Aquatic Product Technology

Napper & Seaman (1989) menyampaikan kecanggihan robot terletak pada sistem kontrol dan sensor yang membuat pergerakan menjadi fleksibel. Launius & McCurdy (2007) menguraikan kerjasama antar sistem kontrol dan sensor untuk menentukan pergerakan, kecepatan, suara, dan orientasi robot. Heidegger et al. (2013) melaporkan beban kerja robot yang mencapai 150-250 kg, ketelitian hingga 3 mm, dan manuver pergerakan siku yang beragam dan kompleks, yang dapat menurunkan kinerja robot. Gesekan merupakan penyebab utama kehilangan energi robot (Alves et al. (2013). Berbagai upaya mengurangi gesekan robot dilakukan, diantaranya penggunaan pelumas (Ting & Chen 2011), gelembung mikro (Murai et al. 2007), lapisan poliamida (Tanaka et al. 2004), dan nano-additives sebagai antioksidan, detergen, dispersan, tekanan tinggi (EP), dan anti-aus (AW) (Policandriotes & Filip 2011). Pelumas robot dari minyak nabati memiliki karakteristik sebagaimana pelumas umumnya, seperti tingginya indeks viskositas, volatilitas yang rendah, pelumasan yang baik, serta pelarut yang baik untuk aditif fluida, namun oksidatif dan memiliki stabilitas termal yang rendah (Alves et al. 2013). Modifikasi kimia dikembangkan seperti epoksidasi (Dinda et al. 2008), transesterifikasi (Campanella et al. 2010), katalis asam padat hidrofobik (Sreeprasanth et al. 2006), dan penambahan CuO nanopartikel (Battez et al. 2008). Mikroalga merupakan sumber minyak/lemak dengan kandungan tinggi (sekitar 20%-50%) (Renaud et al. 1994), kulturnya tidak membutuhkan lahan yang luas (Richmond 2004), serta pertumbuhan relatif yang lebih cepat (Renaud & Parry 1994). Pemanfaatan mikroalga Chlorella sp. sebagai energi terbarukan dengan memanen Oleaginous (Lee et al. 2013) belum pernah dikembangkan sebagai pelumas. Aditif pelumas umumnya menggunakan sulfur dan timbal yang dapat membentuk lapisan pada permukaan bahan untuk mengurangi gesekan. Penggunaan sulfur dan timbal telah dibatasi karena bersifat tidak ramah lingkungan (Alves et al. 2013). Chitin-chitosan diketahui dapat mengikat logam seperti zink, cadmium, timbal dan tembaga (Muzzarelli & Rocchetti 1973) dan mengkelat ion mercury (Hg) (Muzarelli & Rocchetti 1974). Proses pengikatan logam chitosan terjadi melalui proses chelating akibat adanya gugus aktif NH 2dan OH-(Muzzarelli 1970). Agar dapat berfungsi baik, chitosan biasanya dilarutkan dalam asam asetat, yang memungkinkan gugus OH dan NH 2 dapat melakukan pengikatan terhadap gugus lain yang juga bermuatan (Rinaudo 2003). Kemampuan chitosan akan berfungsi lebih baik jika dimodifikasi dalam ukuran yang lebih kecil (teknologi nano) (Zhi et al. 2005). China-Castilho & Spikes (2000) melaporkan mekanisme bahan koloid nanopartikel

Fish bone calcium is known to have good bioavailability and can be used as a natural calcium source. This study was aimed to compare the physicochemical characteristics of nano-calcium from yellowfin tuna (<em>Thunnus albacares</em>) obtained by three different extraction methods: milling, acid and alkaline. The research was divided into three stages: preparation of bone powder, production ofnano-calcium from fish bone and characterization of the physicochemical properties of bone powder and nano-calcium. Acid extracted nano-calcium was found to have better properties as compared to that extracted by milling and alkaline as indicated by the degree of whiteness 92.61%, moisture content 0.33%, ash 99.03%, protein 0.19%, fat 0.22%, particle size 259 nm, calcium content 83.25% and phosphorus 9.65%. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra profiles indicated the presence of phosphate group (PO43-) suggesting the nano-calcium was in the form of calcium phosphate apatite.

