The case study was conducted in the area of Acacia mangium plantation at BKPH Parung Panjang, KPH... more The case study was conducted in the area of Acacia mangium plantation at BKPH Parung Panjang, KPH Bogor. The objective of the study was to formulate equation models of tree root carbon mass and root to shoot carbon mass ratio of the plantation. It was found that carbon content in the parts of tree biomass (stems, branches, twigs, leaves, and roots) was different, in which the highest and the lowest carbon content was in the main stem of the tree and in the leaves, respectively. The main stem and leaves of tree accounted for 70% of tree biomass. The rootshoot ratio of root biomass to tree biomass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root biomass to main stem biomass was 0.1443 and 0.25771, respectively, in which 75% of tree carbon mass was in the main stem and roots of tree. It was also found that the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree carbon mass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree main stem carbon mass was 0.1442 and 0.2034, respectively. All allometric equation models of tree root carbon mass of A. mangium have a high goodness-of-fit as indicated by its high adjusted R 2 .
Penelitian mengenai pengujian nondestruktif metode near infrared (NIR) spektroskopi di Indonesia ... more Penelitian mengenai pengujian nondestruktif metode near infrared (NIR) spektroskopi di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik spektra NIR spektroskopi (panjang gelombang 700 nm – 2500 nm) kayu Acacia mangium dari 3 umur yaitu 5, 6, dan, 7 tahun. Kayu mangium diperoleh dari daerah Maribaya, Parung Panjang, Bogor. Sampel contoh uji spektra terdiri dari bentuk solid atau padatan dan bentuk serbuk kayu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan spektra absorban NIR sampel padatan kayu lebih tinggi dibandingkan bentuk sampel serbuk. Umur pohon untuk jenis kayu yang sama tidak memberikan informasi perbedaan pola spektra absorbansi NIR yang nyata untuk setiap lokasi panjang gelombangnya. Penelitian lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan model pendugaan sifat kimia, fisis dan mekanis kayu menggunakan analisis statistik metode analisis multivariasi. Kata kunci : NIR spektroskopi, Acacia mangium, kayu solid, serbuk kayu Characteristics of Absorbenc...
... Bagian pangkal Bagian tengah Bagian ujung Cabang besar Cabang sedang Cabang kecil Ranting bes... more ... Bagian pangkal Bagian tengah Bagian ujung Cabang besar Cabang sedang Cabang kecil Ranting besar Ranting sedang Ranting kecil Représentatif dari ... Lahan , Diameter Pohon Stok Karbon No-Hutan Rakyat (m2) TanunTanam Rata-Rata(Cm) (Ton/Ha) 1 Udin 800 2008 9 ...
... Nyoman Jaya Wistara Staf Pcngajar Jurusan Tcknolngi Hasil Hutan Fakultas I(chulana.r| Institu... more ... Nyoman Jaya Wistara Staf Pcngajar Jurusan Tcknolngi Hasil Hutan Fakultas I(chulana.r| Institut Pertanian Bogor 1. Pendahuluan Konsep "Round River mengatakan bahwa ... 1.-*<t:-m"1:"r_;: flew:-" V _ _ Pulp darn Kerras _ _ Gambar 1 menunjukkan bahwa volume limbah cair ...
Sewage sludge is the largest waste produced from the pulp and paper mill, consist of fibers (50-6... more Sewage sludge is the largest waste produced from the pulp and paper mill, consist of fibers (50-60%) and inorganic materials.The aim of this study was to obtain the microfibrillated cellulose of sludge through extraction and cellulose disintegration. The cellulose disintegration conducted by a combinations of the refining and ultrasonication treatment. The results showed that after extraction process the mass of C and O were increased. Conversely the mass of Al, Ca, Si and S were decreased. The mass of C and O was further increased after refining and ultrasonication treatment. The process of extraction on sludge could remove lignin, hemicellulose and inorganic materials to obtain more pure cellulose. Cellulose disintegration by a combination of the refining 30 times followed by ultrasonication for 120 min produced microfibrillated cellulose with diameter of 284 nm.Key words: extraction, microfibrillated cellulose, morphology, sludg
The present works was aimed to examine the concordance between trader quality classification and ... more The present works was aimed to examine the concordance between trader quality classification and related SNI classification on dammar resin. The quality of six quality classes of dammar resin by trader classification was evaluated based on SNI 2900-1-2012 on visual classification and SNI 01-2900-1999 on physical and chemical characteristics, and then the resulting data were analyzed with ANOVA. The quality concordance of dammar resin based on trader classification with these of SNI for visual appearance and the size of agglomeration was 50 and 75-94%, respectively, and these of insolubility in toluene, melting point, ash content, and acid number were 61, 72, 11, and 100%, respectively. The characteristics of dammar resin for the a, b, and c quality classification were the same for the Krui traders, BKG Ltd., and WGM Ltd. However, they were different for the lower quality classification of d, e, and powder. It was also found the existence of dammar resin with characteristic values be...
Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 2018
Natural fibers derived from lignocellulosic materials are considered to be more environment-frien... more Natural fibers derived from lignocellulosic materials are considered to be more environment-friendly than petroleum-based synthetic fibers. Several natural fibers, such as seedpod fibers, have a potential for development, including kapok and balsa fibers. The characteristics of both fibers were evaluated to determine their suitability for specific valuable applications. The purpose of this study was to analyze some important fundamental properties of kapok and balsa fibers, including their dimensions, morphology, chemical components, and wettability. The results showed that the average fiber lengths for kapok and balsa were 1.63 and 1.30 cm, respectively. Kapok and balsa fibers had thin cell walls and large lumens filled with air. The kapok fiber was composed of 38.09% α-cellulose, 14.09% lignin, and 2.34% wax content, whereas the balsa fiber was composed 44.62% α-cellulose, 16.60% lignin, and 2.29% wax content. The characteristics of kapok and balsa fibers were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. The contact angle of the distilled water on kapok and balsa fibers was more than 90°, indicating that both fibers are hydrophobic with low wettability properties because of to the presence of wax on the fiber surface.
In this present study, we focused on how the changes in the best microwave pretreatment affected ... more In this present study, we focused on how the changes in the best microwave pretreatment affected the performance of enzymatic and microwave hydrolysis of pretreated bamboo. This solid fraction was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis following NRE L protocol and microwave acid-hydrolysis with/without presence of activated carbon (0.5 g/g) at 1% and 5% of sulfuric acid concentration for 5–12.5 m at 330 watt. Short duration microwave-acid hydrolysis of microwave pretreated bamboo showed better reducing sugar yield than that of enzymatic one. Microwave heating for 12.5 inm at 330 W hydrolyzed with 1% acid using microwave irradiation demonstrated a high reducing sugar yield (25.81% of dry biomass or 27.12% of dry substrate). In this treatment, 37.92% of hollocellulose can be converted into reducing sugar or equivalent to 36.12% of maximum potential sugar released. This yield was increased 6.09 times compared to the highest reducing sugar yield coming from enzymatic hydrolysis using 20 FPU/g of cellulase enzymes. Reducing sugar yield obtained with 5% microwave acid hydrolysis of microwave pretreatment for 5 m at 770 W was equal to the result of hydrolysis for 12.5 m at 330 W. Unfortunately, the activated carbon as solid catalyst in microwave hydrolysis could only reduce brown compound without reducing sugar yield improvement.
Bioethanol production from unbeaten pulp, beaten pulp, non-printed paper and laser printed paper ... more Bioethanol production from unbeaten pulp, beaten pulp, non-printed paper and laser printed paper by the use of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method was carried out in the this research. The yeast used was Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was applied in various concentrations (10 5, 15%, and 20%) and incubation times (3, 4, and 5 days). Gas chromatography was used to quantity ethanol concentration and this was used to calculate ethanol yield and cellulose conversion. Carbohydrate contents of samples were relatively high (over 70%) indicating that the pulps have good potential for bioethanol production. The highest cellulose conversion (8.24%) and ethanol production (5.4%) were obtained from beaten pulp fermented at 15 % yeast concentration and incubated for 3 days. Beating treatment was assumed beneficial to increase ethanol yield, however chemical and mineral additives in paper appeared to inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis processes and ink inhibited fermentation of ...
The thermochemical biomass conversion has widely used because it is considered environmentally fr... more The thermochemical biomass conversion has widely used because it is considered environmentally friendly and carried out at low temperatures and pressure to reduce costs. Hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization are two kinds of biomass conversion that widely practiced in the current time. In this study, hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization was carried out using sago wastes in bark and pith form. The purpose of this research was to compare the charcoal properties between chars from hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. In this study, the carbonization process was conducted in two methods, i.e., hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. The hydrothermal carbonization was performed with a temperature of 250°C for 4 h, using rotary digester with water as a medium. While the pyrolysis carbonization was conducted with a temperature of 400°C for 5 h, using a vacuum electrically heated tube as a reactor. The characterization of chars performed was proximate and elemental analysis; iodine number; calorific value; Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR); X-ray diffraction (XRD); scanning electron microscope (SEM); Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET); and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Pyr-GC-MS). The results showed that the iodine adsorption capacity, surface area, and pore volume of chars from hydrothermal were higher than pyrolysis. In contrast, the calorific value of chars from pyrolysis was higher than the chars from hydrothermal. Based on results, chars from hydrothermal can be used as a precursor of activated charcoal specifically for adsorbent, while chars from pyrolysis are potential energy sources.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2019
Sago (Metroxylon rumphii Martius) pith waste (SPW) and sago bark waste (SBW) are lignocellulosic ... more Sago (Metroxylon rumphii Martius) pith waste (SPW) and sago bark waste (SBW) are lignocellulosic materials that can be used for various needs directly or indirectly. It is necessary to understand SPW and SBW characteristics to maximize their utilization. In this study, we analyzed the proximate, ultimate, and crystallinity by XRD, the functional groups by FTIR, morphology by SEM, and the derivate analysis of hot water-soluble extractives by GCMS. The contents of
Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat memban... more Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat membantu konservasi sumberdaya alam dan menjaga mutu lingkungan hidup. Sifat kekuatan pulp-nya yang rendah secara teoretis dapat ditingkatkan melalui substitusi dengan pulp asli. Bambu merupakan sumber potensial untuk menghasilkan pulp substitusi ini. Dalam penelitian ini bambu tali (Gigantochloa apus) berumur 2 tahun dibuat pulp melalui proses soda panas, yang kemudian dipergunakan untuk mensubstitusi pulp OCC dengan kadar 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 dan 100%. Pulp campurannya kemudian diputihkan dengan metode pemutihan elemental chlorine free (ECF) DEDP (chlorine dioxide-alkaline extraction-chlorine dioxide-hydrogen peroxide). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks tarik tertinggi (30,84 Nm/g) diperoleh dari komposisi pulp bambu : karton (B/K) = 30/70. Nilai indeks sobek dan derajat putih tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 100/0 yang masing-masing sebesar 8,45 N.m 2 /kg dan 77,02%. Nilai indeks retak tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 50/50. Komposisi pulp bamboo dan pulp OCC secara nyata mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pulp campuran. Komposisi optimal untuk menghasilkan sifat kekuatan dan sifat optic terbaik diperoleh dari B/K = 70/30.
