practice related to culture, commonly made in sub-Saharan Africa since prehistoric times to the present. A periapical lesion was associated to the maxillary right central incisor that was apparently healthy but modified. The left clavicle showed bone remodelling along the shaft. Five ribs displayed new bone deposition, and the sternal end of the first left rib was deformed and destroyed. The differential diagnosis of the lesions gave rise to several possible pathological conditions, namely, treponematosis and chronic respiratory disease, particularly tuberculosis. Various macroscopic aspects and the geographical context lead us to consider venereal syphilis as the most probable diagnose. Considering that, during the 16 th century, Lisbon has become a fundamental part of the intercontinental maritime routes it is not surprising that African people were buried in the cemeteries of Lisbon, allowing us to learn more about their lives and deaths.
O presente artigo vem dar conta do processo conducente à adopção de uma estratégia metodológica q... more O presente artigo vem dar conta do processo conducente à adopção de uma estratégia metodológica que privilegia a narrativa pessoal sobre a doença no âmbito de um projecto de investigação em curso. Para o âmbito deste projecto, que se centra em três doenças (cancro, doenças respiratórias e obesidade infantil), as metodologias qualitativas foram consideradas as mais adequadas, quer pela riqueza de informação que incorporam, quer pela adequabilidade no que respeita aos objectivos e às hipóteses de trabalho delineadas. Privilegiou-se assim a utilização do MINI (McGill Illness Narrative Interview) (Groleau et al., 2006), uma ferramenta cuja utilização é apropriada ao campo que pretendemos estudar. Pretende-se portanto apresentar uma primeira abordagem às escolhas metodológicas e conceptuais tointerdisciplinamadas, bem como dar conta da importância das narrativas pessoais nos objectivos a que o projecto se propõe dar resposta.
This paper presents the first bioarchaeological study of Islamic diet and lifeways in medieval Po... more This paper presents the first bioarchaeological study of Islamic diet and lifeways in medieval Portugal. Stable isotopes of δ 13 C and δ 15 N and osteological and paleopathological analyses are combined to explore the diet and health status of 27 humans buried within São Jorge Castle, Lisbon (eleventh to twelfth century), interpreted as a high status population. Human isotopic data are considered alongside an animal baseline comprised of 30 specimens sampled from nearby Praça da Figueira, including the main domesticates and fish. Isotopic data indicate an age-and sex-related difference in diet among the population, suggesting a difference in food access between females and children compared to males. Palaeopathological analysis indicates a low prevalence of non-specific stress indicators such as Harris lines (HL), linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and cribra orbitalia (CO) in this population in comparison to other medieval populations. LEH is only present in adults. These results suggest the presence of socio-cultural patterning relating to the organisation of the Islamic family, where women and men occupied different places in the household and society. This paper demonstrates the utility of a combined osteological and isotopic approach to understand the lifeways of Islamic populations in Medieval Iberia, as well as illuminates the lifeways of understudied segments of the population.
International journal of paleopathology, Jan 4, 2018
This study tests the association of vertebral neural canal (VNC) size and age-at-death in a Portu... more This study tests the association of vertebral neural canal (VNC) size and age-at-death in a Portuguese skeletal collection from the 19-20th century. If the plasticity and constraint model best explains this association, VNC size would be negatively related to mortality risk. If the predictive adaptive response (PAR) model is a better fit, no association can be inferred between VNC size and age-at-death. Ninety individuals were used in this study. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of all vertebrae were measured. A Cox regression analysis was performed by sex to assess the effect of VNC size on age-at-death, after adjusting for the effects of year of birth and cause of death. Several measurements of VNC diameters have a statistically significant effect on age-at-death, but when the covariates were considered, this association became non-significant. The PAR model seems the best fit to explain the relation between VNC and age-at-death. Individuals who went through stressful ...
