Papers by Josep Maria Padullés Riu
This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as th... more This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as thigh muscle volumes (MVs), between national-level sprinters and physically active males. In addition, the relationships between thigh MVs and sprint mechanical properties and performance were investigated. Seven male sprinters and 9 actives performed maximal-effort 40-m sprints. Instantaneous velocity was measured by radar to obtain theoretical maximum force (F 0 ), the theoretical maximum velocity (V 0 ), and the maximum power (Pmax). For MV assessment, series of cross-sectional images of each subject's thigh were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging for each of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and the adductor muscle group. Sprinters were faster over 10 m (7%, effect size [ES] 5 2.12, p , 0.01) and 40 m (11%, ES 5 3.68, p , 0.01), with significantly higher V 0 (20%, ES 5 4.53, p , 0.01) and Pmax (28%, ES 5 3.04, p , 0.01). Sprinters had larger quadriceps (14%, ES 5 1.12, p , 0.05), adductors (23%, ES 5 1.33, p , 0.05), and hamstrings (32%, ES 5 2.11, p , 0.01) MVs than actives. Hamstrings MV correlated strongly with 40-m sprint time (r 5 20.670, p , 0.01) and V 0 (r 5 0.757, p , 0.01), and moderately with Pmax (r 5 0.559, p , 0.05). Sprinters were significantly faster and had greater V 0 and Pmax than active males. Larger MVs were found in sprinters' thighs, especially in the hamstring musculature, and strong correlations were found between hamstring MV and sprint mechanical properties and sprint performance.
This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as th... more This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as thigh muscle volumes (MVs), between national-level sprinters and physically active males. In addition, the relationships between thigh MVs and sprint mechanical properties and performance were investigated. Seven male sprinters and 9 actives performed maximal-effort 40-m sprints. Instantaneous velocity was measured by radar to obtain theoretical maximum force (F 0 ), the theoretical maximum velocity (V 0 ), and the maximum power (Pmax). For MV assessment, series of cross-sectional images of each subject's thigh were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging for each of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and the adductor muscle group. Sprinters were faster over 10 m (7%, effect size [ES] 5 2.12, p , 0.01) and 40 m (11%, ES 5 3.68, p , 0.01), with significantly higher V 0 (20%, ES 5 4.53, p , 0.01) and Pmax (28%, ES 5 3.04, p , 0.01). Sprinters had larger quadriceps (14%, ES 5 1.12, p , 0.05), adductors (23%, ES 5 1.33, p , 0.05), and hamstrings (32%, ES 5 2.11, p , 0.01) MVs than actives. Hamstrings MV correlated strongly with 40-m sprint time (r 5 20.670, p , 0.01) and V 0 (r 5 0.757, p , 0.01), and moderately with Pmax (r 5 0.559, p , 0.05). Sprinters were significantly faster and had greater V 0 and Pmax than active males. Larger MVs were found in sprinters' thighs, especially in the hamstring musculature, and strong correlations were found between hamstring MV and sprint mechanical properties and sprint performance.
This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as th... more This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as thigh muscle volumes (MVs), between national-level sprinters and physically active males. In addition, the relationships between thigh MVs and sprint mechanical properties and performance were investigated. Seven male sprinters and 9 actives performed maximal-effort 40-m sprints. Instantaneous velocity was measured by radar to obtain theoretical maximum force (F 0 ), the theoretical maximum velocity (V 0 ), and the maximum power (Pmax). For MV assessment, series of cross-sectional images of each subject's thigh were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging for each of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and the adductor muscle group. Sprinters were faster over 10 m (7%, effect size [ES] 5 2.12, p , 0.01) and 40 m (11%, ES 5 3.68, p , 0.01), with significantly higher V 0 (20%, ES 5 4.53, p , 0.01) and Pmax (28%, ES 5 3.04, p , 0.01). Sprinters had larger quadriceps (14%, ES 5 1.12, p , 0.05), adductors (23%, ES 5 1.33, p , 0.05), and hamstrings (32%, ES 5 2.11, p , 0.01) MVs than actives. Hamstrings MV correlated strongly with 40-m sprint time (r 5 20.670, p , 0.01) and V 0 (r 5 0.757, p , 0.01), and moderately with Pmax (r 5 0.559, p , 0.05). Sprinters were significantly faster and had greater V 0 and Pmax than active males. Larger MVs were found in sprinters' thighs, especially in the hamstring musculature, and strong correlations were found between hamstring MV and sprint mechanical properties and sprint performance.
