Papers by Sajjad Nawaz Khan, PhD
Employees' turnover intention is one of the main problems which exist in the restaurant industry.... more Employees' turnover intention is one of the main problems which exist in the restaurant industry. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of servant leadership and ethical climate on turnover intention; in addition, ethical climate was investigated as a mediator between servant leadership and turnover intention specifically in the restaurant industry of Pakistan. Data from 216 frontline employees and waiters was utilized for data analysis. Afterwards, direct and indirect effects were examined. Findings showed a (i) negative relationship between servant leadership and turnover intention, (ii) positive relationship between servant leadership and ethical climate, (iii) negative relationship between ethical climate and turnover intention, and that (iv) ethical climate mediates between servant leadership and turnover intention. Hence, providing several practical and theoretical implications.
This study investigates and compares online banking (OB)
acceptance in the cultures of Pakistan a... more This study investigates and compares online banking (OB)
acceptance in the cultures of Pakistan and Turkey by employing
the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology
(UTAUT2) integrated with perceived credibility to predict customers’
behavioral intentions (BI) and their usage of online
banking. This study further investigates the moderation influence
of five cultural dimensions on customers’ usage behavior
(UB). Using an online survey, data were collected through a
questionnaire from 322 bank customers in Pakistan and 405 in
Turkey. Structural equation modeling through Smart-PLS was
used to analyze relationships among the constructs. Our analysis
shows that performance expectancy (PE), hedonic motivation,
habit (HT), and perceived credibility (PC) are
determinants of OB acceptance in Pakistan, whereas PE, social
influence, price value, HT, and PC are the factors affecting
Turkish bank customer intentions. Results of the cultural moderators
show that collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation
affect customers’ UB in Pakistan while uncertainty
avoidance, power distance, and masculinity/femininity moderate
the UB of Turkish customers. Our findings provide new
insights for developing online banking in both countries.
Economic, environmental, and social imperatives make sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship an ... more Economic, environmental, and social imperatives make sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship an indispensable phenomenon of the day, yet only sparse research exists uncovering the sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions in Asian countries. This study attempts to close the gap by considering the "big five" individual personality traits-neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness-to investigate individuals' sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions in a developing Asian country, specifically Pakistan. Moreover, the study tests the moderating effects of servant leadership to know whether servant leadership impacts the relationship between personality traits and sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions. Relying on quantitative methods, data were collected from employees of SMEs in the capital territory of Pakistan. The valid responses from 450 individuals were analyzed using SPSS version 23 and PROCESS V3.2. Our results confirm that those five factors significantly impact sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions, and servant leadership moderates the relationships of intention with extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The study equips academicians, practitioners, and governments to devise strategies to promote sustainable entrepreneurship.
Purpose-The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of followership dimensions of active... more Purpose-The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of followership dimensions of active engagement (AE) and independent critical thinking (ICT) in leader green behavior (LGB), and how followers' pro-environmental behavior (FPEB) moderates between the proposed relationship. Design/methodology/approach-The data was collected from 381 employees working in different small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of Pakistan, through a structured questionnaire with five points Likert scale. The proposed hypotheses were tested by using Smart-partial least square (PLS).V.3. Findings-Results showed a significant positive impact of followership dimensions on LGB. Moreover, the findings of the study substantiated the moderating role of FPEB between the direct relationship of ICT and LGB, but no significant moderation of FPEB in case of the relationship between AE and LGB was observed. Practical implications-This paper argues that organizational effective green leadership can be enhanced by followership dimensions of AE and ICT, and by participation of followers in pro-environmental behavior. This has been largely overlooked in the past studies. Originality/value-The study attempted to empirically test the "Reversing the Lens" perspective by Shamir (2007) in the context of green human resource management (HRM). This study extends a distinct theoretical contribution to the social exchange theory (SET) by focusing on the fact that follower's role is equally as important as that of a leader in the effective leadership process.
