Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen

The aims of this research were to know characteristics of family and child who come from family whose working mother and unworking mother; to analyze the differences of breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation between two groups; to analyze the correlation between characteristics family and child, with breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation; and to analyze the impact of breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation toward child's social-emotion development. A cross sectional design was applied in this research. This research represented the part of Yuliati's (2006) research which entitled "Study of behavior buying and consuming milk for 2-5 years old of child and impact to child's growth and development". Population in this research represented sample from Yuliati's research that were selected by purposive with criteria 3,5-5 years old of children who come from family whose working mother and unworking mother. The result showed that there were not significant differences between characteristics of family and child, duration of breastfeeding and psychosocial stimulation between two groups. Correlation test of Rank Spearman showed that only father's education and family's income that had significantly negative correlation with duration of breastfeeding. Meanwhile, father's education, mother's education, family's income and mother's knowledge about child's growth and development significantly had positive correlation with psychosocial stimulation. Based on gender, girl significantly had higher psychosocial stimulation than buy. Psychosocial stimulation and child's age were dominant factor in influencing child's social-emotion development, while duration of breastfeeding was not influencing.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik anak, karakteristik keluarga, dan kesejahteraan keluarga terhadap kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan pada anak usia prasekolah. Contoh terdiri atas 120 anak pendidikan prasekolah di Kota Sungai Penuh, Provinsi Jambi yang dipilih dengan cara acak. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan pengamatan, serta dianalisis dengan analisis deskriptif, uji korelasi, dan uji regresi linear berganda. Berdasarkan indikator garis kemiskinan, keluarga dikelompokkan menjadi keluarga sejahtera dan keluarga tidak sejahtera. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 45,8% keluarga termasuk dalam sejahtera dan 54,2% keluarga termasuk tidak sejahtera. Kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan diukur menggunakan skala Home Ob servation for Measurement of the Environment dan dikategorikan menjadi baik dan kurang baik. Orang tua memberikan stimulasi bahasa, sikap tanggap, dan modeling dalam kualitas baik, sedangkan stimulasi belajar, lingkungan fisik, stimulasi akademik, variasi stimulasi, dan penerimaan dengan kualitas yang kurang baik. Kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh usia anak, besar keluarga, pendidikan ibu, jenis kelamin anak, dan kesejahteraan keluarga. Kata kunci: anak usia prasekolah, HOME, kemiskinan, pendidikan prasekolah, pengasuhan Family Welfare and Home Environment Quality on Preschool Aged Children

Saat ini, permasalahan remaja khususnya kecenderungan merokok di Indonesia sangat memprihatinkan. Penelitian yang dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh peran ayah terhadap kecenderungan merokok siswa SMP di wilayah perdesaan Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan metode survei. Penelitian ini melibatkan 60 siswa kelas tujuh dan delapan yang berasal dari keluarga lengkap di dua SMP di Kecamatan Pamijahan, Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat yang dipilih secara proportional random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik self administered dan dianalisis menggunakan uji beda t, uji korelasi Pearson, uji Chi-Kuadrat, dan uji regresi logistik. Peran ayah diukur berdasarkan gaya pengasuhan dan keteladanan ayah. Gaya pengasuhan ayah (otoriter dan permisif) berbeda signifikan antara siswa laki-laki dan perempuan, sedangkan keteladanan ayah tidak berbeda signifikan antara siswa laki-laki dan perempuan. Usia siswa, jenis kelamin siswa, dan gaya pengasuhan ayah (otoritatif dan permisif) berhubungan signifikan dengan kecenderungan merokok siswa. Kecenderungan merokok siswa dipengaruhi oleh lama pendidikan ayah dan gaya pengasuhan (otoritatif dan permisif). Peningkatan lama pendidikan ayah dan penggunaan gaya pengasuhan otoritatif dapat menurunkan kecenderungan merokok siswa, sedangkan penggunaan gaya pengasuhan permisif dapat meningkatkan kecenderungan siswa untuk merokok. Kata kunci: gaya pengasuhan, kecenderungan merokok, peran ayah, remaja, wilayah perdesaan

Optimal growth and development during early childhood will be able to describe a better future, especially for children between 2-5 years old. The aim of the study was to analyze value of child, psychosocial stimulation, and cognitive development of 2-5 years old children in food insecurity areas at district of Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah Province. Two subdistrict which were Pejawaran and Punggelan were selected purposively. From each subdistrict, 3 villages were chosen for a total of 6 villages served as site of the study. From each villages, 50 families with its children aged 2-5 years were randomly selected, for a total of 300 families as respondents of this study. Result showed that average score of value of children was 81,2%. It means that parents had high of perception and expectation to their children. Meanwhile, average score of psychosocial stimulation for 2-3 years old children was 49,8% and for 3-5 years old children was 57,4%. The average score of cognitive development for 2-5 years old children was 50,6%, which indicated that children still had low cognitive development. There was significant and possitive correlation between value of children and psychosocial stimulation. In line with this, increasing of psychosocial stimulation score was followed by increasing of child cognitive development score. Result showed that cognitive development was significantly and positively influenced by length of maternal education, length of child's participation on preschool education, family economic status, and psychosocial stimulation. On the other hand, increasing of age of children will be followed by decreasing score of cognitive development.

