Papers by Thangalakshmi Prakash
IJIREEICE
Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutan... more Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.
IARJSET
The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asi... more The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asian monsoon zones are the growing severity of droughts/floods and decreasing air quality from increased aerosols. These simultaneous challenges have driven a huge amount of study on the effects of aerosols in influencing Asian monsoon weather and climate during the last decade. An aerosol is a colloid of small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air or another gas. The excess volume of aerosol in a certain place will have an impact on the health of living organisms as well as the regional climate. The Asian monsoon area is a major source of aerosol emissions from both man-made and natural sources. Aerosol loading patterns are extensively controlled by diverse meteorological and climatic regimens, which in turn are modified by aerosol impacts. Shipping emissions have garnered attention due to their harmful impact on regional climate and air quality at ports and along coasts across the world. As a result, recognising the aerosol in a certain place is critical. CO2, NOX, and SOX emissions from air pollution cause cloudiness and accelerate climate effect 'Radiative Forcing' (RF). Positive RF causes heat, while negative RF causes cooling. These also have an indirect influence on weather due to the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) ability of clouds, which has a significant impact of gases and particles. An increase in Sulphur may result in a decrease in Negative RF. Several techniques are applied to assess the range of aerosols, such as LIDAR, photometers, particle analysing methods, and so on; in this case, we utilise a particulate analyser to determine the amount of aerosol. To find out, we maintained the particle counter and analyser on the ship's top deck and examined the aerosol concentration over the atmosphere of the south Indian coast.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
Automation plays a key role in shipping industry and aims towards minimal operating staff. Howeve... more Automation plays a key role in shipping industry and aims towards minimal operating staff. However, the effective automation relies on effective controlling at various levels starting from shipbuilding to navigation. The industry is currently focussing on autonomous shipping which actually requires precise controlling. Although many conventional methods are available for control and automation with regard to automation, Artificial Intelligence Schemes (AIS) are widely attracting the maritime sector because of their benefits. The AIS along with fuzzy logic systems are offering promising results. The emerging use of AIS in a variety of maritime applications can act as a reference wpoint for new researchers. This paper aims to conduct a valid AIS study and to examine the various machine learning approaches used in various maritime applications. It is possible to achieve complete automation in the shipping industry by implementing a related technique.
There is a promising opportunity for the sustainable growth of solar power is in our nation. The ... more There is a promising opportunity for the sustainable growth of solar power is in our nation. The distinctive energy from sun received by the earth for one year is only about five thousand trillion kilowatt-hour. It is perceived that mainstream of those areas get 4-7 kWh/m2 for every 24 hours. The accessible solar energy can be pragmatically used to warm system/space heating and even to structure electrical energy by means of solar-thermal and solar-photovoltaics. Besides, there is a massive prospective to proliferate the photovoltaic power in our country. The admiring quality of solar is that it can as well be manufactured as distributed power, which agrees for adding on to the standing capacity within a short extent of time. Electrifying the rural regions can be well implemented via solar distributed power and it is applied for heating and cooling of villages, communities, townships and metropolitan areas in addition to the supply of electricity. The solar is ultimately safer than other modes of generating electrical power. Rather, even a tiny portion of collected solar energy may feasibly oblige the needs of the entire nation though it allude to concrete intricacies. Thermal power manufacturing is widely applied in the present-day Indian condition using coal as base material because of its economic aspects. By the long-term and persistent research work and introduction of new-fangled skills, solar energy can be produced at considerably minimum cost. This paper projects the principal challenges/barricades in attaining solar power in India, predominantly through photovoltaics, which could help as a valuable guidance for the solar engineers and lay concrete on the way of fetching the solar electric power and other applications appropriately.
Interdisciplinary Research in Technology and Management, 2021
Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable devel... more Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable developments in maritime domains comprises of ship building process, transport by shipping and ship recycling process. All three phases having concerns to environmental impacts, but evidence of the impacts of present ship recycling process undermines the Maritime Education's contribution to sustainable development. Ship breaking process includes complete scrapping or partially dismantling of vessels. At the yard, various parts, equipment, hull sections, superstructure materials, pipes, gears etc. are segregated after dismantling. These segregated scraps are recycled and re-use in various industry which is the most important business for ship breaking industry. About 85% ship recycling of the globe are mainly in Bangladesh, India, China and Pakistan, where environmental impacts and health hazards are serious concerns same mentioned by Vally Athanasopoulou. In India, ship recycling process from long time is following in primitive way which is unsafe and has tremendous health hazards.
