Ekonomi Pertanian

South Kalimantan is a province with large dryland area . This potency can be used for maize cultivation that will contribute to national maize production and play an important role as import substitution. One of the major problems in maize cultivation is its low productivity that might be caused by its low efficiency of input use. The objectives of this research are: (1) to estimate factors influencing maize production and analyzing dryland farming efficiencies, both in technical and allocative, and (2) to analyze dryland maize farming competitiveness in Kabupaten Tanah Laut South Kalimantan, and the efficiency effect to its competitiveness. The Methods used are the stochastic frontier production function and the dual cost function for the first objective, and criterion of private cost ratio and domestic resources cost ratio for the second objective. The results show that land, seed, organic fertilizer, P-fertilizer, pesticide, labor and land treatment significantly influence production. Generally, the farmers at research area have been technically efficient but allocatively inefficient. In order to increase economic efficiency, reduction in N-fertilizer is suggested. Age, education, experience and membership in farmer union are not significant to technical efficiency rate. The maize commodity in Kabupaten Tanah Laut is profitable and has competitive and comparative advantages. The increasing of allocative efficiency will increase the competitiveness.

Keywords: dryland maize farming, efficiency, competitiveness

The failure of green revolution has encouraged people to return to a locally based sustainable agriculture. The Dayak community has implemented this farming system, which is called turn-back cultivation, since their ancestor. However, after many years, this system has suspectedly changed. Thus, this study aims are: (1) to describe turn-back cultivation activities from pre-planting until post-harvesting, (2) to study Dayak community local wisdom on turn-back cultivation, (3) to analize ecology level which revelant to sustainable agriculture, and (4) to determine turn-back cultivation economic feasibility. The process of turn-back cultivation always through the regularly stages, which are some of them were preceded by the traditional rituals. Those stages have nature conservation/preservation values. Beside, turn-back cultivation have local wisdom in terms of conservation/ecology, food security and sociocultural. The ecological level was categorized as intermediate because some activities and inputs were not suitable to sustainable agriculture requirements. Based on economic feasibility by using Revenue-Cost Ratio (RCR) criteria, turn-back cultivation was not feasible.

Key words: turn-back farming, ecology, revenue-cost ratio

The objectives of this research are: (1) to observe marketing channels, functions and marketing institution who involved in siam orange distribution, (2) to analize marketing costs, marketing shares, marketing margin, profit and marketing efficiency feasibility of siam orange marketing, and (3) to identify siam orange marketing problems in its channels. In this research, data were collected by interviewing 30 farmers from 3 different farmer groups. Then, by snowball sampling technique with those farmers as the starting point, 2 colector traders, 2 whole salers, and 2 retails also were interviewed. The results revealed that Sungai Kambat Village have five marketing channels. As the dominant channel, the third channel has the highest score in economic and technical efficiency. The marketing costs consist of transportation, loading and dropping, fees and taxes, and  fruit damage. The higher marketing cost was occured in the second channel while the lowest one was in the first channels. Marketing shares and margins were varied depend on cost, fruit sales, and fruit’s retail price. Siam orange marketing in all channels were economically feasible. And finally, the most common problems in this marketing were uncertainty price, fruit quality, and illegal fees.

Keywords: siam oranges, marketing channel

Corn demand in the world and domestic market increases with the development of corn-based feed and food industries. During 1990-2007, imported corn increased 10.46 per cent each year. On the other hand, South Kalimantan has dryland area potency which can be used for corn farming. This research are purposed to analyze competitive and comparative advantages of dryland corn farming in Kabupaten Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) was used to determine the competitiveness. Through this matrix, the criterion of private cost ratio (PCR) and domestic resources cost ratio (DRCR) which refer to competitive and comparative advantage, respectively, could be calculated. The result showed that corn commodity in Kabupaten Tanah Laut was profitable and it has competitive and comparative advantages. In other words, corn farming in Kabupaten Tanah Laut was able to finance its domestic inputs. However, some policies were needed in order to transform this competitiveness potency to be reality, such as: reduce market distortion, encourage research and development, and provide phisical and economic infrastructures.

Tidal area is one of agricultural resources which have high economic value if it is managed well. However, as marginal land, its development meets few challenges. One of them is low productivity because of input use efficiency. These research objectives are to analyze factors which influence the production of tidal rice farming, its technical efficiency level and the factors which influence this efficiency. Data from previous study were used after the data were modified based on the research objectives. The data were analized by stochastic production frontier to determine the factors and the level of technical efficiency. The result showed that seeds, fertilizers, pestisides, and labor affected rice production significantly. The level of farmer’s technical efficiency was very high, where it was not significantly influence by farmer’s age, education and dependency ratio. The study also suggested that farmer should use more organic fertilizer. The availability of skilled labor in agriculture should become government concern.