Five lesser known hardwood species from recently opened settlement area in Kalimantan and Sumatra... more Five lesser known hardwood species from recently opened settlement area in Kalimantan and Sumatra island~ o/Indonesia were collected and identified as Symplocos sp., Pterygota sp., Schima sp., Nyssa sp., and Gymnotroches sp, The present experiments were intended to evaluate the potential 0/these species lor dissolving pulp and rayon production. Prehydrolized kraft process was applied to pulp the woods and an ECF bleaching method with DEDED sequences were chosen to purify the resulting pulp. All dissolving pulp and rayon filament properties were compared to indonesian Industrial Standard SNi /4-0938-1989 for regular rayon filament and high wet modulus (HWM) rayon filament properties, It has been found that these woods can be classified as class II lor raw material 0/pulp making with medium to long fiber, medium wood density and acceptable bulk density ofchips. Gymnotroches sp. was the most difficult to delignify, as indicated by the highest kappa number 0/18,8, Except for pulp brightness, all parameters tesled indicated that these species are highly potential/or dissolving pulp and regular rayon production. Some parameters were even indicating that these woods can be used/or HWM rayon fiber.
International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2016
This study highlighted the effect of microwave pretreatment on betung bamboo on the chemical stru... more This study highlighted the effect of microwave pretreatment on betung bamboo on the chemical structural and morphological changes. The hydrothermal condition was performed in varying power loading (330, 550, and 770 W) and microwave irradition time (5-12.5 min). FTIR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analysis were utilized to confirm the characteristic changes after pretreatment. The results showed that the severe pretreatment condition tended to increase the carbohydrate losses. From FTIR spectra, microwave pretreatment tended to decrease absorbancy of functional group bands. After microwave pretreatment for 12.5 min (770 W), the band around 1736 cm-1 (C=O in xylan) disappeared in the samples. The syringil propane unit was lower than that of guaiacyl lignin under microwave pretreatment. The disruption of the structure of the cell wall increased the accessibility of cellulase to lignocellulose. Except microwaving for 5 min (330 W), the microwave heating caused carbon and oxygen increasing compared to untreated samples. The increase in crystallinity index of pretreated bamboo suggested the selective degradation of amorphous components.
This research evaluated the effect of fungal pretreatment of betung bamboo fibers and enzymatic-a... more This research evaluated the effect of fungal pretreatment of betung bamboo fibers and enzymatic-and microwaveassisted hydrolysis on the reducing sugar yield. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass was carried out with cellulase and 10 and 20 FPU/g of substrate in a shaking incubator at 50 °C and 150 rpm for 48 h. The sulfuric acid concentration used in the microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis was 1.0, 2.5, and 5%, either with or without the addition of activated carbon. Microwave irradiation (330 Watt) was applied for 5-12.5 min. The yield of reducing sugar was better with the microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis, and the yield tended to increase with an increase in the irradiation time. Based on the dry weight of the initial biomass (bamboo), pretreatment with 5% inoculum loading resulted in a higher reducing sugar yield (17.06%) than with 10% inoculum loading (14.54%). At a 1% acid concentration, the formation of brown compounds decreased, followed by a reduction in the reducing sugar yield. The addition of activated carbon at a 1% acid concentration seemed to be of no benefit with respect to the yield in the microwaveassisted acid hydrolysis. The pretreatment with the 5% inoculum loading for 12.5 min at 1% acid concentration resulted in the highest reducing sugar yield. Under these conditions, the yield was 6.3-fold that of the reducing sugar yield using 20 FPU/g of cellulase. The rate of bamboo hollocellulose hydrolysis reached 22.75% of the maximum theoretical reducing sugar reducing sugar of dry biomass. Abstrak Digestibilitas Serat Bambu Betung Setelah Pretreatment Jamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pretreatment jamur pada serat bambu betung terhadap rendemen gula dari hidrolisis enzimatis dan microwave dengan asam. Hidrolisis enzimatis pada bambu setelah pretreatment menggunakan selulase 10 dan 20 FPU/g substrat dalam inkubator shaker pada suhu 50 °C selama 48 jam pada kecepatan 150 rpm. Konsentrasi asam sulfat yang digunakan dalam hidrolisis asam dengan microwave yaitu 1,0, 2,5 dan 5% baik dengan atau tanpa penambahan karbon aktif pada daya microwave 330 watt selama 5-12,5 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hidrolisis asam dengan microwave menghasilkan rendemen gula yang lebih baik yang cenderung meningkat dengan bertambahnya waktu iradiasi. Berdasarkan berat kering dari biomassa awal bambu, pretreatment dengan konsentrasi inokulum 5% menunjukkan rendemen gula pereduksi yang lebih tinggi (17,06%) daripada konsentrasi inokulum 10% (14,54%). Penambahan karbon aktif cenderung menurunkan pembentukan senyawa coklat. Namun, pada konsentrasi asam 1% penurunan pembentukan senyawa coklat juga diikuti dengan penurunan rendemen gula pereduksi. Tampaknya tidak terdapat pengaruh menguntungkan pada rendemen gula dengan adanya penambahan karbon aktif dari hidrolisis microwave dengan asam. Pretreatment dengan konsentrasi inokulum 5% selama 12,5 menit pada konsentrasi asam 1% menghasilkan rendemen gula pereduksi yang tertinggi. Rendemen ini meningkat 6,3 kali daripada rendemen gula pereduksi dari hidrolisis enzimatis menggunakan enzim 20 FPU/g selulase dan laju hidrolisis holoselulosa bambu mencapai 22,75% dari rendemen gula pereduksi teoritis dari biomassa awal.
Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 2014
ABSTRACT Research on wood technological properties using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has sho... more ABSTRACT Research on wood technological properties using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has shown prom-ising results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of NIR spectroscopy for estimating chemical properties of mangium wood (Acacia mangium). NIR spectra were obtained from 150 wood meal samples of mangium trees that were 5–7-years-old. A multivariate data analysis method of partial least squares was used to develop calibration regression models for predicting chemical properties based on NIR spectra. The results showed a good relationship between values derived from laboratory analyses and those predicted by NIR spectros-copy for a-cellulose and hemicellulose content. The cali-bration models had high values for the coefficient of determination (R 2 [ 0.80) and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD [ 2.0). Meanwhile, lignin and extractive content were poorly predicted; calibration validation revealed R 2 \ 0.60 and RPD = 1.0. This study indicated that NIR spectroscopy analysis on wood meal of A. man-gium could be reliably used to predict a-cellulose and hemicellulose. Keywords Near infrared (NIR) Á Acacia mangium Á Wood meal Á Partial least squares (PLS) Introduction
The main goal of the present works was to determine chemical changes, thermal decomposition, and ... more The main goal of the present works was to determine chemical changes, thermal decomposition, and the content of moisture, ash, volatile, fixed carbon and calorific value of soda pulping black liquor of the rice straw. Neutralized black liquor was dried to a moisture content of 10% and then pyrolized at 106oC-750oC. It was found that calorific value, fixed carbon, volatile mater, and moisture content were in the range of 2782-4716 cal/g, 49.2-81.6%, 15.5-47.5%, and 0.2-3.5%, respectively. Ash content was not influenced by the temperature of pyrolysis and was thought to depend on its initial silicate content. The weight loss of pulp was higher than that of black liquor. Extreme weight loss has been found in the temperature of 200-400oC. Noticeable functional groups changes were found with the increasing temperature of pyrolysis. Hydroxyl group completely disappeared at 300oC and above. Carbonyl related groups were also disappeared at 300-500oC, but it was reformed at 650 and 750oC. It...
Penelitian pemanfaatan sludge sebagai bahan baku pembuatan papan serat berkerapatan sedang atau m... more Penelitian pemanfaatan sludge sebagai bahan baku pembuatan papan serat berkerapatan sedang atau medium density fibreboard (MDF) berguna untuk menciptakan nilai tambah dari sludge. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi sifat fisis, mekanik, dan ketahanan MDF dari sludge terasetilasi dengan 4 macam konsentrasi asetat anhidrida (0%, 3%, 5% dan 7%) dengan 3 kali ulangan. Pembuatan MDF dilakukan dengan proses kering. Setelah bahan baku dicampur perekat, dilakukan pengempaan dengan menggunakan kempa panas dengan suhu 170 o C dan tekanan 45 Pa selama 25 menit. Ukuran papan yang akan dibuat adalah 25 cm x 20 cm x 1 cm dengan kerapatan 0,8 g/cm 3. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian sifat fisik (kerapatan, kadar air, daya serap air, pengembangan tebal) dan mekanik (keteguhan lentur, keteguhan patah, keteguhan rekat, kuat pegang sekrup) terhadap MDF yang dihasilkan yang mengacu pada JIS A 5905-2003 dan pengujian ketahanan mengacu pada SNI 01-7207-2006. Keseluruhan sifat fisik MDF memenuhi standar JIS A 5905-2003. Pemberian asetat anhidrida menurunkan nilai kadar air MDF yang dihasilkan. Hasil pengujian sifat mekanik seluruhnya tidak memenuhi standar yang diacu. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kalsium karbonat dalam sludge yang menghambat ikatan antar serat sludge. Hasil pengujian keawetan MDF termasuk kedalam kelas I, yaitu sangat tahan terhadap rayap.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED), 2014
The fungal pretreatment effect on chemical structural and morphological changes of betung bamboo ... more The fungal pretreatment effect on chemical structural and morphological changes of betung bamboo was evaluated based on its biomass components after being cultivated by white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor. Betung bamboo powder (15 g) was exposed to liquid inoculum of white rot fungi and incubated at 27 0 C for 15, 30 and 45 days. The treated samples were then characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analyses. Cultivation for 30 days with 5 and 10% loadings retained greater selectivity compared to that of the other treatments. FTIR spectra demonstrated that the fungus changed the chemical structure of pretreated bambooo indicated by the decreasing of functional group intensities without changing the functional groups. The decrease in intensity at wave number of 1246 cm-1 (guaiacyl of lignin) was greater than that at wave number of 1328 cm-1 (deformation combination of syringyl and xylan) after fungal treatment. X-ray analysis showed the pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity than the untreated ones which might be due to the cleavage of amorphous fractions of cellulose. The pretreated bamboo have more fragile than the untreated ones confirmed by SEM. Crystalline allomorph, Iβ (monoclinic) has transformed Iα (triclinic) structure in the pretreated bamboo for 30 days.