Frontiers of Physiology, 2018
Purpose: To investigate the extent and evolution of hamstring muscles damage caused by an intensi... more Purpose: To investigate the extent and evolution of hamstring muscles damage caused by an intensive eccentric leg curl (ELC) bout by assessing (1) the time course and association of different indirect muscle damage markers such as force-generating capacity (FGC), functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and serum muscle enzymes, and (2) analyse differences in the degree of hamstring muscles damage between subjects and within subjects (limb-to-limb comparison).
Methods: Thirteen males performed six sets of ten reps of ELC with each leg. Before and at regular intervals for 7 d after exercise, FGC was measured with maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC). Serum enzyme levels, fMRI transverse relaxation time (T2) and perceived muscle soreness were also assessed and compared against FGC.
Results: Two groups of subjects were identified according to the extent of hamstring muscles damage reflected by FGC declines and serum enzyme increases: high responders (n = 10, severe muscle damage) and moderate responders (n = 3, moderate muscle damage). In high responders, the fMRI T2 analysis revealed that the ST muscle suffered severe damage in the three regions measured (proximal, middle and distal). The biceps femoris short head (BFsh) was also damaged in that group of subjects. Significant differences were also found in FGC within-subjects (limb-to-limb comparison) from the high responder group.
Conclusion: FGC and serum enzymes levels measured in ten of the subjects from the sample (n = 13) were coherent with a severe muscle damage process. However, the results showed a wide range of peak MVC loss, reflecting different degree of damage between subjects (high and moderate responders). The fMRI analysis confirmed that ST was the hamstring muscle most damaged by ELC and uniform T2 changes were observed across the measured sections of this muscle. Because ST muscle could suffer an anomalous recruitment pattern due to fatigue and damage, and excessive load would be placed on the BFsh, causing it to made a synergistic compensation which leads to structural damage. Finally, T2 and MVC values from the leg whose hamstring muscles showed the smaller FGC decline were not well correlated. Those results suggest that long-lasting T2 increases after FGC markers have returned to baseline values might reflect an adaptive process rather than damage.
Applied Sciences, 2024
Adaptability to all types of terrain changes, slopes, and course settings is a key aspect related... more Adaptability to all types of terrain changes, slopes, and course settings is a key aspect related to the coordinative ability that elite skiers possess. In recent years, several studies have analyzed coordinative aspects of different motor actions via the assessment of movement variability (MV), an indicator of the motor control that assesses movement regularity. The aims of this study were (a) to evaluate the influence of different slopes and slalom (SL) gate offsets on MV and performance and (b) to assess the relationship between MV and performance. Four SL courses were set: a flat-turned (FT), a steep-turned (ST), a flat-straighter (FS), and a steep-straighter (SS). Five elite alpine skiers (21.2 ± 3.3 years, 180.2 ± 5.6 cm, 72.8 ± 6.6 kg) completed several runs at maximum speed for each SL course. A total of 77 runs were obtained. The use of an IMU accelerometer attached to the lower back of skiers measured MV through entropy. The skiers' performance was evaluated with the total time of each run. The one-way repeated measures analysis revealed that the steepness of the slope significantly increases skiers' MV, concretely between FS and ST courses (p = 0.004). Differences at the 10% level have been found between FS and SS and FT and ST courses (p= 0.055 and p = 0.078, respectively). For a given slope, turned courses (FT and ST) tend to produce a higher MV. In addition, faster times correlate with lower MV (r = 0.587, p = 0.01). It has been observed that both steeper and turned courses produce greater MV and that the best performing skiers have lower MV. Determining MV through entropy can be used to assess skiers' expertise regarding different types of slopes and gate offsets.
Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 2025
The current motorized towing system devices are highly precise when selecting loads and achieving... more The current motorized towing system devices are highly precise when selecting loads and achieving results. An increased use could expand the theoretical body on the effects of overspeed methods. Our objectives were to analyze the results of an overspeed intervention with a motorized towing system on the maximum running speed (MRS), the step length and rate, the flight and contact time, and the distance to the first support from the vertical projection of the center of masses, as well as to make a methodological proposal. Six young athletes (age: 16.71 ± 2.00 years) performed ten overspeed sessions with the assistance of 5.05±0.53% of body weight at 105.83±1.79% of maximum running speed, using the 1080Sprint device. After the intervention, non-significant (p>.05) increases of 2.94% (95%CI: 0.25 - 5.62) of the voluntary maximum running speed were obtained with a large effect size (rB: 0.71; 95%CI: 0.00 - 0.95). The distance to the first support from the vertical projection of the center of masses presented significant differences (p<.05; drB: 1.00 95%CI: 1.00 - 1.00). The non-significant maximum running speed increases cannot be neglected in high-level competition, where small differences in performance separate athletes. To choose the appropriate training load is key, and so a standardized methodology allowing the comparison of results is necessary.
Apunts Sports Medicine, 2024
Background: Despite the implementation of specific exercises to reduce hamstrings strain injuries... more Background: Despite the implementation of specific exercises to reduce hamstrings strain injuries (HSI) risk, the incidence has remained unchanged over the past 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyze hamstrings muscle activation induced by a novel Flywheel Russian belt Deadlift (FRD) exercise, together with individual muscle-, region-and limb-specific differences. Methods: The activation of hamstring muscles before and immediately after a 10 £ 10 FRD training session was assessed by the T2 shift technique through functional magnetic resonance imaging, in one international-level filed hockey male player. The individual use of the biceps femoris long head (BF LH) and short head (BF SH), semitendinosus (ST), and semimembranosus (SM) were analyzed, together with the region-specific activation for each muscle. Results: T2 values significantly increased immediately after exercise in all regions of the hamstring muscles in both dominant and non-dominant lower limb. However, the SM muscle showed a lesser activation, compared to BF LH , BF SH and ST muscles [F(3,106) = 9.557, p < 0.001]. Overall, the most activated muscle by the FRD training session was the biceps femoris (short head +13.8 %, long head, +12.7 %), followed by the ST (+11.3 %), and lastly the SM (+6.9 %). Conclusion: The novel FRD exercise triggers a homogeneous and consistent activation of hamstring muscles. Particularly, the lateral positioning muscles (i.e., BF LH and BF SH) were more activated than the medial positioning muscles (i.e., ST and SM). Therefore, the FRD exercise could enhance training programs to strengthen and activate the hamstring muscles, and specifically, the BF LH , in order to reduce HSI risk.
Frontiers in Physiology, 2028
Purpose: To assess early changes in muscle function and hypertrophy, measured as increases in mus... more Purpose: To assess early changes in muscle function and hypertrophy, measured as increases in muscle cross-sectional areas (CSAs) and total volume, over a 4 weeks inertial resistance training (RT) program. Methods: Ten young RT-naive volunteers (age 23.4 ± 4.1 years) underwent 10 training sessions (2-3 per week) consisting of five sets of 10 flywheel squats (moment of inertia 900 kg•cm 2). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of both thighs were performed before (PRE), and after 2 (IN) and 4 (POST) weeks of training to compute individual muscle volumes and regional CSAs. Scans were performed after ≥96 h of recovery after training sessions, to avoid any influence of acute muscle swelling. PRE and POST regional muscle activation was assessed using muscle functional MRI (mfMRI) scans. Concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) squat force and power, as well as maximal voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC) of knee extensors and flexors, were measured in every training session. Results: Significant quadriceps hypertrophy was detected during (IN: 5.5% ± 1.9%) and after (POST: 8.6% ± 3.6%) the training program. Increases in squat force (CON: 32% ± 15%, ECC: 31 ± 15%) and power (CON: 51% ± 30%, ECC: 48% ± 27%) were observed over the training program. Knee extensor MVIC significantly increased 28% ± 17% after training, but no changes were seen in knee flexor MVIC. No correlation was found between regional muscular activation in the first session and the % of increase in regional CSAs (r =-0.043, P = 0.164). Conclusion: This study reports the earliest onset of whole-muscle hypertrophy documented to date. The process initiates early and continues in response to RT, contributing to initial increases in force. The results call into question the reliability of mfMRI as a tool for predicting the potential hypertrophic effects of a given strengthening exercise.
JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 2025
The purpose of the study was to analyze hamstrings muscle damage and recovery after a novel Flywh... more The purpose of the study was to analyze hamstrings muscle damage and recovery after a novel Flywheel Russian belt Deadlift (FRBD) exercise using neuromuscular tests and associated biochemical markers of structural damage. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque and rate of force development (RFD) over several time-intervals by the 90º hip :20º knee test (standing isometric test for the hamstrings) and range of motion (ROM) Jurdan test (combination of active knee extension test and modified Thomas test), together with serum biomarkers of muscle damage and oxidative stress, were tested at baseline and +24h, +48h and +72h in healthy, untrained and physically active 15 females (age= 21.5±3.4 years) and 15 males (age= 21.4±1.9 years). FRBD-induced muscle damage was observed as a reduction in MVIC torque and RFD at all time-intervals until +72h. Also, hamstrings neuromuscular capacity reductions were associated with serum biomarkers of structural and oxidative damage. However, only males showed ROM changes. Overall, the FRBD triggered a decrease in hamstrings neuromuscular capacities, and an upregulation of biochemical markers of structural and oxidative damage until +72h. The 90º hip :20º knee test provides an adequate reliability to screen hamstrings recovery in both women and men after flywheel training, through MVIC torque and both early and late RFD.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2024
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether a soccer match affects the rapid force-gen... more Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether a soccer match affects the rapid force-generating capacity of the hamstring muscles, given their key role in both horizontal ground reaction force production during sprint biomechanics, and in the deceleration of the shank during the late swing phase, where rapid force production is essential owing to time constraints. Therefore, the research objective was to determine soccer match-induced hamstrings residual fatigue and recovery through rate of torque development (RTD) and associated biochemical parameters. Methods The recovery kinetics of hamstrings RTD metrics by the 90°h ip :20°k nee test, together with serum biomarkers (creatine kinase, mitochondrial creatine kinase, transaminases, malondialdehyde, irisin), were assessed in 19 male, regional first-division soccer players (age = 20.9 ± 2.0 years, mass = 72.6 ± 11.9 kg, height = 175.9 ± 6.9 cm [mean ± SD]), before a soccer match (MD) and post-24 h (MD +1), post-48 h (MD +2) and post-72 h (MD +3), through a repeated measures design. Results Early RTD to 50 ms (p < 0.001, g =-1.24) and 100 ms (p < 0.001, g =-1.06) remained unrecovered on MD +3 in both hamstring muscles. However, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque of the dominant and non-dominant hamstrings was unrecovered on MD +2 (p = 0.004, g =-0.91; and p = 0.002, g =-0.98, respectively) and recovered on MD +3 (p = 0.057 and p = 0.070, respectively). Further, neuromuscular deficits were coupled with myocyte structural (p = 0.002, g = 1.11) and mitochondrial damage (p = 0.004, g = 0.92) biomarkers. Conclusion Based in the findings, early RTD 0-50 and RTD 0-100 monitoring, through the 90°h ip :20°k nee IPC test, is a costeffective method for assessing soccer match-induced hamstring muscles residual fatigue and recovery. Overall, soccer match-induced hamstring residual fatigue is not recovered within a 3-day recovery period. Practitioners can use rapid force production metrics through isometric assessments, providing a simple, non-exhaustive tool, for assessing residual fatigue status during congested competitive periods, to comprehensively balance muscle recovery with optimizing training. Keywords Exercise-induced muscle damage • Force-generating capacity • Hamstring strain injury • Muscle recovery • Sprint-based sports Abbreviations Acc Accelerations ALT Alanine aminotransferase ANOVA Analysis of variance Communicated by Mark Elisabeth Willems.
