Economics

Pakistan. The monthly data from January 2004 to December 2012 was used in this study. The results revealed that there is No Long run causality exists between selected macroeconomic variables and stock prices. While in short run CPI, Exports, Interest rate, and money supply showing a causality on Stock prices while, Industrial manufacture and Real effective exchange rate does not show causality with Stock prices.

The global use of Web 2.0 applications has generated enormous volumes of user content. Drawing on cognitive load theory, this study examines unexplored factors that influence gift purchase intention of tourists. The authors identify localization and realtime information for shaping tourists' gift purchase intention, which is facilitated by reduced cognitive overload. Analyzes of the study relies on a sample of 273 foreign tourists in Malaysia. A cross-sectional quantitative study is conducted using partial least square structural equation modeling. Results showed that location-based user-generated content and real-time information significantly affect gift purchase intention of tourists. Moreover, real-time information partially mediates the relationship between location-based user-generated content and gift purchase intention.

In the recent years, the rapid growth of the tourism industry has risen to prominence as a global concern. Tourism empowers communities and uplifts the economy. However, it poses social and environmental challenges, which in turn draws attention to tourism patterns. Sustainable tourism promises protection of the environment and the social-cultural elements of any given destination. Hence, this study aims to understand the complex relationship between sustainability policy, management, and tourist behavior. Thus, we examined the relationships between sustainable tourism policy and destination management, destination social responsibility, and tourist value orientation with sustainable tourism development. We recruited participants at managerial level coming from 163 Malaysian companies and conducted a cross-sectional quantitative study, using partial least square structural equation modeling. We propose that sustainable tourism policy and destination management and destination social...

The aim of this paper is to conceptualize the significance of customer-defined market orientation in creating superior customer value and building long-term customer relationship which in turn increases the customer satisfaction and loyalty, moreover, the framework also theorized the mediating role of customer inspiration to strengthen the framework. A comprehensive review of latest conceptual and empirical literature was grounded to develop the propositions. Teachers and students of higher education institution shall be taken as a social lab for examining the propositions, and to report the empirical findings. The finding of this study provides a basis for developing a model to obtain customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study could be of practical value for organizations who want to improve satisfaction and loyalty among their customers, with a special focus on teachers and students since they are considered as a potential cluster of the market. This paper makes a significant contribution by developing a conceptual framework to improve customer satisfaction and customer loyalty through customer inspiration and customer-defined market orientation practices.

Learning styles indicate a students’ preference for learning methods and therefore are necessary information to guide teachers’ instruction. This study is aimed to determine the relationship between learning styles and academic achievement of Form Three students in their Living Integrated Skills subject. This study was participated by 372 respondents selected using purposive sampling from six secondary schools in Sabah, Malaysia. Data was collected using a research questionnaire in survey research and analyzed with IBM SPSS 23.0 using both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Findings of the study showed that pragmatist and theorist learning styles are the dominant learning styles while activist is the least preferred learning style. It was found that learning styles i.e. activist (t = -0.412; p = 0.681), reflective (t = -1.457; p = 0.146), theorist (t = 0.890; p = 0.374) and pragmatist (t = -0.537; p = 0.592) did not differ significantly based on gender but learning st...

Employee’s safety has come under limelight of organizational policy. Organizations are investing on employee safety training and participation to build their image as well as to contribute in employee well-being. Previous literature suggested association between strains based work-to-family conflicts, job satisfaction, and safety participation. The purpose of this empirical paper is to investigate the effect of work family conflict on safety participation with mediating role of job satisfaction. Moreover, the social exchange theory was adopted to explain research framework of the study. The research was quantitative in nature and adopted cross-sectional research design. Data was collected from 217 respondents by using convenience sampling technique in Karachi region. The research finding reveal new insight by providing evidence of insignificant direct association between strains based work family conflict andsafety participation. Furthermore, finding also reveals that job satisfacti...