International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies
Everything in the world, including the shipping industry, is powered by energy. There are numerou... more Everything in the world, including the shipping industry, is powered by energy. There are numerous advanced energy-generation strategies, but it would be greatly valued if energy could be consistently derived from ship waste. Waste disposal is a difficult task in the shipping industry, so many studies are being conducted to find better ways to dispose of waste. According to regulatory agencies, India has a large source of both industrial and urban organic waste. The shipping industry, like any other, necessitates massive amounts of energy. On a daily basis, a massive amount of waste is generated, ranging from small crafts to ultra-large vessels (aerobic as well as anaerobic). So, there is a significant opportunity for capturing the energy from these waste, and both the difficulty of waste disposal and the depletion of conventional energy sources can be effectively addressed concurrently. This paper examines various means of generating energy from waste. Furthermore, the current stat...
Maintaining the voltage profile in transmission line is very much important to maintain powers sy... more Maintaining the voltage profile in transmission line is very much important to maintain powers system stability. Due to load fluctuations, the voltage in all the buses may not be maintained. FACTS devices are much helpful in voltage compensation. UPFC is one among the FACTS devices which is used to serve this purpose. The load is increased in IEEE 30 bus system to simulate voltage sag condition. The location of UPFC is found using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The power loss during fault and the corresponding dip in voltage is compensated using UPFC. The power flow shows that the voltage in all buses is maintained within the permissible limits. The entire simulation has been demonstrated in IEEE 30 bus system
The demand for the quality power is increasing nowadays due to various nonlinear loads. Voltage c... more The demand for the quality power is increasing nowadays due to various nonlinear loads. Voltage compensation is the main consideration in the power system because uncompensated system will lead to the system fault and the equipment connected to the power system may damage, hence it is very much necessary to keep the transmission line compensated. The compensation also makes the system stable. The multilevel inverters provide the better compensation than the normal inverter in the compensation unit. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is the compensation unit used to compensate the power system. DSTATCOM is the distribution static synchronous compensator placed in the distribution side. This project presents an investigation of nine-Level Cascaded H bridge (CHB) Inverter as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in Power System for compensation of reactive power and harmonics. The compensations of CHB inverter are low harmonic distortion, reduced number of switches and suppr...
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a lot of tiny sensing devices, which can monitor envi... more A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a lot of tiny sensing devices, which can monitor environment or other events. Because these devices run on battery, energy is an extremely critical resource for them. Thus, energy-efficient method need be carefully designed for data aggregation. Most of the existing energy-efficient algorithms always forward packets by cluster head or data aggregator. Both the structure of clustering and data aggregation can realize to gather data with energy-efficient method. In this paper, considering the concept of data aggregation we proposed a energy efficient data aggregator election (EEDAE) algorithm to reduce the energy consumption, when a WSN is used to gather data. The goal of this basic approach is to use the architecture of cluster and artificial intelligence technique to elect the data aggregator efficiently and gather data from the nodes sensed interesting event to the cluster head (CH) so as to reduce the transmission energy in a cluster. Ou...
Nowadays need of energy is must. Primary sources, used every day for our livelihood, will not las... more Nowadays need of energy is must. Primary sources, used every day for our livelihood, will not last forever and we will have to face this problem. Even renewable energies, always considered as part of the solution, are not stable enough to substitute or significantly integrate our traditional system. Smart grid researchers try to face these challenges through the proposal of a new concept of intelligent grid equipped with sensors and devices able to constantly monitor demand and supply of the electrical grid. This architecture willbe able to direct energy only where and when it is needed, avoiding waste and improving power quality at the same time.
The impulsively fluctuating climatic conditions and the supplementary effects demand the protecti... more The impulsively fluctuating climatic conditions and the supplementary effects demand the protection of forestry and cultivation. Pests, bugs and insects are the vital issues that distress the development of crop. Eventually, monitoring and trapping of bugs becomes a more challenging task. The traditional human operators execute surveys of the traps dispersed over the field at regular intervals. This encompasses more work, requires considerable time and is not consistent. It is not effective on economic grounds too. These limitations in the existing systems call for automation with affordable cost. Effective pest trapping will be highly favourable to the farmers while capturing and sending the images of pests will be helpful for further analysis in agricultural fields. Moreover, this will be definitely helpful in reducing the usage of pesticides since automatic trapping is efficient and effective. An electronic trap for pest insects by an autonomous monitoring system using black ligh...