Keywords: Stochastic production frontier, rice farming, tidal swampy

South Kalimantan is a province with large dryland area. This potency can be used for maize cultivation that will contribute to national maize production and play an important role as import substitution. One of the major problems in maize cultivation is its low productivity that might be caused by its low efficiency of input use. The objectives of this research are to estimate factors influencing maize production and to analyze dryland farming efficiency, both in technical and allocative efficiency of dryland farming. The methods used are the stochastic frontier production function and the dual frontier cost function. The results show that land, seed, organic fertilizer, P-fertilizer, pesticide, labor and land treatment significantly influence production. Generally, the farmers at research area have been technically efficient but allocatively inefficient. In order to increase economic efficiency, reduction in N-fertilizer is suggested.

Keywords: maize farming, dryland, efficiency, stochastic frontier

This research’s objective is to know financial feasibility of Siam Orange (Citrus nobilis Lour). The research was done in Tatakan Village, South Tapin District, South Kalimantan. Stratified sampling method was used in this research. The Population was divided into three groups according to the plants age, that were: 0 – 4 years, 5 – 10 years and > 10 years. Then, ten farmers were taken from each group. Data were analized with use investation criteria, that are: NPV, IRR, and PBP on discount factor (df) 10%, 12%, 18%, and 24%.
The results showed that NPV = Rp 59,999,987.- (df 10%); Rp 51,541,324.- (df 12%); Rp 31,096,245.- (df 18%); and Rp 18,262,531.- (df 24%), with IRR 42.38%. PBP was reached on year 6th (df 10%, 12%, and 15%) and year 7th (df 24%).

Key word : financial; farming system; siam orange; dryland

Since GATT has been created in 1947, the world entered era of trade liberalization. Developing countries themselves began to open their economy in the 1980s and 1990s in order to increase economic growth which expected to the reduction of poverty and income inequality. However, although some developing countries, such as Brazil, India and China, experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades, but the poverty only decrease slightly while income inequality became higher. This paper therefore examines the effect of trade liberalization on poverty and income inequality based on empirical studies in Brazil, India, and China, where liberalization were concentrated. The study tries to summarize experiences and drawn some relevant conclusion for further policy intervention.

We report here the analysis of factors those influence the production and profitability of swampland rice farming in South Kalimantan Indonesia. Four sub-districts which represented 2 major swamp agroecology (tidal and monotonous swamp) were purposively selected. Two analyses, i.e., stochastic frontier production function and Cob-Douglas profit function unit-output-price alighted from Cob-Douglas production function were applied to investigate the factors affecting the resource use and profit of swampland rice farming. We found that rice production is significantly positive affected by seed, fertilizer, and labour. In line with that, the increase of input price leads to a decrease in farmer profits, the lower the welfare level of the farmers. The prices in the study area are unstable due to the lack of transport infrastructure. We suggest the improvement of transport infrastructure is needed to assure farmer welfare and agricultural development. The government assistance in term of credit provision and machinery access is expected.

We report here the evaluation of ecological performance and economic status of turning back farming practiced by indigenous people of Dayak Meratus. The scoring based on LEISA (Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture) was applied to determine whether the ecological performance is at the level of high, medium, or low. Afterward, the economic performance also assessed by implementing revenue-cost ratio (RCR). Dayak Meratus community implement an indigenous farming system called turning back farming. They move their farming area to another area each year, and then return to the first area after years. Their farming practice is rich with ritual in each stage; and has to accordance with the customary law which respect nature, forest and ancestor. We found that the ecological level of the turning back rice farming were in the medium level because some of some ideal farming practice are neglected and the use of chemical substance. The economic performance was not feasible as the RCR value was below 1.00. We suggest that the farmers follow the customary law and conducted social control. Government encouragement and support is needed to educate people in using of natural pesticide and organic fertilizer, and crop rotation in the corridor of customary law.

Palm oil plantation has played an important role in the Indonesian economy and livelihood. However, the implementation of PIR/NES palm oil partnership still encounters many problems and obstacles, even it brought drawback on environment and farmer livelihood. We assume the problem occurred because of failure to understand the economic behavior of smallholder which similar to household's. This paper aimed to analyze the behavior of production, labour use, input use, and household expenditures on palm oil smallholders in South Kalimantan. The results shows that in any real linkages, there is a significant relation between the production and the consumption behavior through the income palm oil variable. Furthermore, consumption behavior (i.e.: food consumption and health expense) influences the behavior of fertilizer use. Our simulation reveals that the increase of palm oil price will increase the input use and lead to palm oil productivity. On the other hand, the increase of input price causes drawback on smallholder performance and reduce hired labour use. This will lead to the increase of unemployment in the area. The palm oil area expansion will lead to the increase of input use and palm oil productivity, but it will shift the family labour use from food crop to palm oil.