Revista Internacional de Preparación Física y Ciencias Aplicadas al Basquetbol, 2022
The aim of this study was to compare different post-exercise recovery protocols and determine the... more The aim of this study was to compare different post-exercise recovery protocols and determine their influence on physical performance (CMJ, RSAT) and general wellness (BG) at 24 h. Materials and methods: Thirty-two trained adolescent basketball players (15.1 ± 1.3 years, 64.1 ± 17.4 kg, 170.05 ± 10.73 cm) were evaluated. The sample was randomly divided into three groups,
Chinese Journal of Physiology, 2011
This study was to describe and compare the physiological demands of ultra-endurance cyclists duri... more This study was to describe and compare the physiological demands of ultra-endurance cyclists during a 24 h cycling relay race. Eleven male athletes (means ± SD: 34.8 ± 5.6 years; 71.6 ± 4.9 kg; 174.6 ± 7.3 cm; BMI 23.5 ± 0.5 kg/m 2 ; VO 2max : 66.0 ± 6.4 ml/kg/min) participated in the study; eight in teams with a format of four riders (4C) and three in teams with six riders (6C). To investigate exercise intensity, heart rate (HR) was recorded while cycling using portable telemetric monitors. Three different exercise intensities were defined according to the reference HR values obtained during a pre race laboratory incremental VO 2max test: Zone I (< anaerobic threshold [AT]), Zone II (between AT and the respiratory compensation point [RCP]), Zone III (> RCP). Total volume and intensity were integrated as a single variable (training impulse: TRIMP). The score for TRIMP in each zone was computed by multiplying the accumulated duration in this zone by a multiplier for this particular zone of exercise intensity. The average intensity did not differ between cyclists in 4C (means ± SD; 4C: 87 ± 3 HR max) and 6C (87 ± 1% of HR max), despite the higher volume performed by 4C (means ± SD; 4C: 361 ± 65; 6C: 242 ± 25 per min; P = 0.012). These differences in total exercise volume significantly affected the values TRIMP accumulated (means ± SD; 4C: 801 ± 98, confidence interval [CI] 95%: 719-884; 6C: 513 ± 25, CI 95%: 451-575; P = 0.012). The ultra-endurance threshold of 4C and 6C athletes lies at about 87% of HR max for both. Although the intensity profile was similar, the TRIMP values differed significantly as a consequence of the higher volume performed by the 4C cyclists.
ALOMA Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport, 2016
Technological advances applied to the world of sport have improved the experiences of participant... more Technological advances applied to the world of sport have improved the experiences of participants,
coaches and spectators. Specifically, high-speed cameras and slow-motion video have allowed for study leading to
improved learning processes and performance in sports, as they have made it possible to analyze movement and
evaluate various factors involved in these processes. Thus, these cameras have helped supply additional feedback
for training and learning sessions. Moreover, they constitute a valuable tool for both researchers and coaches to
assess performance and measure the duration of events, velocities, accelerations and forces that are generated in
human movement. This article aims to deepen readers’ knowledge in this area. It analyzes the various tools on the
market, as well as smart mobile phones and applications based on the use of the camera, often high-speed cameras.
It also makes reference to software used for movement analysis. The article seeks to highlight recent research
that has applied this technology and to suggest affordable and valuable practical applications for improving training
and teaching processes in modern sport.
BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 2017
Background Blind people depend on spatial and temporal representations to perform activities of d... more Background Blind people depend on spatial and temporal representations to perform activities of daily living and compete in sport. Objective The aim of this study is to determine the spatiotemporal characteristics of long jumps performed by blind athletes and compare findings with those reported for sighted athletes. Methods We analysed a sample of 12 male athletes competing in the F11 Long Jump Finals at the Paralympic Games in London 2012. Performances were recorded using four high-speed cameras, and speeds were measured using a radar speed gun. The images were processed using validated image analysis software. Results The long jump run-up is shorter in blind athletes than in sighted athletes. We observed statistically significant differences for body centre of mass velocity and an increase in speed over the last three strides prior to takeoff , contrasting with reports for sighted athletes and athletes with less severe visual impairment, who maintain or reduce their speed during the last stride. Stride length for the last three strides was the only spatial characteristic that was not significantly associated with effective jump distance. Blind long jumpers extend rather than shorten their last stride. Contact time with the takeoff board is longer than that reported for sighted athletes. Conclusion The actions of blind long jumpers, unlike those without disabilities, do not vary their leg actions during the final runway approach for optimal placement on the takeoff board.