This paper discusses the differential diagnosis of an unusual calcified mass found in the pelvic ... more This paper discusses the differential diagnosis of an unusual calcified mass found in the pelvic cavity of 45+-year-old female excavated from 15 th-18 th century Lisbon (Portugal). The mass is relatively large, irregularly shaped, and exhibits a concave base with malformed teeth embedded within its inner surface. Considering its macroscopic and radiological characteristics, several conditions were considered in the differential diagnosis, namely eccyesis, fetus in fetu, lithopaedion, and ovarian teratoma. However, the morphological features of the specimen, such as its structure, morphology, and dimensions, are diagnostic of a teratoma. Its location and the sex of the individual are more specifically compatible with a calcified ovarian teratoma. With regional and temporal variations in the frequency of tumours, the report of new cases becomes imperative, especially from geographic regions where few cases have been identified. In fact, this appears to be the first case of ovarian teratoma detected in the Portuguese archaeological record and adds to the few palaeopathological cases described in the osteoarchaeological literature worldwide.
... Holland TD. 1991. Sex assessment using the proximal tibia. ... 1998. The utility of hand and ... more ... Holland TD. 1991. Sex assessment using the proximal tibia. ... 1998. The utility of hand and footbones for the determination of sex and the estimation of stature in a prehistoric population from West-Central Illinois. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8: 180191. ...
A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitali... more A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. Conflito social e mecanismos para a sua resolução em primatas não-humanos: o caso dos macacos-uivadores
Hanging consists of the external pressure of the neck by a ligature through suspension of the bod... more Hanging consists of the external pressure of the neck by a ligature through suspension of the body. It may cause death by asphyxiation, vascular change, cerebral ischaemia, anoxia or bone trauma. Skeletal trauma by hanging occurs predominantly at the axis, but may likewise take place at the cranial base, other upper cervical vertebrae, and hyoid bone. Six individuals from the Lisbon Identified Skeletal Collection, whose cause of death was by hanging, were macroscopically analyzed for perimortem trauma at the cranium and cervical area. Only one female individual of 53 years exhibited perimortem fractures. The trauma observed at the sixth cervical vertebra and the cranium was inconsistent with the fracture pattern expected for hanging. The individual also had a craniotomy, suggesting the perimortem blunt trauma arose on the autopsy procedure, which was confirmed by the medical-legal report. Hanging not always results in skeleton trauma as methods of hanging can differ in drop length, knot position, and ligature material. This study emphasizes the difficulty in inferring death by hanging in non-identified skeletons, particularly in suicides.
The estimation of biological sex is a critical step in the assessment of the biological profile o... more The estimation of biological sex is a critical step in the assessment of the biological profile of an anonymous skeletonized individual. In certain recovery circumstances, the most dimorphic skeletal areas, such as the pelvis, are absent or fragmented; in that case, other bones of the skeleton, including the clavicle and scapula, can be used to predict sex. The purpose of this research is to generate new models for the estimation of sex with clavicular and scapular measurements using a study-sample of 129 individuals with clavicle (65 males and 64 females) and 112 individuals with scapula (50 males and 62 females) from the Lisbon Identified Skeletal Collection (Portugal). A decision tree classifier (C4.5) and logistic regression (LR) were employed to create univariable and multivariable sex prediction models. Accuracy under cross-validation of the classification models is high (up to 93.8%), with minimal bias (<5%), particularly in the multivariable models. The proposed LR models...
The analysis of how people’s bodies were affected by trauma can increase our understanding of dai... more The analysis of how people’s bodies were affected by trauma can increase our understanding of daily life and suffering in past populations. Although rib fractures are common and can provide useful insights about morbidity and mortality in past populations, they are seldom investigated in archaeological populations. This study focusses on rib fractures in 94 adults recovered from the churchyard of the São Martinho Medieval church (Leiria, Portugal). The prevalence of rib fractures was 32.8% and 66 out of 1169 macroscopically observed ribs had fractures (17.7%). Males had more broken ribs than females and older individuals had more broken ribs than younger individuals, but the differences in prevalence were only significant for age. Among females, rib fractures were associated with pathological conditions such as osteoporosis; among males, the association with osteoporosis was rarer, but rib fractures were found to be associated with fractures on other bones. Garcia /Cadernos do GEEvH...