South Kalimantan is well known as a province with large area of dryland. This potency can be used in maize farming that will increase national maize production and play an important role as import substitution. One of the major problems in maize farming is its low productivity that might be caused by its low efficiency of input use. The objectives of this research are: (1) analyzing factors influencing maize production and analyzing dryland farming efficiencies, both in technical and allocative, and (2) analyzing dryland maize farming competitiveness in Kabupaten Tanah Laut South Kalimantan, and the efficiency effect to its competitiveness. The Methods used are the stochastic frontier production function and the dual cost function for the first objective, and criterion of private cost ratio (PCR) and domestic resources cost ratio (DRCR) for the second objective. The results show that land, seed, organic fertilizer, P-fertilizer, pesticide, labor and land treatment significantly infl...

The failure of green revolution has encouraged people to return to a locally based sustainable agriculture. The Dayak community has implemented this farming system, which is called turn-back cultivation, since their ancestor. However, after many years, this system has suspectedly changed. Thus, this study aims are: (1) to describe turn-back cultivation activities from pre-planting until post-harvesting, (2) to study Dayak community local wisdom on turn-back cultivation, (3) to analize ecology level which revelant to sustainable agriculture, and (4) to determine turn-back cultivation economic feasibility. The process of turn-back cultivation always through the regularly stages, which are some of them were preceded by the traditional rituals. Those stages have nature conservation/preservation values. Beside, turn-back cultivation have local wisdoms in terms of conservation/ecology, food security and sociocultural. The ecological level was catagorized as intermediate because some activities and inputs were not suitable to sustainable agriculture requirements. Based on economic feasibily by using Revenue-Cost Ratio (RCR) criteria, turn-back cultivation was not feasible.

We report here the analysis of factors those influence the production and profitability of swampland rice farming in South Kalimantan Indonesia. Four sub-districts which represented 2 major swamp agroecology (tidal and monotonous swamp) were purposively selected. Two analyses, i.e., stochastic frontier production function and Cob-Douglas profit function unit-output-price alighted from Cob-Douglas production function were applied to investigate the factors affecting the resource use and profit of swampland rice farming. We found that rice production is significantly positive affected by seed, fertilizer, and labour. In line with that, the increase of input price leads to a decrease in farmer profits, the lower the welfare level of the farmers. The prices in the study area are unstable due to the lack of transport infrastructure. We suggest the improvement of transport infrastructure is needed to assure farmer welfare and agricultural development. The government assistance in term of ...

We report here the evaluation of ecological performance and economic status of turning back farming practiced by indigenous people of Dayak Meratus. The scoring based on LEISA (Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture) was applied to determine whether the ecological performance is at the level of high, medium, or low. Afterward, the economic performance also assessed by implementing revenue-cost ratio (RCR). Dayak Meratus community implement an indigenous farming system called turning back farming. They move their farming area to another area each year, and then return to the first area after years. Their farming practice is rich with ritual in each stage; and has to accordance with the customary law which respect nature, forest and ancestor. We found that the ecological level of the turning back rice farming were in the medium level because some of some ideal farming practice are neglected and the use of chemical substance. The economic performance was not feasible as the RCR...

The research purposes are to identify the communication network among palm oil farmers in Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) marketing, to explore the roles of farmer in the marketing, and to excavate the problems encountered. The research was carried out in Barito Kuala Regency, where 60 palm oil farmers were randomly selected as respondents, while the informants were tracked down and selected by snowball sampling. The result shows that the identified communication networks are among farmers, farmers to collector traders, farmers to cooperatives, farmers to CPO manufactories, farmers to policy makers, and farmers to global agricultural market. The farmers have roles both as communicator and communicant to their fellow farmer, to collector trader, cooperative, manufactories, policy makers, and global market. The main problems encountered are the existence of oligopsony market and the high price volatility.

Asslamu'alaikum wr.wb Dalam rangka meningkatkan kekompakan kelas X IPA 1 kita akan membuat seragam untuk kelas kita seperti yang kita rencanakan sebelumnya. Berdasarkan hasil diskusi kita beberapa hari yang lalu maka diberikan hak kepada seluruh anggota IPA 1 untuk memilih seragam yang dikehendaki, berikut pilihannya:

Siswa SMP mengalami kesulitan belajar dalam mata pelajaran IPA karena minat, motivasi, kebiasaan belajar, intelegensi dan kosentrasi yang rendah. Selain itu, mata pelajaran IPA juga dinilai abstrak salah satunya pada materi listrik. Tujuan dari penelitian yang dijelaskan pada artikel ini adalah untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran yang valid berupa game “An Intel’s Science Missions” berbasis Borland Delphi 7 pada materi listrik statis untuk siswa kelas IX SMP. Pengembangan media pembelajaran ini dilakukan sebagai solusi dari kesulitan belajar IPA akibat pelajaran IPA yang abstrak serta kurangnya minat dan motivasi siswa dalam pembelajaran IPA. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah research and development (R&D) menggunakan model ADDIE yang terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu tahap analisis (Analyse), tahap perancangan (Design), tahap pengembangan (Development), tahap implementasi (Implementation), dan tahap evaluasi (Evaluation). Teknik pengumpulan data berbentuk lembar validasi yang d...