Como calcular los parámetros mecànicos de la carrera con instrumentos accesibles a cualquier entr... more Como calcular los parámetros mecànicos de la carrera con instrumentos accesibles a cualquier entrenador o investigador
Sensors, 2021
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Sensors, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Resumen: Los Juegos Paralímpicos constituyen el máximo exponente a nivel mundial del deporte de c... more Resumen: Los Juegos Paralímpicos constituyen el máximo exponente a nivel mundial del deporte de competición practicado por personas con discapacidad. En este trabajo exponemos la investigación realizada en los Juegos Paralímpicos de Londres 2012, analizando las acciones de los atletas ciegos en el salto de longitud. Para la toma de datos se utilizaron 4 cámaras Exilim F1 (Casio, Japan), grabando 2 en alta velocidad (512x384 píxeles a 300 Hz) y 2 en alta definicón (1280x720 pixeles a 30 Hz), permitiendo no interferir en la competición. El tratamiento y extracción de datos cinemáticos de las imágenes se realizó con el programa Kinovea 0.8.15 (disponible en http:// kinovea.org). Las variables analizadas en el último paso de la carrera de aproximación fueron: velocidad de paso, Vp (m/s); velocidad resultante, Vr (m/s); frecuencia de paso, Fp (Hz); longitud de paso, Lp (m); tiempo de contacto, Tc (s); tiempo de vuelo, Tv (s), tiempo de paso, Tp; altura del centro de masas, BCM h1(m); áng...
2010 Computing in Cardiology, 2010
Ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) are useful in many fields of medicine and sports. Neverthele... more Ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) are useful in many fields of medicine and sports. Nevertheless, their measurement is cumbersome and needs trained personnel. This work proposes an alternative method to predict VT1, VT2 and maximum loads in incremental maximal tests based on heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Twelve competitive male cyclists executed an incremental exhaustive test. During the test, RR time series and gas concentrations were recorded. After artifact correction the power spectrum was estimated in a sliding window, and central frequency (CF) and bandwidth that contains half the total power (BW) were computed. An automatic algorithm recognized the loads where CF and BW undergo a significant change. These loads were used as inputs in linear regression models to predict VT1, VT2 and maximum loads. The errors of the predictions are similar to the load resolution.
Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte
El presente estudio buscó identificar las diferencias que se observan en las carreras de velocida... more El presente estudio buscó identificar las diferencias que se observan en las carreras de velocidad realizadas por atletas con discapacidad visual. Para ello se recogieron los datos de 39 atletas ciegos de 24 países que participaron en los 100 metros de los Juegos Paralímpicos en Beijing 2008. Los datos extraídos permiten valorar el tiempo de carrera(s), velocidad media (m/s), número de pasos, frecuencia media (Hz), tiempo medio de paso(s) y amplitud media de paso (m), realizando un estudio comparativo con personas sin discapacidad. Se recogieron las grabaciones del Centro de audiovisuales del Comité Paralímpico en Beijing (DVD), siendo los datos tratados con el paquete estadístico SPSS (21.0). Entre los resultados, destacar la importancia que tienen la longitud de paso y la frecuencia, donde los atletas ciegos muestran un resultado inferior en el primer parámetro, resaltando como muy positivo la casi nula diferencia existente en la reacción de la salida de tacos.
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Papers by Josep Maria Padullés Riu
Methods: Thirteen males performed six sets of ten reps of ELC with each leg. Before and at regular intervals for 7 d after exercise, FGC was measured with maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC). Serum enzyme levels, fMRI transverse relaxation time (T2) and perceived muscle soreness were also assessed and compared against FGC.