The case study was conducted in the area of Acacia mangium plantation at BKPH Parung Panjang, KPH... more The case study was conducted in the area of Acacia mangium plantation at BKPH Parung Panjang, KPH Bogor. The objective of the study was to formulate equation models of tree root carbon mass and root to shoot carbon mass ratio of the plantation. It was found that carbon content in the parts of tree biomass (stems, branches, twigs, leaves, and roots) was different, in which the highest and the lowest carbon content was in the main stem of the tree and in the leaves, respectively. The main stem and leaves of tree accounted for 70% of tree biomass. The rootshoot ratio of root biomass to tree biomass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root biomass to main stem biomass was 0.1443 and 0.25771, respectively, in which 75% of tree carbon mass was in the main stem and roots of tree. It was also found that the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree carbon mass above the ground and the root-shoot ratio of root carbon mass to tree main stem carbon mass was 0.1442 and 0.2034, respectively. All allometric equation models of tree root carbon mass of A. mangium have a high goodness-of-fit as indicated by its high adjusted R 2 .
Penelitian mengenai pengujian nondestruktif metode near infrared (NIR) spektroskopi di Indonesia ... more Penelitian mengenai pengujian nondestruktif metode near infrared (NIR) spektroskopi di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik spektra NIR spektroskopi (panjang gelombang 700 nm – 2500 nm) kayu Acacia mangium dari 3 umur yaitu 5, 6, dan, 7 tahun. Kayu mangium diperoleh dari daerah Maribaya, Parung Panjang, Bogor. Sampel contoh uji spektra terdiri dari bentuk solid atau padatan dan bentuk serbuk kayu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan spektra absorban NIR sampel padatan kayu lebih tinggi dibandingkan bentuk sampel serbuk. Umur pohon untuk jenis kayu yang sama tidak memberikan informasi perbedaan pola spektra absorbansi NIR yang nyata untuk setiap lokasi panjang gelombangnya. Penelitian lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan model pendugaan sifat kimia, fisis dan mekanis kayu menggunakan analisis statistik metode analisis multivariasi. Kata kunci : NIR spektroskopi, Acacia mangium, kayu solid, serbuk kayu Characteristics of Absorbenc...
... Bagian pangkal Bagian tengah Bagian ujung Cabang besar Cabang sedang Cabang kecil Ranting bes... more ... Bagian pangkal Bagian tengah Bagian ujung Cabang besar Cabang sedang Cabang kecil Ranting besar Ranting sedang Ranting kecil Représentatif dari ... Lahan , Diameter Pohon Stok Karbon No-Hutan Rakyat (m2) TanunTanam Rata-Rata(Cm) (Ton/Ha) 1 Udin 800 2008 9 ...
... Nyoman Jaya Wistara Staf Pcngajar Jurusan Tcknolngi Hasil Hutan Fakultas I(chulana.r| Institu... more ... Nyoman Jaya Wistara Staf Pcngajar Jurusan Tcknolngi Hasil Hutan Fakultas I(chulana.r| Institut Pertanian Bogor 1. Pendahuluan Konsep "Round River mengatakan bahwa ... 1.-*<t:-m"1:"r_;: flew:-" V _ _ Pulp darn Kerras _ _ Gambar 1 menunjukkan bahwa volume limbah cair ...
Sewage sludge is the largest waste produced from the pulp and paper mill, consist of fibers (50-6... more Sewage sludge is the largest waste produced from the pulp and paper mill, consist of fibers (50-60%) and inorganic materials.The aim of this study was to obtain the microfibrillated cellulose of sludge through extraction and cellulose disintegration. The cellulose disintegration conducted by a combinations of the refining and ultrasonication treatment. The results showed that after extraction process the mass of C and O were increased. Conversely the mass of Al, Ca, Si and S were decreased. The mass of C and O was further increased after refining and ultrasonication treatment. The process of extraction on sludge could remove lignin, hemicellulose and inorganic materials to obtain more pure cellulose. Cellulose disintegration by a combination of the refining 30 times followed by ultrasonication for 120 min produced microfibrillated cellulose with diameter of 284 nm.Key words: extraction, microfibrillated cellulose, morphology, sludg
The present works was aimed to examine the concordance between trader quality classification and ... more The present works was aimed to examine the concordance between trader quality classification and related SNI classification on dammar resin. The quality of six quality classes of dammar resin by trader classification was evaluated based on SNI 2900-1-2012 on visual classification and SNI 01-2900-1999 on physical and chemical characteristics, and then the resulting data were analyzed with ANOVA. The quality concordance of dammar resin based on trader classification with these of SNI for visual appearance and the size of agglomeration was 50 and 75-94%, respectively, and these of insolubility in toluene, melting point, ash content, and acid number were 61, 72, 11, and 100%, respectively. The characteristics of dammar resin for the a, b, and c quality classification were the same for the Krui traders, BKG Ltd., and WGM Ltd. However, they were different for the lower quality classification of d, e, and powder. It was also found the existence of dammar resin with characteristic values be...
Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 2018
Natural fibers derived from lignocellulosic materials are considered to be more environment-frien... more Natural fibers derived from lignocellulosic materials are considered to be more environment-friendly than petroleum-based synthetic fibers. Several natural fibers, such as seedpod fibers, have a potential for development, including kapok and balsa fibers. The characteristics of both fibers were evaluated to determine their suitability for specific valuable applications. The purpose of this study was to analyze some important fundamental properties of kapok and balsa fibers, including their dimensions, morphology, chemical components, and wettability. The results showed that the average fiber lengths for kapok and balsa were 1.63 and 1.30 cm, respectively. Kapok and balsa fibers had thin cell walls and large lumens filled with air. The kapok fiber was composed of 38.09% α-cellulose, 14.09% lignin, and 2.34% wax content, whereas the balsa fiber was composed 44.62% α-cellulose, 16.60% lignin, and 2.29% wax content. The characteristics of kapok and balsa fibers were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. The contact angle of the distilled water on kapok and balsa fibers was more than 90°, indicating that both fibers are hydrophobic with low wettability properties because of to the presence of wax on the fiber surface.