This study attempts to address the issue of relative living standards in Portuguese medieval and ... more This study attempts to address the issue of relative living standards in Portuguese medieval and early 20th century periods. Since the growth of children provides a good measure of environmental quality for the overall population, the skeletal growth profiles of medieval Leiria and early 20th century Lisbon were compared. Results show that growth in femur length of medieval children did not differ significantly from that of early 20th century children, but after puberty medieval adolescents seem to have recovered, as they have significantly longer femora as adults. This is suggestive of greater potential for catch-up growth in medieval adolescents. We suggest that this results from distinct child labor practices, which impact differentially on the growth of Leiria and Lisbon adolescents. Work for medieval children and adolescents were related to family activ
The assessment of sex is of immense relevance in the analysis of human skeletal remains, as other... more The assessment of sex is of immense relevance in the analysis of human skeletal remains, as other parameters of the biological profile are usually sex-specific (e.g., age at death or stature). The radius can be used to estimate sex when more dimorphic bones are not available or in the case of incomplete and fragmentary remains. Ten radius measurements collected in a sample of 364 individuals (166 females and 198 males) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (late 19th - early 20th centuries) were employed to generate univariable and multivariable models for sex estimation. All models were evaluated with a 10-fold cross-validation method and an independent holdout sample from the Luís Lopes Collection (late 19th - mid 20th centuries) encompassing 50 individuals (25 females and 25 males). Univariable models show an accuracy ranging from 77.7% to 89.8% (cross-validation), and from 70% to 86% (test sample), while accuracy in the multivariable models varies from 88.7% to 93.4% (cross-validation), and 84.0% to 90.0% (test sample). Results suggest that measurements of the radius are useful to develop standard guidelines for sex estimation of anonymous skeletal remains.
Teeth play an important biological role (e.g., in feeding, speech) but also have social relevance... more Teeth play an important biological role (e.g., in feeding, speech) but also have social relevance as they are related to health status, hygiene and the ideal of beauty. Since ancient times, dentistry is concerned with dental treatments and embellishment. However, little is known about the techniques and materials used in each time period and region in Portugal. The aim of this study is to compare the dental procedures performed in individuals belonging to the Identified Osteological Collections of Lisbon and Coimbra, who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in order to make a contribution to the history of Dentistry in Portugal. Dental fillings and prostheses were sought in adults from both sexes from Lisbon (n=200) and Coimbra (n=600), for whom the age, sex, place of birth, occupation, and cause of death are known. Dental fillings were identified in both samples although more frequently in the Lisbon collection. The most common restorative material was the amalgam, although other types of materials were identified (e.g., silicate cement). Most restorations were performed according to Black’s principle “extension for prevention”, bringing the margins of the filling out to the point where they could be readily reached by a toothbrush. Several types of dental prostheses were identified, namely partial removable prosthesis and dental crowns. Vulcanite, a material used in the production of dentures since the late 19th century until the 1930s, was also identified.The greater presence of dental procedures in individuals from the Lisbon collection can be related to a highest socioeconomic status of some individuals and/or a greater availability of dental care services in the Portuguese capital city. This study, besides making a contribution to the history of dentistry in Portugal, makes evident the great value of skeletal collections and paleopathology to the field of medical history.
This paper presents the osteological analysis of a young adult exhumed from the cemetery associat... more This paper presents the osteological analysis of a young adult exhumed from the cemetery associated to Igreja do Carmo, Lisbon, Portugal, during the second archaeological intervention in 2010/2011. Although the cemetery had been used between the beginning of the 15 th century and 1755 A.D., the archaeological context of the burial allows us to gauge its dating between the 17 th and the 18 th centuries. The skeleton is distinguished by a cranial morphology suggestive of an African origin and intentional dental modifications. These consist of the removal of both incisal angles of the upper incisors, which corresponds to a practice related to culture, commonly made in sub-Saharan Africa since prehistoric times to the present. A periapical lesion was associated to the maxillary right central incisor that was apparently healthy but modified. The left clavicle showed bone remodelling along the shaft. Five ribs displayed new bone deposition, and the sternal end of the first left rib was deformed and destroyed. The differential diagnosis of the lesions gave rise to several possible pathological conditions, namely, treponematosis and chronic respiratory disease, particularly tuberculosis. Various macroscopic aspects and the geographical context lead us to consider venereal syphilis as the most probable diagnose. Considering that, during the 16 th century, Lisbon has become a fundamental part of the intercontinental maritime routes it is not surprising that African people were buried in the cemeteries of Lisbon, allowing us to learn more about their lives and deaths.
