Treatise Section by Vilis Ivars Lietuvietis
This part II treatise builds upon its foundational part I correcting the chronology of Sennacheri... more This part II treatise builds upon its foundational part I correcting the chronology of Sennacherib's first five years, which established 702 BC as the true date of Sennacherib's invasion of Judah in order to undo Dr. Edwin Thiele's error in his widely accepted chronology of the Hebrew kings. Part I proved that Sennacherib's third campaign, biblically recorded in king Hezekiah of Judah's 14th regnal year, did not take place in 701 BC as Thiele had trusted for the cornerstone of his chronology, but rather in 702 BC, vindicating and perfecting his work.
By his Assyrian cornerstone thus out of place, no other Assyrian synchronism would fit Thiele's at first perfect internal biblical chronology, "IBC", (my solution has 8). So he emended it in Jotham's reign (2 Kgs. 15:30-33), adding 4 years to Jotham to shift Ahab's disastrous 853 Battle of Qarqar (Shalmaneser III's 6th year) immediately before Ahab's 1 Kgs. 22 fatal battle against his Qarqar ally Benhadad. Thus Shalmaneser's 18th year receipt of Jehu's tribute in 841, 12 (= 18 - 6) years after Qarqar by IBC, harmonized Jehu's 841 accession with his 14th year of Hezekiah set in 701! But Thiele failed to notice that annihilation of Ahab's powerful military at Qarqar per Shalmaneser's 6th year annals, made impossible his 1 Kgs. 22 participation in his fatal war with Benhadad. Likewise Shalmaneser's 18th year annals report of Hazael's total incapacitation for his 2 Kgs. 9:15-16 wounding of Israel's Joram in battle, discredited Jehu's having killed both Joram and his sickbed visitor Judah's king Ahaziah in 841, stripping Thiele of all Assyrian synchronisms.
The Chronology Comparison Chart of my and Thiele's chronologies, exposes its two simple structural corrections: Thiele's 701 BC synchronism with Hezekiah's year 14 corrected to 702 BC, and Jotham's 20th year corrected to his official 16th. R. C. Young's by 6 months corrective and simplifying refinement from Solomon through Asa of 2003 further validates not only my revision, but the Masoretic Text into which this chronology was woven, watermarking its authenticity and clarifying its meaning.
Sec. 2.8 details my 28 absolute extrabiblical synchronisms: 5 Egyptian, 8 Assyrian, 6 Babylonian, 1 Tyrian, 3 Persian, 1 Sabbatical, and two pairs = 4 of Jubilee synchronisms (49th & 50th year Jubilee pairs, extrabiblically anchored to Bar Kokhba's spring-summer of 132 AD 49th Jubilee cycle year launching his revolt against Hadrian). These include the Exodus synchronized by Amenhotep II's year 10, a Tyrian and Sabbatical year synchronism with Solomon's accession, Assyrian and Jubilee synchronisms in Hezekiah's 14th & 15th years, and Persian and Jubilee synchronisms of Ezra 7:7; exposing 3 Jubilee years synchronous with B. Zuckermann's 1857 Sabbatical cycle.
Chapter 4 details my recovery of the Leviticus 25 Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles I first found in (fall-to-fall = ff) ff702/701 BC as the 14th observance of Jubilee identified by its Isaiah 37:30 twin consecutive sabbattical (ie. fallow) years of Leviticus 25:8-12 in Hezekiah's 14th and 15th years. This biblical association of Hezekiah's 14th year with the 49th, terminal year of a heretofore unknown (discovered 14th) Jubilee cycle, in light of Fig. 2.7 charting the 1 Kings 6:1 specification of the Exodus from Egypt (ff1444/1443 BC) having preceded Solomon's 4th regnal year (ff965/964 BC) by 480-1 years, enabled unambiguous recovery of the authentic Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles as commencing in ff1388/1387 BC. Here ff1388/1387 was the 16th year after Canaan's conquest rather than its entry terminating Israel's 40-years wandering in Midian's deserts. My Jubilee cycle recovery was verified by its 14th Jubilee of ff702/701 being found in 49-year cyclical synchronism with the 19th Jubilee of ff457/456 BC found in Ezra 7:7. Both biblical Jubilees are likewise in synchronism with the extrabiblical Jubilee of ff132/131 AD (the 31st) celebrated in the 2nd year of Bar Kokhba's rebellion against Hadrian, and with Benedict Zuckermann's 1857 Sabbatical cycle. Development of my revision of Thiele's Hebrew kings chronology concludes with chapter 4.