In this present study, we focused on how the changes in the best microwave pretreatment affected ... more In this present study, we focused on how the changes in the best microwave pretreatment affected the performance of enzymatic and microwave hydrolysis of pretreated bamboo. This solid fraction was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis following NRE L protocol and microwave acid-hydrolysis with/without presence of activated carbon (0.5 g/g) at 1% and 5% of sulfuric acid concentration for 5–12.5 m at 330 watt. Short duration microwave-acid hydrolysis of microwave pretreated bamboo showed better reducing sugar yield than that of enzymatic one. Microwave heating for 12.5 inm at 330 W hydrolyzed with 1% acid using microwave irradiation demonstrated a high reducing sugar yield (25.81% of dry biomass or 27.12% of dry substrate). In this treatment, 37.92% of hollocellulose can be converted into reducing sugar or equivalent to 36.12% of maximum potential sugar released. This yield was increased 6.09 times compared to the highest reducing sugar yield coming from enzymatic hydrolysis using 20 FPU/g of cellulase enzymes. Reducing sugar yield obtained with 5% microwave acid hydrolysis of microwave pretreatment for 5 m at 770 W was equal to the result of hydrolysis for 12.5 m at 330 W. Unfortunately, the activated carbon as solid catalyst in microwave hydrolysis could only reduce brown compound without reducing sugar yield improvement.
Bioethanol production from unbeaten pulp, beaten pulp, non-printed paper and laser printed paper ... more Bioethanol production from unbeaten pulp, beaten pulp, non-printed paper and laser printed paper by the use of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method was carried out in the this research. The yeast used was Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was applied in various concentrations (10 5, 15%, and 20%) and incubation times (3, 4, and 5 days). Gas chromatography was used to quantity ethanol concentration and this was used to calculate ethanol yield and cellulose conversion. Carbohydrate contents of samples were relatively high (over 70%) indicating that the pulps have good potential for bioethanol production. The highest cellulose conversion (8.24%) and ethanol production (5.4%) were obtained from beaten pulp fermented at 15 % yeast concentration and incubated for 3 days. Beating treatment was assumed beneficial to increase ethanol yield, however chemical and mineral additives in paper appeared to inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis processes and ink inhibited fermentation of ...
The thermochemical biomass conversion has widely used because it is considered environmentally fr... more The thermochemical biomass conversion has widely used because it is considered environmentally friendly and carried out at low temperatures and pressure to reduce costs. Hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization are two kinds of biomass conversion that widely practiced in the current time. In this study, hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization was carried out using sago wastes in bark and pith form. The purpose of this research was to compare the charcoal properties between chars from hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. In this study, the carbonization process was conducted in two methods, i.e., hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. The hydrothermal carbonization was performed with a temperature of 250°C for 4 h, using rotary digester with water as a medium. While the pyrolysis carbonization was conducted with a temperature of 400°C for 5 h, using a vacuum electrically heated tube as a reactor. The characterization of chars performed was proximate and elemental analysis; iodine number; calorific value; Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR); X-ray diffraction (XRD); scanning electron microscope (SEM); Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET); and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Pyr-GC-MS). The results showed that the iodine adsorption capacity, surface area, and pore volume of chars from hydrothermal were higher than pyrolysis. In contrast, the calorific value of chars from pyrolysis was higher than the chars from hydrothermal. Based on results, chars from hydrothermal can be used as a precursor of activated charcoal specifically for adsorbent, while chars from pyrolysis are potential energy sources.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2019
Sago (Metroxylon rumphii Martius) pith waste (SPW) and sago bark waste (SBW) are lignocellulosic ... more Sago (Metroxylon rumphii Martius) pith waste (SPW) and sago bark waste (SBW) are lignocellulosic materials that can be used for various needs directly or indirectly. It is necessary to understand SPW and SBW characteristics to maximize their utilization. In this study, we analyzed the proximate, ultimate, and crystallinity by XRD, the functional groups by FTIR, morphology by SEM, and the derivate analysis of hot water-soluble extractives by GCMS. The contents of
Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat memban... more Penggunaan kertas bekas seperti karton gelombang atau old corrugated container (OCC) dapat membantu konservasi sumberdaya alam dan menjaga mutu lingkungan hidup. Sifat kekuatan pulp-nya yang rendah secara teoretis dapat ditingkatkan melalui substitusi dengan pulp asli. Bambu merupakan sumber potensial untuk menghasilkan pulp substitusi ini. Dalam penelitian ini bambu tali (Gigantochloa apus) berumur 2 tahun dibuat pulp melalui proses soda panas, yang kemudian dipergunakan untuk mensubstitusi pulp OCC dengan kadar 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 dan 100%. Pulp campurannya kemudian diputihkan dengan metode pemutihan elemental chlorine free (ECF) DEDP (chlorine dioxide-alkaline extraction-chlorine dioxide-hydrogen peroxide). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks tarik tertinggi (30,84 Nm/g) diperoleh dari komposisi pulp bambu : karton (B/K) = 30/70. Nilai indeks sobek dan derajat putih tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 100/0 yang masing-masing sebesar 8,45 N.m 2 /kg dan 77,02%. Nilai indeks retak tertinggi dihasilkan oleh komposisi B/K = 50/50. Komposisi pulp bamboo dan pulp OCC secara nyata mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pulp campuran. Komposisi optimal untuk menghasilkan sifat kekuatan dan sifat optic terbaik diperoleh dari B/K = 70/30.