The paper seeks to investigate key factors influencing the personal development of tourists. This study examines the relationship between participatory consumer-generated content and tourists’ capabilities, emotions, and skills, as well as the moderating effect of previous tourists’ experiences. To evaluate the research model, 301 valid responses were examined using the PLS-SEM technique. The empirical findings showed that participatory consumer-generated content positively relates to tourists’ capabilities, emotions, and skills. Moreover, previous tourists’ experiences moderate the relationships of participatory consumer-generated content with tourists’ capabilities and skills; however, previous tourists’ experiences have no moderation effect on tourists’ emotions. Thus, our paper's findings offer valuable contributions to theory and practice. Practitioners and authorities should stimulate users to share their tourism experiences and take the initiative to share easily traceabl...

Background At present, South Asian Association for Regional Coorporation (SAARC) countries have tremendous pressure on child stunting along with the impact it is making on economic growth. World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and The World Bank (WB) have emphasized for this region to reduce stunting by 40%. The objective of this paper is to analyzed the impact of stunting on economic outcomes in SAARC countries so that to scale up policies and programs aiming to reduce child stunting. Methods The systematic review has assessed ve international databases; PubMed, JSTOR, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and CINAHL Plus for published, unpublished, and ongoing research till the year 2020. Grey literature is searched using Google Scholar and Google search engines. The systematic review registration number in PROSPERO is CRD42021230279. Result Thirty-three studies matched the criteria. Most quantitative studies link stunting with economic repercussions. Three investigations found no or a weak link between the two. Nutritional intervention synthesis predicts a 12 percent return, a 5:1-6:1 bene t-cost ratio, and a 14mm height gain. A 1 cm increase in height increases pay by 4% for men and 6% for women. Stunting caused a 5%-7% income penalty and lower lifetime pay. Studies show that a 10% increase in agricultural growth reduces stunting by 9.6%, while a 10% increase in non-agricultural growth reduces stunting by 8.4%. Conclusion To reduce stunting prevalence, policies should be scaled up, as well as targeted and structural interventions are needed. 1-Introduction According to the WHO (1), globally in 2020, 149 million children under the age of ve suffered from stunting, which causes them to be too short for their age and more than two standard deviations below the WHO's median (a value of a child's height in the middle of a frequency distribution of observed values of average child height, with an equal probability of falling above or below) (2). South Asia alone accounts for 53.8 million (31.8%) of the total (1). Stunting is caused by poverty, malnutrition, and chronic disease in the mother or child by birth. Stunting has immediate and intermediate causes, as well as underlying factors (3). Inadequate nutrition and repeated illnesses in the rst ve years of a child's life result in decreased IQ and physical development, reduced productivity, and poor health in general, which eventually cause chronic diseases including arthritis, asthma, cancer, and diabetes (3). Stunted children are less productive; mentally, physically, and physiologically (4), which results in lower wages and a likely contender for the next generation/s to be stunted. Stunting also reduces immunity, making people more susceptible to illnesses and affecting reproductive health (5, 6). Due to health concerns, stunted children suffer signi cant mental and physical effects in their early years, resulting in poor performance in school or in vocational training, poor job performance, lower wages and earnings due to lack of education and skills, which causes them to rely on other household members or society to sustain economic burden (5). Stunting has a lifelong impact (7). Height in childhood determines adulthood height (7), and height is an important determinant of wages (5, 8). As reported by (9-11) a child's rst 1000 days including enneadic months in the mother's womb impacts the future height. It is di cult to catch up on height later in adolescence due to a malnourished skeleton that takes time to grow taller than the usual non-stunted child (12, 13). Malnutrition is rampant in South Asia, as adequate food is out of reach for many poor people. They also lack the knowledge or education to make healthy food choices (14). According to World Bank's report, 62 million children out of 155 million are considered stunted, meaning they are too small for their age (15). According to the WHO, what sets South Asia apart from other developing countries where stunting is a problem is the persistence of chronic malnutrition notwithstanding rapid economic growth (16-22). This is due to poor transition mechanisms and weak supply side by countries in terms of inadequate and non-nutritious food, dirty water, poor sanitation, insu cient healthcare, to name a few examples. Due to poverty and its related reasons, the demand side is also weak; underinvesting in healthy food, education, old and traditional belief systems (like gender-based discrimination and the waste of colostrum), are a few of them. 2-Method This study assessed the economic consequences of stunting in SAARC, considering the impact of childhood stunting on adult economic outcomes. Terms like malnutrition, under-nutrition, and other such categories are used in this study as substitutes for stunting. The PICO questions were used to construct the protocol for this systematic review.