O presente artigo vem dar conta do processo conducente à adopção de uma estratégia metodológica q... more O presente artigo vem dar conta do processo conducente à adopção de uma estratégia metodológica que privilegia a narrativa pessoal sobre a doença no âmbito de um projecto de investigação em curso. Para o âmbito deste projecto, que se centra em três doenças (cancro, doenças respiratórias e obesidade infantil), as metodologias qualitativas foram consideradas as mais adequadas, quer pela riqueza de informação que incorporam, quer pela adequabilidade no que respeita aos objectivos e às hipóteses de trabalho delineadas. Privilegiou-se assim a utilização do MINI (McGill Illness Narrative Interview) (Groleau et al., 2006), uma ferramenta cuja utilização é apropriada ao campo que pretendemos estudar. Pretende-se portanto apresentar uma primeira abordagem às escolhas metodológicas e conceptuais tointerdisciplinamadas, bem como dar conta da importância das narrativas pessoais nos objectivos a que o projecto se propõe dar resposta.
This paper presents the first bioarchaeological study of Islamic diet and lifeways in medieval Po... more This paper presents the first bioarchaeological study of Islamic diet and lifeways in medieval Portugal. Stable isotopes of δ 13 C and δ 15 N and osteological and paleopathological analyses are combined to explore the diet and health status of 27 humans buried within São Jorge Castle, Lisbon (eleventh to twelfth century), interpreted as a high status population. Human isotopic data are considered alongside an animal baseline comprised of 30 specimens sampled from nearby Praça da Figueira, including the main domesticates and fish. Isotopic data indicate an age-and sex-related difference in diet among the population, suggesting a difference in food access between females and children compared to males. Palaeopathological analysis indicates a low prevalence of non-specific stress indicators such as Harris lines (HL), linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and cribra orbitalia (CO) in this population in comparison to other medieval populations. LEH is only present in adults. These results suggest the presence of socio-cultural patterning relating to the organisation of the Islamic family, where women and men occupied different places in the household and society. This paper demonstrates the utility of a combined osteological and isotopic approach to understand the lifeways of Islamic populations in Medieval Iberia, as well as illuminates the lifeways of understudied segments of the population.
International journal of paleopathology, Jan 4, 2018
This study tests the association of vertebral neural canal (VNC) size and age-at-death in a Portu... more This study tests the association of vertebral neural canal (VNC) size and age-at-death in a Portuguese skeletal collection from the 19-20th century. If the plasticity and constraint model best explains this association, VNC size would be negatively related to mortality risk. If the predictive adaptive response (PAR) model is a better fit, no association can be inferred between VNC size and age-at-death. Ninety individuals were used in this study. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of all vertebrae were measured. A Cox regression analysis was performed by sex to assess the effect of VNC size on age-at-death, after adjusting for the effects of year of birth and cause of death. Several measurements of VNC diameters have a statistically significant effect on age-at-death, but when the covariates were considered, this association became non-significant. The PAR model seems the best fit to explain the relation between VNC and age-at-death. Individuals who went through stressful ...
This paper discusses the differential diagnosis of an unusual calcified mass found in the pelvic ... more This paper discusses the differential diagnosis of an unusual calcified mass found in the pelvic cavity of 45+-year-old female excavated from 15 th-18 th century Lisbon (Portugal). The mass is relatively large, irregularly shaped, and exhibits a concave base with malformed teeth embedded within its inner surface. Considering its macroscopic and radiological characteristics, several conditions were considered in the differential diagnosis, namely eccyesis, fetus in fetu, lithopaedion, and ovarian teratoma. However, the morphological features of the specimen, such as its structure, morphology, and dimensions, are diagnostic of a teratoma. Its location and the sex of the individual are more specifically compatible with a calcified ovarian teratoma. With regional and temporal variations in the frequency of tumours, the report of new cases becomes imperative, especially from geographic regions where few cases have been identified. In fact, this appears to be the first case of ovarian teratoma detected in the Portuguese archaeological record and adds to the few palaeopathological cases described in the osteoarchaeological literature worldwide.
... Holland TD. 1991. Sex assessment using the proximal tibia. ... 1998. The utility of hand and ... more ... Holland TD. 1991. Sex assessment using the proximal tibia. ... 1998. The utility of hand and footbones for the determination of sex and the estimation of stature in a prehistoric population from West-Central Illinois. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8: 180191. ...
A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitali... more A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. Conflito social e mecanismos para a sua resolução em primatas não-humanos: o caso dos macacos-uivadores
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