Five lesser known hardwood species from recently opened settlement area in Kalimantan and Sumatra... more Five lesser known hardwood species from recently opened settlement area in Kalimantan and Sumatra island~ o/Indonesia were collected and identified as Symplocos sp., Pterygota sp., Schima sp., Nyssa sp., and Gymnotroches sp, The present experiments were intended to evaluate the potential 0/these species lor dissolving pulp and rayon production. Prehydrolized kraft process was applied to pulp the woods and an ECF bleaching method with DEDED sequences were chosen to purify the resulting pulp. All dissolving pulp and rayon filament properties were compared to indonesian Industrial Standard SNi /4-0938-1989 for regular rayon filament and high wet modulus (HWM) rayon filament properties, It has been found that these woods can be classified as class II lor raw material 0/pulp making with medium to long fiber, medium wood density and acceptable bulk density ofchips. Gymnotroches sp. was the most difficult to delignify, as indicated by the highest kappa number 0/18,8, Except for pulp brightness, all parameters tesled indicated that these species are highly potential/or dissolving pulp and regular rayon production. Some parameters were even indicating that these woods can be used/or HWM rayon fiber.
International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2016
This study highlighted the effect of microwave pretreatment on betung bamboo on the chemical stru... more This study highlighted the effect of microwave pretreatment on betung bamboo on the chemical structural and morphological changes. The hydrothermal condition was performed in varying power loading (330, 550, and 770 W) and microwave irradition time (5-12.5 min). FTIR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analysis were utilized to confirm the characteristic changes after pretreatment. The results showed that the severe pretreatment condition tended to increase the carbohydrate losses. From FTIR spectra, microwave pretreatment tended to decrease absorbancy of functional group bands. After microwave pretreatment for 12.5 min (770 W), the band around 1736 cm-1 (C=O in xylan) disappeared in the samples. The syringil propane unit was lower than that of guaiacyl lignin under microwave pretreatment. The disruption of the structure of the cell wall increased the accessibility of cellulase to lignocellulose. Except microwaving for 5 min (330 W), the microwave heating caused carbon and oxygen increasing compared to untreated samples. The increase in crystallinity index of pretreated bamboo suggested the selective degradation of amorphous components.
This research evaluated the effect of fungal pretreatment of betung bamboo fibers and enzymatic-a... more This research evaluated the effect of fungal pretreatment of betung bamboo fibers and enzymatic-and microwaveassisted hydrolysis on the reducing sugar yield. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass was carried out with cellulase and 10 and 20 FPU/g of substrate in a shaking incubator at 50 °C and 150 rpm for 48 h. The sulfuric acid concentration used in the microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis was 1.0, 2.5, and 5%, either with or without the addition of activated carbon. Microwave irradiation (330 Watt) was applied for 5-12.5 min. The yield of reducing sugar was better with the microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis, and the yield tended to increase with an increase in the irradiation time. Based on the dry weight of the initial biomass (bamboo), pretreatment with 5% inoculum loading resulted in a higher reducing sugar yield (17.06%) than with 10% inoculum loading (14.54%). At a 1% acid concentration, the formation of brown compounds decreased, followed by a reduction in the reducing sugar yield. The addition of activated carbon at a 1% acid concentration seemed to be of no benefit with respect to the yield in the microwaveassisted acid hydrolysis. The pretreatment with the 5% inoculum loading for 12.5 min at 1% acid concentration resulted in the highest reducing sugar yield. Under these conditions, the yield was 6.3-fold that of the reducing sugar yield using 20 FPU/g of cellulase. The rate of bamboo hollocellulose hydrolysis reached 22.75% of the maximum theoretical reducing sugar reducing sugar of dry biomass. Abstrak Digestibilitas Serat Bambu Betung Setelah Pretreatment Jamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pretreatment jamur pada serat bambu betung terhadap rendemen gula dari hidrolisis enzimatis dan microwave dengan asam. Hidrolisis enzimatis pada bambu setelah pretreatment menggunakan selulase 10 dan 20 FPU/g substrat dalam inkubator shaker pada suhu 50 °C selama 48 jam pada kecepatan 150 rpm. Konsentrasi asam sulfat yang digunakan dalam hidrolisis asam dengan microwave yaitu 1,0, 2,5 dan 5% baik dengan atau tanpa penambahan karbon aktif pada daya microwave 330 watt selama 5-12,5 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hidrolisis asam dengan microwave menghasilkan rendemen gula yang lebih baik yang cenderung meningkat dengan bertambahnya waktu iradiasi. Berdasarkan berat kering dari biomassa awal bambu, pretreatment dengan konsentrasi inokulum 5% menunjukkan rendemen gula pereduksi yang lebih tinggi (17,06%) daripada konsentrasi inokulum 10% (14,54%). Penambahan karbon aktif cenderung menurunkan pembentukan senyawa coklat. Namun, pada konsentrasi asam 1% penurunan pembentukan senyawa coklat juga diikuti dengan penurunan rendemen gula pereduksi. Tampaknya tidak terdapat pengaruh menguntungkan pada rendemen gula dengan adanya penambahan karbon aktif dari hidrolisis microwave dengan asam. Pretreatment dengan konsentrasi inokulum 5% selama 12,5 menit pada konsentrasi asam 1% menghasilkan rendemen gula pereduksi yang tertinggi. Rendemen ini meningkat 6,3 kali daripada rendemen gula pereduksi dari hidrolisis enzimatis menggunakan enzim 20 FPU/g selulase dan laju hidrolisis holoselulosa bambu mencapai 22,75% dari rendemen gula pereduksi teoritis dari biomassa awal.
Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 2014
ABSTRACT Research on wood technological properties using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has sho... more ABSTRACT Research on wood technological properties using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has shown prom-ising results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of NIR spectroscopy for estimating chemical properties of mangium wood (Acacia mangium). NIR spectra were obtained from 150 wood meal samples of mangium trees that were 5–7-years-old. A multivariate data analysis method of partial least squares was used to develop calibration regression models for predicting chemical properties based on NIR spectra. The results showed a good relationship between values derived from laboratory analyses and those predicted by NIR spectros-copy for a-cellulose and hemicellulose content. The cali-bration models had high values for the coefficient of determination (R 2 [ 0.80) and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD [ 2.0). Meanwhile, lignin and extractive content were poorly predicted; calibration validation revealed R 2 \ 0.60 and RPD = 1.0. This study indicated that NIR spectroscopy analysis on wood meal of A. man-gium could be reliably used to predict a-cellulose and hemicellulose. Keywords Near infrared (NIR) Á Acacia mangium Á Wood meal Á Partial least squares (PLS) Introduction
The main goal of the present works was to determine chemical changes, thermal decomposition, and ... more The main goal of the present works was to determine chemical changes, thermal decomposition, and the content of moisture, ash, volatile, fixed carbon and calorific value of soda pulping black liquor of the rice straw. Neutralized black liquor was dried to a moisture content of 10% and then pyrolized at 106oC-750oC. It was found that calorific value, fixed carbon, volatile mater, and moisture content were in the range of 2782-4716 cal/g, 49.2-81.6%, 15.5-47.5%, and 0.2-3.5%, respectively. Ash content was not influenced by the temperature of pyrolysis and was thought to depend on its initial silicate content. The weight loss of pulp was higher than that of black liquor. Extreme weight loss has been found in the temperature of 200-400oC. Noticeable functional groups changes were found with the increasing temperature of pyrolysis. Hydroxyl group completely disappeared at 300oC and above. Carbonyl related groups were also disappeared at 300-500oC, but it was reformed at 650 and 750oC. It...
Penelitian pemanfaatan sludge sebagai bahan baku pembuatan papan serat berkerapatan sedang atau m... more Penelitian pemanfaatan sludge sebagai bahan baku pembuatan papan serat berkerapatan sedang atau medium density fibreboard (MDF) berguna untuk menciptakan nilai tambah dari sludge. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi sifat fisis, mekanik, dan ketahanan MDF dari sludge terasetilasi dengan 4 macam konsentrasi asetat anhidrida (0%, 3%, 5% dan 7%) dengan 3 kali ulangan. Pembuatan MDF dilakukan dengan proses kering. Setelah bahan baku dicampur perekat, dilakukan pengempaan dengan menggunakan kempa panas dengan suhu 170 o C dan tekanan 45 Pa selama 25 menit. Ukuran papan yang akan dibuat adalah 25 cm x 20 cm x 1 cm dengan kerapatan 0,8 g/cm 3. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian sifat fisik (kerapatan, kadar air, daya serap air, pengembangan tebal) dan mekanik (keteguhan lentur, keteguhan patah, keteguhan rekat, kuat pegang sekrup) terhadap MDF yang dihasilkan yang mengacu pada JIS A 5905-2003 dan pengujian ketahanan mengacu pada SNI 01-7207-2006. Keseluruhan sifat fisik MDF memenuhi standar JIS A 5905-2003. Pemberian asetat anhidrida menurunkan nilai kadar air MDF yang dihasilkan. Hasil pengujian sifat mekanik seluruhnya tidak memenuhi standar yang diacu. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kalsium karbonat dalam sludge yang menghambat ikatan antar serat sludge. Hasil pengujian keawetan MDF termasuk kedalam kelas I, yaitu sangat tahan terhadap rayap.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED), 2014
The fungal pretreatment effect on chemical structural and morphological changes of betung bamboo ... more The fungal pretreatment effect on chemical structural and morphological changes of betung bamboo was evaluated based on its biomass components after being cultivated by white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor. Betung bamboo powder (15 g) was exposed to liquid inoculum of white rot fungi and incubated at 27 0 C for 15, 30 and 45 days. The treated samples were then characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analyses. Cultivation for 30 days with 5 and 10% loadings retained greater selectivity compared to that of the other treatments. FTIR spectra demonstrated that the fungus changed the chemical structure of pretreated bambooo indicated by the decreasing of functional group intensities without changing the functional groups. The decrease in intensity at wave number of 1246 cm-1 (guaiacyl of lignin) was greater than that at wave number of 1328 cm-1 (deformation combination of syringyl and xylan) after fungal treatment. X-ray analysis showed the pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity than the untreated ones which might be due to the cleavage of amorphous fractions of cellulose. The pretreated bamboo have more fragile than the untreated ones confirmed by SEM. Crystalline allomorph, Iβ (monoclinic) has transformed Iα (triclinic) structure in the pretreated bamboo for 30 days.
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