There are few practical restrictions in the assimilation of dispersed generation (DG) in the dist... more There are few practical restrictions in the assimilation of dispersed generation (DG) in the distribution scheme. Adding fairly big quantity of generation to the distribution network can affect the normal assumptions used in the protection plans of overcurrent fortification. This problem becomes more predominant when the DG capacity within the given area counter balances the load. The availability of DG is not constant and is dynamic in nature. The nature and the severity of fault current should also be accounted. The anti-islanding, the temporary over-voltages at the time of fault, reduction of sensitivity for extended feeder are the key issues which are discussed in this paper. This paper focuses on solving few issues related to integration of DG with the help of impedance relays which is used for distribution line protection.
CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2021
Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable devel... more Considering strict environmental concerns and compliances to protect our Globe, sustainable developments in maritime domains comprises of ship building process, transport by shipping and ship recycling process. All three phases having concerns to environmental impacts, but evidence of the impacts of present ship recycling process undermines the Maritime Education's contribution to sustainable development. Ship breaking process includes complete scrapping or partially dismantling of vessels. At the yard, various parts, equipment, hull sections, superstructure materials, pipes, gears etc. are segregated after dismantling. These segregated scraps are recycled and re-use in various industry which is the most important business for ship breaking industry. About 85% ship recycling of the globe are mainly in Bangladesh, India, China and Pakistan, where environmental impacts and health hazards are serious concerns same mentioned by Vally Athanasopoulou. In India, ship recycling process from long time is following in primitive way which is unsafe and has tremendous health hazards.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
Automation plays a key role in shipping industry and aims towards minimal operating staff. Howeve... more Automation plays a key role in shipping industry and aims towards minimal operating staff. However, the effective automation relies on effective controlling at various levels starting from shipbuilding to navigation. The industry is currently focussing on autonomous shipping which actually requires precise controlling. Although many conventional methods are available for control and automation with regard to automation, Artificial Intelligence Schemes (AIS) are widely attracting the maritime sector because of their benefits. The AIS along with fuzzy logic systems are offering promising results. The emerging use of AIS in a variety of maritime applications can act as a reference wpoint for new researchers. This paper aims to conduct a valid AIS study and to examine the various machine learning approaches used in various maritime applications. It is possible to achieve complete automation in the shipping industry by implementing a related technique.
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2022
The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asian monso... more The two most serious dangers to nearly 60 percent of the world's population living in Asian monsoon zones are the growing severity of droughts/floods and decreasing air quality from increased aerosols. These simultaneous challenges have driven a huge amount of study on the effects of aerosols in influencing Asian monsoon weather and climate during the last decade. An aerosol is a colloid of small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air or another gas. The excess volume of aerosol in a certain place will have an impact on the health of living organisms as well as the regional climate. The Asian monsoon area is a major source of aerosol emissions from both man-made and natural sources. Aerosol loading patterns are extensively controlled by diverse meteorological and climatic regimens, which in turn are modified by aerosol impacts. Shipping emissions have garnered attention due to their harmful impact on regional climate and air quality at ports and along coasts across the world. As a result, recognising the aerosol in a certain place is critical. CO2, NOX, and SOX emissions from air pollution cause cloudiness and accelerate climate effect 'Radiative Forcing' (RF). Positive RF causes heat, while negative RF causes cooling. These also have an indirect influence on weather due to the Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) ability of clouds, which has a significant impact of gases and particles. An increase in Sulphur may result in a decrease in Negative RF. Several techniques are applied to assess the range of aerosols, such as LIDAR, photometers, particle analysing methods, and so on; in this case, we utilise a particulate analyser to determine the amount of aerosol. To find out, we maintained the particle counter and analyser on the ship's top deck and examined the aerosol concentration over the atmosphere of the south Indian coast.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, 2022
Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutan... more Typical marine vehicles either use diesel or diesel-electric power, which produces toxic pollutants that impact the health of those who live near the harbour. The use of the Battery-operated Electric Propulsion (pure-electric) technology would decrease hazardous pollutants emitted by sea vehicles to zero. Concerns over critical environmental degradation and fossil fuel usage have captivated the automotive market, particularly in maritime vessels, in recent times. The oscillations generated by strong dynamic loads serve as an additional difficulty in ships. To improve stability in shipboard power systems, many generators are now maintained online at far lower than their efficient point. So, to increase the fuel mileage of shipboard power systems, a simple option, a compromise between fuel savings and durability, might be presumed: minimal generator operation with ensured safety. In contrast to previous systems in which propulsion and service loads are powered by distinct generators, propulsion and service loads are linked into a shared network in pure-electric ships to achieve reduced fuel economy with lower emissions. Integration of an energy storage system (ESS) is said to be a useful strategy for increasing the reliability of the shipboard power system. Batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells are examples of energy storage technologies that are now employed in a variety of applications. Marine batteries are particularly developed for sea transport, having larger plates and more resilient structure to handle the stress and hammering that might arise on any powerboat. These batteries have been designed specifically to suit the prospective and future demands of marine transportation applications. This study examines many types of maritime energy storage devices that have been widely employed to enhance the overall efficiency of sea transport.