Since the primary storage nutrients in diatoms consist of lipid, they are potential for the industrial fatty acid production. High value fatty acids include arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This study aimed to analyze fatty acid synthesis by Chaetoceros gracilis diatom during growth. There was a large increase in lipid yield from 4pg cell -1 mass of lipid per cell at the exponential phase to 283pg cell -1 at stationary phase. The lipid concentrations also increased significantly from the stationary phase to the death phase, but not significantly from the end exponential phase to the stationary phase. The relative percentage of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) of the total fatty acid was higher than that of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) at all of growth phase. The highest PUFA was found at stationary phase at the same time when SAFA was being the lowest. The majority of SAFA was palmitic acid 24.03-40.35%). MUFA contained significant proportion of oleic acid (19.6-20.9%). Oleic acid, linoleic acid and á-linolenic acid were found at every stage growth. These fatty acids are considered as precursor for production of long chain PUFA-Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA/22:6ù3) through series of desaturation and elongation step with all of desaturase enzyme (Ä8-D, Ä9-D, Ä12-D, Ä15-D, Ä17-D, Ä6-D, Ä5-D, and Ä4-D) and elongase enzyme (E).

An unstructured model is developed to describe the growth and product formation behavior of a recombinant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using β-galactosidase as a model protein. The model shows good agreement with the experimental data over a range of conditions. It also accurately predicts the effect of growth rate on yield coefficient and gene expression. The simplicity and accuracy of the model make it suitable for designing and implementing control and optimization strategies for the production of recombinant proteins at large scale.

Serratia marcescens biovar A2/A6, isolated from an Indonesian freshwater source, was identified based on extensive morphological, biochemical and genetic characterization. Formation of pigment was found to be strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Placket-Burman design was used to analyze the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources. Based on results of physiological and biochemical studies, the optimum conditions for growth and pigment formation were incubation 30°C in a neutral to slightly alkaline medium containing lactic acid and beef extract.

DNA topoisomerases (topo) I and II are molecular targets of several potent anticancer agents. Thus, inhibitors of these enzymes are potential candidates for anticancer development. Traditionally, Nerita albicilla had been used in Kei Island, Southern Maluku, Indonesia to treat liver disease including cancer. The paper reports on the chemical composition of Nerita albicilla and its topo I inhibitor of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Topoisomerase-I inhibitor activity was determined using the method reported by TopoGEN. The proximate analysis described that Nerita albicilla dried powder contained 12.45% ± 0.05% moisture; 9.17% ± 0.03% ash; 62.05% ± 0.10% protein; 5.58% ± 0.08% fat; 6.60% ± 0.02% crude fiber and 4.15% ± 0.24% carbohydrate (by difference). Furthermore, the protein consisted of 11 essential amino acids and six non-essential amino acids. It contained significant amount of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) valine, leucine, isoleucine (a total of 187.8 mg g -1 ...

Biological methods have gained attention as an alternative treatment for oil degradation in pollution remediation. External and internal factors have a great influence on crude oil biodegradation. This experiment studied the effect of oil concentrations and ratios of Ammonium and Phosphate on oil degradation in mixed cultures of local strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Arthrobacter simplex. The oil degradation ability of this mixed culture was compared to the dormant culture of Epyzim. The increase of oil concentration, from 1, 3, 5 and 10% (w/v), significantly lowered the ability of both cultures to degrade the oil i.e from 83 % for 1% oil concentration to 64% for 10% oil concentration using local strains. The local strains showed better capability compare to the dormant culture. Medium composition was designed by three levels of ammonium concentration (7.6, 37.9 and 75.8 mg l -1 ) and two levels of phosphate concentration (2.0 and 9.9 mg l -1 ). The ratio of ammonium to phosphate of 3.8:1.0 in the growth media has resulted the maximum level of oil degradation, i.e 83% and 88%, for dormant and local cultures respectively. The results suggest a potential usage of local microorganisms in degrading crude oil-polluted water.