Results: Two groups of subjects were identified according to the extent of hamstring muscles damage reflected by FGC declines and serum enzyme increases: high responders (n = 10, severe muscle damage) and moderate responders (n = 3, moderate muscle damage). In high responders, the fMRI T2 analysis revealed that the ST muscle suffered severe damage in the three regions measured (proximal, middle and distal). The biceps femoris short head (BFsh) was also damaged in that group of subjects. Significant differences were also found in FGC within-subjects (limb-to-limb comparison) from the high responder group.
Conclusion: FGC and serum enzymes levels measured in ten of the subjects from the sample (n = 13) were coherent with a severe muscle damage process. However, the results showed a wide range of peak MVC loss, reflecting different degree of damage between subjects (high and moderate responders). The fMRI analysis confirmed that ST was the hamstring muscle most damaged by ELC and uniform T2 changes were observed across the measured sections of this muscle. Because ST muscle could suffer an anomalous recruitment pattern due to fatigue and damage, and excessive load would be placed on the BFsh, causing it to made a synergistic compensation which leads to structural damage. Finally, T2 and MVC values from the leg whose hamstring muscles showed the smaller FGC decline were not well correlated. Those results suggest that long-lasting T2 increases after FGC markers have returned to baseline values might reflect an adaptive process rather than damage.
coaches and spectators. Specifically, high-speed cameras and slow-motion video have allowed for study leading to
improved learning processes and performance in sports, as they have made it possible to analyze movement and
evaluate various factors involved in these processes. Thus, these cameras have helped supply additional feedback
for training and learning sessions. Moreover, they constitute a valuable tool for both researchers and coaches to
assess performance and measure the duration of events, velocities, accelerations and forces that are generated in
human movement. This article aims to deepen readers’ knowledge in this area. It analyzes the various tools on the
market, as well as smart mobile phones and applications based on the use of the camera, often high-speed cameras.
It also makes reference to software used for movement analysis. The article seeks to highlight recent research
that has applied this technology and to suggest affordable and valuable practical applications for improving training
and teaching processes in modern sport.
Methods: Thirteen males performed six sets of ten reps of ELC with each leg. Before and at regular intervals for 7 d after exercise, FGC was measured with maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC). Serum enzyme levels, fMRI transverse relaxation time (T2) and perceived muscle soreness were also assessed and compared against FGC.
Results: Two groups of subjects were identified according to the extent of hamstring muscles damage reflected by FGC declines and serum enzyme increases: high responders (n = 10, severe muscle damage) and moderate responders (n = 3, moderate muscle damage). In high responders, the fMRI T2 analysis revealed that the ST muscle suffered severe damage in the three regions measured (proximal, middle and distal). The biceps femoris short head (BFsh) was also damaged in that group of subjects. Significant differences were also found in FGC within-subjects (limb-to-limb comparison) from the high responder group.
Conclusion: FGC and serum enzymes levels measured in ten of the subjects from the sample (n = 13) were coherent with a severe muscle damage process. However, the results showed a wide range of peak MVC loss, reflecting different degree of damage between subjects (high and moderate responders). The fMRI analysis confirmed that ST was the hamstring muscle most damaged by ELC and uniform T2 changes were observed across the measured sections of this muscle. Because ST muscle could suffer an anomalous recruitment pattern due to fatigue and damage, and excessive load would be placed on the BFsh, causing it to made a synergistic compensation which leads to structural damage. Finally, T2 and MVC values from the leg whose hamstring muscles showed the smaller FGC decline were not well correlated. Those results suggest that long-lasting T2 increases after FGC markers have returned to baseline values might reflect an adaptive process rather than damage.
coaches and spectators. Specifically, high-speed cameras and slow-motion video have allowed for study leading to
improved learning processes and performance in sports, as they have made it possible to analyze movement and
evaluate various factors involved in these processes. Thus, these cameras have helped supply additional feedback
for training and learning sessions. Moreover, they constitute a valuable tool for both researchers and coaches to
assess performance and measure the duration of events, velocities, accelerations and forces that are generated in
human movement. This article aims to deepen readers’ knowledge in this area. It analyzes the various tools on the
market, as well as smart mobile phones and applications based on the use of the camera, often high-speed cameras.