Purpose-This study aims to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership style... more Purpose-This study aims to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership style and factors of employees' reactions towards organizational change in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Furthermore, to understand the importance of followership it has been analyzed as a moderating variable in the relationship between transformational leadership style and factors of employees' reactions. Design/methodology/approach-A mixed methods study design was applied to investigate the factors underlying the phenomenon of transformational leadership and organizational change. A quantitative research design was followed by qualitative research questions to get more in-depth insights into the used relationships. The primary purpose of the qualitative study design was to support and strengthened the results of the main quantitative research design. Findings-The results of the study showed that transformational leadership style was positively related to all three factors of employees' reactions (frequency of change, trust in management and employees' participation) towards organizational change. Moreover, followership has a significant effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style and factors of employees' reaction. Practical implications-This study suggests that for successful implementation of change in organizations, the employees play an important role and that managers with transformational leadership behaviour play a critical role in shaping positive change reactions. This study also highlights that both transformational leadership and followership are essential elements in shaping recipients' reactions, with active followers contributing to the role of leadership in the change process. Originality/value-This study is the first attempt specifically in Asian context to highlight the role of followership as a moderating variable in leadership theory in the organizational change context.
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of followership dimensions in the tr... more Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of followership dimensions in the transformational leadership process by reversing the lens from the traditional leader-centric perspective to emerging followership perspective and examine the role of trust as a mediating variable in the proposed relationship. Design/methodology/approach-Using quantitative method data were collected through a questionnaire from 506 respondents of the telecom sector in Pakistan. The proposed hypotheses were tested using SPSS V.23 and PROCESS V.3.
The purpose of the present study is to analyze the relationship between transactional leadership ... more The purpose of the present study is to analyze the relationship between transactional leadership style and factors of employees' reactions towards organizational change in the telecommunication companies of Pakistan. Furthermore, to understand the importance of followership this study has also incorporated followership as a moderating variable. Quantitative methodology is applied to investigate the underline relationships. The Pearson correlation results have identified that transactional leadership is positively related to all three factors (frequency of change, trust in management, and employees' participation) of employees' reactions towards change. The moderation results further clarify that followership significantly moderates the relationship between transactional leadership style, frequency of change and employees participation. However, there is no moderation effect found between transactional leadership style and trust in management.
Followership is an emerging field of research in the current era. This chapter reviews followersh... more Followership is an emerging field of research in the current era. This chapter reviews followership literature and provides future research directions. This review is based on two theoretical frameworks of followership, namely role-based approach and constructionist approach. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a cursory review of followership research conducted in the last two decades. This chapter is a good starting point for novice researchers who want to pursue research in followership and leadership. In relations to future research directions, research topics that could be investigated in the light of leadership and followership are proposed.
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Papers by Sajjad Nawaz Khan, PhD
acceptance in the cultures of Pakistan and Turkey by employing
the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology
(UTAUT2) integrated with perceived credibility to predict customers’
behavioral intentions (BI) and their usage of online
banking. This study further investigates the moderation influence
of five cultural dimensions on customers’ usage behavior
(UB). Using an online survey, data were collected through a
questionnaire from 322 bank customers in Pakistan and 405 in
Turkey. Structural equation modeling through Smart-PLS was
used to analyze relationships among the constructs. Our analysis
shows that performance expectancy (PE), hedonic motivation,
habit (HT), and perceived credibility (PC) are
determinants of OB acceptance in Pakistan, whereas PE, social
influence, price value, HT, and PC are the factors affecting
Turkish bank customer intentions. Results of the cultural moderators
show that collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation
affect customers’ UB in Pakistan while uncertainty
avoidance, power distance, and masculinity/femininity moderate
the UB of Turkish customers. Our findings provide new
insights for developing online banking in both countries.
acceptance in the cultures of Pakistan and Turkey by employing
the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology
(UTAUT2) integrated with perceived credibility to predict customers’
behavioral intentions (BI) and their usage of online
banking. This study further investigates the moderation influence
of five cultural dimensions on customers’ usage behavior
(UB). Using an online survey, data were collected through a
questionnaire from 322 bank customers in Pakistan and 405 in
Turkey. Structural equation modeling through Smart-PLS was
used to analyze relationships among the constructs. Our analysis
shows that performance expectancy (PE), hedonic motivation,
habit (HT), and perceived credibility (PC) are
determinants of OB acceptance in Pakistan, whereas PE, social
influence, price value, HT, and PC are the factors affecting
Turkish bank customer intentions. Results of the cultural moderators
show that collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation
affect customers’ UB in Pakistan while uncertainty
avoidance, power distance, and masculinity/femininity moderate
the UB of Turkish customers. Our findings provide new
insights for developing online banking in both countries.