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, 2020
There is a promising opportunity for the sustainable growth of solar power is in our nation. The ... more There is a promising opportunity for the sustainable growth of solar power is in our nation. The distinctive energy from sun received by the earth for one year is only about five thousand trillion kilowatt-hour. It is perceived that mainstream of those areas get 4-7 kWh/m2 for every 24 hours. The accessible solar energy can be pragmatically used to warm system/space heating and even to structure electrical energy by means of solar-thermal and solar-photovoltaics. Besides, there is a massive prospective to proliferate the photovoltaic power in our country. The admiring quality of solar is that it can as well be manufactured as distributed power, which agrees for adding on to the standing capacity within a short extent of time. Electrifying the rural regions can be well implemented via solar distributed power and it is applied for heating and cooling of villages, communities, townships and metropolitan areas in addition to the supply of electricity. The solar is ultimately safer than other modes of generating electrical power. Rather, even a tiny portion of collected solar energy may feasibly oblige the needs of the entire nation though it allude to concrete intricacies. Thermal power manufacturing is widely applied in the present-day Indian condition using coal as base material because of its economic aspects. By the long-term and persistent research work and introduction of new-fangled skills, solar energy can be produced at considerably minimum cost. This paper projects the principal challenges/barricades in attaining solar power in India, predominantly through photovoltaics, which could help as a valuable guidance for the solar engineers and lay concrete on the way of fetching the solar electric power and other applications appropriately.
PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt, 2020
Electrical energy has become part and parcel of our life as all the domestic modern appliances us... more Electrical energy has become part and parcel of our life as all the domestic modern appliances use electricity because of its cleanliness, availability and ease of control. Also, conservation of such energy is paramount not only on economic aspect but also to extend the life of resources for further use. Presently, most of the electricity is generated using power generating plants that use coal as fuel. In addition to produce energy, they do contaminate the environs by discharging flue gases chiefly carbon dioxide. The extent of carbon dioxide discharged into the air as an end result of actions of a specific individual, group or public is referred as carbon footprint and globally there is a call for reducing this carbon foot print to curtail its unfavorableimpacts on the society. Hence, though there are other resources like oil and gases are available for producing electrical energy, they do have the same effect. They are unsustainable. More than conserving the energy, it is highly needed to use renewable and sustainable energies to produce electricity. The cheap, clean and available renewable energy is solar energy. Photovoltaics (PV) is a guileless and smart method of hitching the solar energy. PV cells/solar cells are exclusive in that they reliably deliver electricity through the solar radiation hitting them. All the solar radiation falling on a PV cell or panel is not completely converted as electrical energy but it is decided by the materials used for PV cells. There are various other factors that judge the outcome of a solar panel namely, the temperature, solar irradiance, fill factor etc. The aim of this study is to explore and relate the various materials used for PV panels based on their properties and other significant factors. This will serve as a guide for researchers for choosing a proper material for a particular application.
International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies, 2022
Everything in the world, including the shipping industry, is powered by energy. There are numerou... more Everything in the world, including the shipping industry, is powered by energy. There are numerous advanced energy-generation strategies, but it would be greatly valued if energy could be consistently derived from ship waste. Waste disposal is a difficult task in the shipping industry, so many studies are being conducted to find better ways to dispose of waste. According to regulatory agencies, India has a large source of both industrial and urban organic waste. The shipping industry, like any other, necessitates massive amounts of energy. On a daily basis, a massive amount of waste is generated, ranging from small crafts to ultra-large vessels (aerobic as well as anaerobic). So, there is a significant opportunity for capturing the energy from this waste, and both the difficulty of waste disposal and the depletion of conventional energy sources can be effectively addressed concurrently. This paper examines various means of generating energy from waste. Furthermore, the current state of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) in our country and around the world is discussed.