Salah satu jenis antibiotik yang umum digunakan dalam pengobatan adalah β-laktam. Saat ini terdapat banyak bakteri patogen pada manusia yang resisten terhadap antibiotik β-laktam. Bakteri patogen yang resisten terhadap antibiotik β-laktam adalah bakteri yang mampu memproduksi enzim β-laktamase. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menapis produk alami inhibitor β-laktamase dari mikroorganisme simbion Axinella sp. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya, telah diisolasi dan diidentifikasi secara biokimia 7 isolat bakteri simbion sponge Axinella sp. Penapisan inhibitor β-laktamase dilakukan dengan metode agar difusi menggunakan bakteri target E.coli dan S.aureus resisten ampisilin koleksi Laboratorium Bioteknologi Hasil Perairan. Pengukuran resistensi terhadap E.coli dan S.aureus dilakukan pada konsentrasi ampisilin >32 µg/ml. Dari 7 isolat bakteri simbion yang ditapis secara intraseluler dan ekstraseluler, 4 isolat pada ekstraselulernya positif menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen E.coli dan S.aureus. 4 bakteri simbion tersebut adalah Bacillus sp., Halomonas sp., Alteromonas sp. dan Alteromonas sp. Identifikasi molekuler bakteri simbion dan karakterisasi golongan senyawa inbitor β-laktamase sedang dalam proses penelitian.

Tingginya permintaan produk rumput laut untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan industri berdampak pada berkembangnya industri pengolahan rumput laut, diantaranya industri karaginan. Hasil samping industri pengolahan rumput laut berupa limbah yang mengandung selulosa, senyawa alkali, senyawa organik serta zat-zat pengotor. Limbah yang tidak ditangani dan dikelola dengan baik dapat mencemari lingkungan dan merugikan kehidupan manusia. Menyikapi hal ini, maka perlu dilakukan usaha untuk memanfaatkan limbah industri karaginan agar tidak mencemari lingkungan dan bermanfaat bagi manusia. Beberapa potensi pemanfaatan limbah industri karaginan antara lain sebagai media pertumbuhan jamur tiram, papan partikel, kertas, pakan ternak, dan pupuk organik.

ABSTRACT: The use of the waste of carrageenan industry for added value products. By: Luthfi Assadad

The rising demands on seaweed products to satisfy the needs of various manufactures have encouraged the development of seaweed industries, including carrageenan. These industries are known to generate chemical waste that contains cellulose, alkali, organic compounds and impurities. Due to improper handling, this waste has been contributing serious environmental issues. Therefore, efforts in waste recycling are urgently required to lessen its severe environmental impacts and to improve its value. This objective has lead to the application of carrageenan waste for the production of oyster mushroom's media, particle board, paper, animal feed, and organic fertilizer.

Menipisnya cadangan minyak dan gas bumi mendorong berbagai penelitian dilakukan untuk menemukan berbagai sumber energi alternatif baru dan terbarukan. Salah satu sumber energi alternatif tersebut adalah bioenergi yang berasal dari minyak ikan. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui potensi produksi minyak ikan dari tropical catfish, yaitu ikan patin (Pangasius sp.) dan lele (Clarias sp.). Kedua jenis ikan ini banyak terdapat di Indonesia serta merupakan komoditas yang diunggulkan oleh Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan untuk dikembangkan. Pada penelitian ini, ekstraksi minyak ikan dilakukan dengan proses pemanasan dan pengepresan menggunakan alat press hidrolik berkekuatan 1,7 kpsi, dilanjutkan dengan proses degumming dan pemisahan antara minyak dan zat-zat pengotor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen minyak ikan yang dihasilkan sebesar 15,91% untuk ikan patin dan 1,22% untuk ikan lele. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ikan patin cukup potensial digunakan sebagai sumber minyak untuk pembuatan bioenergi, tetapi ikan lele tidak cocok untuk sumber minyak karena kandungan minyaknya yang sangat rendah.