Purpose of this research were (1) to identify family's and child's characteristics, (2) to identify mother's knowledge on nutrition and child's growth development, mother's access to information on nutrition and child growth development, psychosocial stimulation, and child's cognitive development, (3) to analyze relationship between family's characteristics and mother's knowledge on nutrition and growth development, (4) to analyze relationship of family's characteristics, mother knowledge, child's characteristics and psychosocial stimulation, (5) to analyze relationship between mother's knowledge, psychosocial stimulation and child's cognitive development. A cross sectional design was assigned for this research. Population of this research were children aged 2-5 years old that located at Sub capital East Bogor and Kedungbadak were selected by random proportional from 297 children's to 100 sample which consist of aged 2-3 years old (37 children), 3-4 years old (50 children), and 4-5 years old (33 children). A correlation test of Rank Spearman was applied to test the correlation among variables. Results showed that there were significant and positive relationship among three variables which were family's characteristics (family's income and mother's education) and mother's knowledge. Meanwhile, mother's and father's educational attainment and family's income had a positive and significant correlation with psychosocial stimulation.. The study also found that psychosocial stimulation and mother's knowledge had a significant and positive relationship with child's cognitive development.

Interaksi orang tua dan anak yang positif, yang dicerminkan dari komunikasi positif dan kelekatan yang aman, akan berdampak pada perkembangan karakter remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komunikasi serta kelekatan remaja dengan orang tua terhadap karakter remaja di perdesaan. Pemilihan lokasi dilakukan secara purposive di Kabupaten Bogor. Sebanyak 109 remaja yang terdiri atas 43 perempuan dan 66 laki-laki terpilih menjadi responden menggunakan teknik proportional stratified random sampling dari sekolah terpilih di lokasi penelitian. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan teknik self report dengan bantuan kuesioner. Responden dalam penelitian diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner pengembangan dari Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, Adolescent Attachment Questionnaire, serta VIA-Youth. Data dianalisis dengan analisis deskriptif, uji korelasi, dan uji regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor kelekatan, komunikasi, serta karakter remaja perdesaan masih rendah. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara kelekatan remaja dan orang tua terhadap seluruh dimensi karakter remaja. Sebaliknya, ditemukan pengaruh komunikasi antara orang tua dan remaja yang positif pada dimensi perasaan moral, tindakan moral, dan karakter secara keseluruhan.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis gaya pengasuhan orang tua, perilaku bullying di sekolah, dan self-esteem anak usia sekolah; perbedaan variabel berdasarkan jenis kelamin anak; hubungan antarvariabel penelitian; dan pengaruh karakteristik keluarga, karakteristik anak, gaya pengasuhan, dan perilaku bullying di sekolah terhadap self-esteem anak usia sekolah. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 100 orang siswa kelas IV dan V di tiga sekolah dasar negeri; sekolah ini berada di Kecamatan Ciracas, Jakarta Timur. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengisian kuesioner oleh anak. Analisis data menggunakan uji beda t, uji korelasi, dan uji regresi linear berganda. Gaya pengasuhan berhubungan signifikan dengan jenis kelamin anak. Anak laki-laki cenderung diasuh dengan gaya pengasuhan otoriter, sedangkan anak perempuan cenderung diasuh dengan gaya pengasuhan otoritatif. Berdasarkan persentase tertinggi, anak laki-laki cenderung menjadi pelaku bullying di sekolah, sedangkan perempuan cenderung menjadi korban bullying di sekolah. Gaya pengasuhan otoriter dan korban bullying verbal berpengaruh positif signifikan pada penurunan self-esteem anak. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa penerapan gaya pengasuhan otoriter dapat menurunkan self-esteem anak. Anak yang menjadi korban bullying di sekolah juga dapat menurun self-esteem anak usia sekolah. Kata kunci: anak usia sekolah, gaya pengasuhan otoritatif, gaya pengasuhan otoriter, perilaku bullying, selfesteem

The earning and work of fisherman families in Indonesia mostly depend on natural resources using only simple technology. The study was conducted in coastal area of Bontang Kuala, East Kalimantan Province in June and July 2002. One most densely populated sub district was chosen purposively. Result showed that the average income of its family per capita was higher than the average of Indonesian family. Family decision making in economic activities such as fishing investment, catchment's area selection, technology application were dominated by husband, while in religious, health and domestic activities except child education were dominated by wife. Higher the average contribution of wives to family income the higher the domination of wives in decision making in all activities that commonly dominated by husband. Time allocated for domestic, social, health, and economic activities of wife were higher than that of husband, while for income earning activities husbands' time was higher that of wives'. Correlation between variables showed that there was significant correlation between public decision making with public division of labor, and level of satisfaction of wives concerning public decision making but not with domestic decision making. Among domestic division of labor there were negative correlation with productive time and with leisure time of wives but not with public division of labor, and husbands' time allocation.