Chapters 5 and 6 solve the closely related and hotly debated since 1858 issue of the identity and the chronological and historical implications of the brief mention of “Tirhakah, king of Kush” in 2 Kings 19:8-10 and Isaiah 37:8-10. To this end and more, chapter 6 delves into Egyptian and Greek records identifying beyond reasonable doubt the biblical “Tirhakah, king of Kush” as having been the “King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Tirhakah, son of Re Piankhy,” as attested by the Ward collection scarab made famous by Flinders Petrie's bewilderment upon examinining its confoundingly normal pharaonic title in its most conventional prenomen and nomen form. This startling revelation of the identity of the Tirhakah of Hezekiah's 14th year is further confirmed by my detailed examination of Leclant's publication of the inscription of the British Museum BM EA24429 Statue of Iti, proving that king Piankhy of Kush was alive as suzerain over Egypt in king Shabako's 15th and last regnal year of the battle of Eltekh in the Summer semester of 702. This suzerainty (not coregency) is identical to its contemporary example of Sennacherib having enthroned his son Assur-nadin-shum as his vassal (not coregent) over Babylonia, a throne which Sennacherib himself had occupied three years previous to installing his Babylonian courtier Bel-ibni on it as a doomed experiment. This was equivalent to Piankhy's own organizational failure in Lower Egypt geographically beyond his control as proven by the revolt of Bakenranef, requiring Piankhy's installation of his brother Shabako as his local über-vassal on the Memphite throne over Upper and Lower Egypt to keep a close rein over his other vassals. Piankhy's suzerainty principle of government, published in his year 3 “Sandstone Stela” ultimately included his brother Shabako and his son Shebitko as vassals (not coregents), thus reconciling the heretofore chronologically disruptive “Tang-i Var” inscription of Sargon II with professor K. A. Kitchen's correct chronology of the 25th dynasty, undisturbed by my solution. Rather, it is strengthened by fresh insights arising from locating Shabako's defeat at the Battle of Eltekh in 702 rather than in 701, explaining the coronation origin by Piankhy's appointment of Shebitku's stridently anti-Assyrian pharaonic titles reflecting Piankhy's purpose for replacing the defeated Shabako by his nominally more militant nephew Shebitku.
Chapter 7 develops the patriarchal chronogenealogies back to Adam via my Ch. 8 proof and chronology of the 215 years “short Egyptian sojourn” of Ex. 12:40 confirmed by the Egyptian high chronology of Amenhotep's 10th year synchronism of the Exodus as confirmed by conventional astronomical Sothic dating, but perfected by my Ch. 9 astronomical solution of the pre-1320 BC Sothic civil calendar. Thus my 28 astronomical synchronisms spanning 1205 years from Joseph's 1661 BC to Ezra's 457 BC date back to the post-midnight Saturday, Julian 21 April 1443 BC Exodus and Joseph's 10 Oct. 1661 BC 37th year, proving the Masoretic Text authentic over the Greek and Sameritan texts. Ch. 10 concludes this work by solving the chronology of Jeremiah's 70 years in its broad Neo-Babylonian and Medo-Persian complex of synchronisms fundamental to Daniel. 19 Appx. A chronology charts marking sec. 2.8.3's 28 extrabiblical synchronisms by anchor symbols graphically document this chronology.
Papers - downloadable "Treatise II of II" chapters by Vilis Ivars Lietuvietis
Truly a "Mysterious Number of the Hebrew Kings" (U. of Chicago Dr. Edwin R. Thiele, 3rd Edition)
Johann Sebastian Bach's Published works
The linked .pdf documents date Christ's crucifixion in 31 AD to the lunar calendric day.
Christ's New Testament Crucifixion Astronomically Dated Friday Julian 25 May 31 AD Exactly According to the Daniel 9:27 Jubilee Chronology, 2024
Christ's New Testament Crucifixion is astronomically dated Friday Julian 25 May 31 AD (see mu cha... more Christ's New Testament Crucifixion is astronomically dated Friday Julian 25 May 31 AD (see mu chart 19/19) exactly according to the Daniel 9:27 Jubilee chronology which counts precisely 10 Jubilee cycles (as defined by Moses in Leviticus 25) from the starting date specified in Daniel 9:25 - 25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.