Motivation/Background: There is a perennial need for energy in all industry. This energy is pivotal in marine sector. There is huge amount of waste disposal into sea and IMO is keen on pollution control and de-carbonization. So, converting the waste serves two purposes viz. pollution control and green energy generation.
Method: Various techniques for generating energy from waste had been discussed.
Results: Waste-To-Energy is still a relatively unexplored technology in the shipping industry. Large cruise ships generate massive quantities of waste. This in and of itself represents a large avenue for WTE as a source of renewable energy on board ships. There are very few manufacturers venturing into the WTE segment to create power from ship waste. Scan ship, a Norwegian ship waste management system manufacturer, has established a system that uses microwave-assisted pyrolysis to transform carbon-based waste generated on ships into biofuels.
Conclusions: WTE is also a relatively new concept in the shipping industry. Countries such as Norway, which is successfully operating WTE plants on land, are progressively migrating the technology and paving the way for others. More initiatives like these can radically decrease the amount of waste that ships discharge into the sea, resulting in a more comprehensive ecosystem for all life forms.
The induction motors are widely used in industrial drives since of their low cost and flexibility... more The induction motors are widely used in industrial drives since of their low cost and flexibility. The control facet is very essential for any drive. This paper proposes an economical method of INDUCTION MOTOR speed control with efficient performance. The induction motor speed variation can be easily attained for a short range by stator voltage control. The terminal voltage across the stator winding of the motor can be varied to achieve the preferred speed control by controlling the firing angle of the semiconductor power devices (TRIAC in this paper). RASPBERRY PI 2(model B) plays an important in our project. Raspberry Pi is very small in size and it is a low cost device. Raspberry Pi has a Quadcore-broadcom BCM2836 900 MHz processor and 1GB RAM. It can perform all the work similar to a computer and can be referred as minicomputer. Python language must be used for this. It uses Raspbian operating system based on Debian distribution of LINUX.
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Papers by Thangalakshmi Prakash
Motivation/Background: There is a perennial need for energy in all industry. This energy is pivotal in marine sector. There is huge amount of waste disposal into sea and IMO is keen on pollution control and de-carbonization. So, converting the waste serves two purposes viz. pollution control and green energy generation.
Method: Various techniques for generating energy from waste had been discussed.
Results: Waste-To-Energy is still a relatively unexplored technology in the shipping industry. Large cruise ships generate massive quantities of waste. This in and of itself represents a large avenue for WTE as a source of renewable energy on board ships. There are very few manufacturers venturing into the WTE segment to create power from ship waste. Scan ship, a Norwegian ship waste management system manufacturer, has established a system that uses microwave-assisted pyrolysis to transform carbon-based waste generated on ships into biofuels.
Conclusions: WTE is also a relatively new concept in the shipping industry. Countries such as Norway, which is successfully operating WTE plants on land, are progressively migrating the technology and paving the way for others. More initiatives like these can radically decrease the amount of waste that ships discharge into the sea, resulting in a more comprehensive ecosystem for all life forms.
Motivation/Background: There is a perennial need for energy in all industry. This energy is pivotal in marine sector. There is huge amount of waste disposal into sea and IMO is keen on pollution control and de-carbonization. So, converting the waste serves two purposes viz. pollution control and green energy generation.
Method: Various techniques for generating energy from waste had been discussed.
Results: Waste-To-Energy is still a relatively unexplored technology in the shipping industry. Large cruise ships generate massive quantities of waste. This in and of itself represents a large avenue for WTE as a source of renewable energy on board ships. There are very few manufacturers venturing into the WTE segment to create power from ship waste. Scan ship, a Norwegian ship waste management system manufacturer, has established a system that uses microwave-assisted pyrolysis to transform carbon-based waste generated on ships into biofuels.
Conclusions: WTE is also a relatively new concept in the shipping industry. Countries such as Norway, which is successfully operating WTE plants on land, are progressively migrating the technology and paving the way for others. More initiatives like these can radically decrease the amount of waste that ships discharge into the sea, resulting in a more comprehensive ecosystem for all life forms.