Perilaku kenakalan remaja yang menyebabkan remaja harus menjadi narapidana memerlukan penelaahan lebih lanjut mengenai faktor-faktor penyebabnya sehingga dapat dikembangkan program pencegahan yang lebih tepat sasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kelekatan remaja dengan ibu, ayah, dan teman sebaya terhadap kenakalan remaja yang menjadi anak didik lapas (andikpas) di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak Kelas II Bandung. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 157 narapidana remaja dengan usia 15-18 tahun. Contoh terdiri dari 63 andikpas yang dipilih menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara dengan bantuan kuesioner Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) versi revisi untuk mengukur kelekatan remaja dengan ayah, ibu, dan teman sebaya. Kenakalan remaja diukur dengan menggunakan Adapted Self Report Delinquency Scale (ASRDS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi tertinggi kelekatan remaja dengan ibu, ayah, dan teman sebaya berada pada kategori kelekatan tidak aman. Hasil analisis regresi menemukan bahwa kelekatan remaja dengan ayah berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap kenakalan remaja. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kelekatan remaja yang tidak aman dengan ayah akan meningkatkan perilaku nakal pada remaja. Hasil lainnya menunjukan bahwa kelekatan dengan teman sebaya berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap kenakalan remaja. Temuan ini mengindikasikan adanya lingkungan pertemanan yang beresiko terhadap kenakalan remaja yang menjadi andikpas di LPKA Kelas II Bandung. Kata kunci: kelekatan remaja-ayah, kelekatan remaja-ibu, kelekatan remaja-teman sebaya, kenakalan remaja

Penelitian tentang komunikasi orang tua-remaja yang dihubungkan dengan agresivitas remaja pada sesama belum banyak dilakukan. Studi ini penting karena biasanya pelaku kekerasan adalah korban kekerasan pada masa lalu. Kajian ini menganalisis pengaruh pola komunikasi orang tua-remaja, perilaku komunikasi kekerasan fisik dan verbal orang tua pada remaja, dan komunikasi saling menarik diri orang tua-remaja terhadap frekuensi dan agresivitas remaja pada sesama. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka teoritis teori kognisi sosial Albert Bandura tentang reproduksi pesan kekerasan. Studi dilakukan pada 367 remaja di Kota dan Kabupaten Bogor. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain studi dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik survei dan laporan diri, dengan menggunakan analisis model persamaan struktural. Hasil menunjukan pengaruh signifikan antara tingginya perlakuan kekerasan verbal dan nonverbal orang tua pada remaja, serta komunikasi saling menarik diri orang tua-remaja terhadap frekuensi kekerasan dan perasaan agresivitas remaja. Kajian ini membuktikan bahwa korban kekerasan biasanya akan menjadi pelaku kekerasan di masa mendatang. Kata kunci: frekuensi agresi, kekerasan orang tua pada remaja, komunikasi saling menarik diri What's with Parent-Adolescent Communication? Effects on Adolescent's Aggresiveness Toward Others

The objective of study was to study mother work-load and its association with caring practice of 3-5 years old children in poor family at South Bogor Sub District. Cikaret, Empang, and, Bondongan area chosen as locations of the study. Ninety children within age of 3 to 5 years were selected purposively. Data collection was conducted from May to July 2003. Time allocation data were gathered using 24 hour recall method. Descriptive statistics and Rank-Spearman Correlation were applied to analyze data. Result showed that age of most parents were ranging from 26 to 35 years, most of them had low educational background, worked as manual labor, with average income/capita/month was Rp 86,400.00. Work-load and time of caring of most mothers were at moderate category, while caring practice was high. Most of mothers perceived they had light work-load, and those who had light work-load also perceived that they had light work-load. Caring practices of mothers were different according to their work-load. Working mothers spent 4.66 hours while non-working mothers spent 6.24 hours with their children. Results showed that mother's work-load not necessarily associated with time spent for caring practice, and time spent for caring practice not necessarily increased quality of feeding practice.

The objective of study was to understand family support, mother's knowledge and perception of ASD and its association with coping strategy of mothers with ASD children. The study used a cross-sectional study design and conducted at Sekolah Khusus AL-IHSAN in Tangerang and in Cilegon, Banten. The samples of the study were 31 mothers with ASD children who were participated at AL-IHSAN and were available to be interviewed. The study conducted at February until May 2008 which included data collecting, data processing, and data analyzing. Instrumen used in the study was a modification of Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) by McCubbin and Patterson (1987). Data analyzing used was descriptive statistics, paired sample T-test, Rank-Spearman correlation, and Chi-Square. Result of the study showed that family support was considered as low (45,2%) and high or very high (54,8%). Mother's knowledge mostly good, which classified as moderate and high (93,5%), while those classified as low was only 6,5%. In term of mother's perception there were 45,2% mothers who still had negative perception toward ASD child. There was differences in term of coping mechanism strategy which was mostly to maintain family stability, optimism and cooperation at present, while before were mostly to seek assistance for medical treatment. The younger age of mothers and fathers, the stronger family support they received. Mother's perception of ASD children tend to be positive when the age of ASD children is younger and the length of therapy is shorter. The characteristics of family, family support, mother's knowledge, and perception of ASD children had no significant correlation with coping strategy used by mothers as their effort to reduce some pressures in taking care of ASD children.