This Friday Julian 25 May 31 AD date is supported by my final two astronomically chronological Passover chronology charts, numbered 18/19 dating the original Book of Exodus Passover and 19/19 dating Christ's Crucifixion, (appended to all of my Treatise Part II of II - derived papers), which amazingly display virtually identical astronomical views of the heavens over Jerusalem on these two Passovers, a supernatural coincidence!
EXODUS 12:11 And thus shall ye eat it; [with] your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it [is] the LORD'S passover.
EXODUS 12:21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said unto them, Draw out and take you a lamb according to your families, and kill the passover.
EXODUS 12:27 That ye shall say, It [is] the sacrifice of the LORD'S passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when he smote the Egyptians, and delivered our houses. And the people bowed the head and worshipped.
MATTHEW 26:2 Ye know that after two days is [the feast of] the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified.
MATTHEW 26:17 Now the first [day] of the [feast of] unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for thee to eat the passover?
Further relevance:
https://www.academia.edu/43086074/Chronology_Confirms_the_Book_of_Daniel_Final_Edition_17_May_2020_
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
https://www.academia.edu/42736825/Hyksos_and_Egyptian_18th_Dynasty_Chronology_Chart_Final_Edition_14_April_2020_
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Daniel 9:24 Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.
25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.
26 And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.
27 And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.
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Quoted from page 73 of https://www.academia.edu/43086074/Chronology_Confirms_the_Book_of_Daniel_Final_Edition_17_May_2020_ exposing
Thus the 10 Jubilees of Dan. 9:24 focused on the Nisan spring New Year's Passover, and the 2,300 years of 8:13 -14 Lev. 16 Yom Kippur ceremony celebrated in the Tishri 10 fall New Year's “Day of Judgment” had their countdown commencement dated in the 19th year of Jubilee ceremony of 9:25:
Dan. 9:25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.
which quite astonishingly according to my dates to the exact year 3,500 Anno Mundi from my complete biblical chronology's absolute year of Creation traced via Fig. 2 by way of the chronogenealogies of Gen. 5 and 11 as charted in chart 14/19. This date is made all the more remarkable by Solomon's 11th year completion of his Temple falling in the year 3000 Anno Mundi, and its 12th year dedication in the year 3000 Anno Adam, dated from the 4th day of Creation in Gen. 1:14-19 of the solar system (a distinction also observed by the Essenes) by which commenced the autumnal equinox on which day it would likely have been created, commencing a New Year, and hence after 3 days already in the following fall-to-fall patriarchal calendar year after the year of Anno Mundi 1. Remarkably, Solomon's Temple served for 370 years until its destruction in 586 by Nebuchadnezzar, following which a space of 130 years led to Ezra's restoration of the Leviticus 25 land ownership laws as predicted in Daniel 9:25.
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EXODUS 12 documents the change from the Patriarchal lunisolar calendar effective from the Genesis Creation, to the lunisolar calendar of Moses which commenced on the day of Passover, whose sacrificial Passover lamb was prophetic of Jesus, whose crucifixion was first prophesied in Genesis 3:15 at the moral fall of Eve and Adam
into our world's "Original Sin". Hence Genesis 4 documents the original antediluvian ceremony of the Sacrificial Lamb, prophetic of Jesus' Self-sacrificial Crucifixion.
1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying,
2 This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you.
3 Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: ...
5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male of the first year: ye shall take it out from the sheep, or from the goats:
6 And ye shall keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening.
7 And they shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper door post of the houses, wherein they shall eat it.
8 And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it.
9 Eat not of it raw, nor sodden at all with water, but roast with fire; his head with his legs, and with the purtenance thereof.
10 And ye shall let nothing of it remain until the morning; and that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn with fire.
11 And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the LORD'S passover.
12 For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD.
13 And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are : and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you , when I smite the land of Egypt.
14 And this day shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever.
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My Masoretic Text (MT) chronology is based on my May of 2005 repair of U. of Chicago PhD Professor Edwin R. Thiele, which did not synchronize with Assyrian and Babylonian astronomical chronology, but after this correction not only did so, but also quite dramatically made possible my absolute chronology of Egypt:
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
All of the above astronomically (scientifically) demonstrates the astronomical chronological inerrancy resulting from my Chart 11/19 repair of Edwin R. Thiele's flawed Masoretic Text chronology as documented in his 1983 3rd Edition of "The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings", which I first discovered in May of 2005.