It also makes reference to software used for movement analysis. The article seeks to highlight recent research
that has applied this technology and to suggest affordable and valuable practical applications for improving training
and teaching processes in modern sport.
presentan de su motricidad con prótesis o con dificultades de movimiento, como es en las personas que padecen parálisis cerebral o deficiencia visual, favoreciendo su control y seguimiento, que sirvan para apoyar a entrenadores y deportistas discapacitados, así como valorar la capacidad física y atlética que desarrollan, con el objeto de favorecer
una mejora atlética y establecer metodologías de trabajo en personas discapacitadas que ayuden a crear programas de entrenamiento en el deporte adaptado.
En primer lugar realizamos una recopilación de datos bibliográficos, con el objeto de conocer los estudios realizados y obtener datos que nos sirvan para comparar
con nuestros atletas. Posteriormente filmamos a los sujetos de estudio, ya sean atletas paralímpicos o de grupos de control de igual rendimiento atlético, pasando a realizar el
tratamiento y análisis de los datos. El sistema que empleamos de análisis es el “Ariel Perfomance Analisis System”, desarrollando la calibración del espacio con un cubo de 2x2x2 m, en el que se toman 8 puntos de referencia. La filmación la realizamos con dos cámaras sincronizadas, con el objeto de realizar un análisis tridimensional, grabándolo en disco y realizando la transformación en 3D.
Igualmente utilizamos células fotoeléctricas y radar para valorar la velocidad de desplazamiento en los saltos horizontales.
consistency of the stride length, number of strides, and pattern of speed development across all attempts (Hay, 1986). The intellectually
disabled population (class F20) was represented in the London 2012 Paralympic Games. The aim of the present study was to identify the
biomechanical parameters of the final strides of the approach run in class F20 long jumpers predicting performance. Methods The long
jump, class F20, finalists participating in the 2012 London Paralympic Games (males=9, females=6 were recorded during the competition.
White markers were placed at 1m intervals parallel to the runway’s lines. The approach phase of each jump was recorded using a
Casio EX-F1 video camera operating at 300Hz (Theodorou et al., 2013). Videos were digitized using APAS 2010. Results Mean best official
distance (m), (males: 6.40±0.82; females: 5.06±0.60). Mean length (m) of three last strides, (males: 2.19, 2.34, 2.05; females: 1.91, 1.84,
1.94). Average horizontal velocity of three last strides (m/s), (males: 9.16, 9.32, 10.02; females: 8.24, 8.01, 9.13). Mean duration of take-off
phase (s), (males: 0.124; females: 0.135). Mean frequency (Hz) of three last strides, (males: 4.22, 4.00, 4.83; females: 4.49, 4.15, 4.89).
Performance was significantly correlated with average stride velocity at 3rd to last and 2nd to last strides in males (r = 0.88, p = 0.002; r =
0.83, p = 0.005 and r = 0.66, p = 0.053) and all the last 3 strides in females (r = 0.87, p = 0.023; r = 0.85, p = 0.029 and r = 0.84, p =
0.035). Discussion In men, stride length values and technique were comparable to non-disabled elite athletes (Bae et al., 2011). In women,
strides were about 15% shorter compared to elite and lacked technique (2nd stride shorter, last stride longest) (Hay 1986). Both in
males and females, stride frequency and take-off duration was comparable to elite athletes but horizontal velocity was 10-15% less. The
data of the present study demonstrate that the approach run characteristics of class F20 long jumpers are comparable to elite level
athletes and best performance is highly correlated with horizontal velocity at the last three strides References Bae YS, Park Y, Park J, Lee J,
Chae W, Park S. (2011). Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 21 (5), 503-510.DOI:10.5103/KJSB.2011.21.5.503. Hay JG. (1986). Exercise and
Sports Science Reviews, 14, 401-446. Theodorou A, Skordilis E, Plainis S, Panoutsakopoulos V, Panteli FN. (2013). Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 117 (1), 31-45. doi:10.2466/30.24.PMS.117x11z6 Funding Financial support of UB and INEFC. Sponsored by the International Paralympic
Committee (IPC).
Fundamentos de cálculo de las distintas variables.
Instrumentos.
Errores de ejecución