This is my 11 July 2023 embellishment of J. S. Bach's "Air", as "Air on the D String" in the key ... more This is my 11 July 2023 embellishment of J. S. Bach's "Air", as "Air on the D String" in the key of G Major: CCBY4.0 free violin score which you can use or distribute any way you wish, preserving my authorship as the composer.
Adapted from Orchestral Suite No. 3 BMV 1068, by Johann Sebastian Bach, which I transposed to the novel key of G Major adding richness of tone to its solo violin performance. This is my 11 July 2023 polished version.
Breakthroughs in Egyptian, Assyrian, & Biblical Chronology Confirmed by their Synchronisms
My recent solution of Egypt's Sothic calendar absolutely dating Egypt's 15th, 17th, and 18th Dyna... more My recent solution of Egypt's Sothic calendar absolutely dating Egypt's 15th, 17th, and 18th Dynasties is confirmed and supplemented by the biblical Jubilee cycle recovery discovering two biblical Jubilees and one extrabiblical (Bar Kokhba's in ff132/133 AD), in turn based on my Fig. 2 (chart 11/19) repair of Dr. Edwin Thiele's chronology of the Hebrew kings in 2005, since then confirmed by 28 extrabiblical astronomical synchronisms spanning and validating 1205 years of Old Testament history from Joseph's 37th year 1661 BC start of 7 years regional famine caused by its fall equinox Santorini/Thera supervolcano eruption, down to Ezra's Ezra 7 457 BC mission from Babylon to Jerusalem to ceremonially reinstate Leviticus 25 land ownership rights at the Yom Kippur start of the 19th year of Jubilee, to Judah's repatriating Babylonian exiles. These 1205 years included the Fig. astronomically recovered Saturday Julian 21 April 1443 Exodus. Recovery of two biblical Jubilee observations, the ff702/701 14th in Hezekiah's 15th year (2 Kings 19:29), and its closely related 19th observed by Ezra, were both found in synchronism with the suspected Jubilee in the ff132/133 (31st) year of Jubilee held in the second year of Bar Kokhba's revolt against Hadrian studied in 1975 by Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder, establishing the history of the Jubilee cycle begun at Caleb and Joshua's mission early in the 2nd year after the Exodus, to spy out Canaan for its immediate invasion whose completion would have launched the start of the Jubilee cycle, but was aborted due to Israelite rebellion, delaying the Jubilee cycle start by one 49-year cycle. Thus the Jubilee cycle became a long-term fall-to-fall civil calendar observed until its 31st observance of Jubilee in the 132 AD Bar Kokhba revolt against Hadrian.
Devastating biblical criticism sprang up over the past three centuries substantially due to lack of a credible biblical chronology, for decades aggravated by the babel of contending biblical timelines styled as “chronologies” massed on the internet (true chronology is absolute, summed up by one word: “synchronism” namely by astronomy characterizing my 28). Thiele offered substantial hope but failed to deliver the goods, despite his able indirect helpers. Chronology is the backbone of history, and loss for the past 2,500 years of the chronology of the Masoretic Text as attested by its Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents has led to an unwarranted umbrage about it, of no benefit to the public.
Repair of E. R. Thiele’s Chronology Perfects Mediterranean and Ancient Near East Chronology: 1661... more Repair of E. R. Thiele’s Chronology Perfects Mediterranean and Ancient Near East Chronology: 1661 BC – 132 AD Single Page Gist 12 September 2021 Edition 1.0
Appended with my standard set of 19 chronology charts.
Self-published on my personal website www.chronobiblica.org, 2021
Abstract:
This single-page paper explains itself without need for an abstract..
Title of... more Abstract:
This single-page paper explains itself without need for an abstract..
Title of paper:
03 August 2021 Addendum to Correcting Edwin Thiele's Crippled Chronology 10 March 2021 Edition 1.0
This two-page paper, appended by my standard set of 19 chronology charts describes the developmen... more This two-page paper, appended by my standard set of 19 chronology charts describes the development of my Summer Solstice-Synchronous Calendar (SSSC) paper
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dy-
nasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Acces-
sion_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
with emphasis on its earliest phase in the reign of the Hyksos pharaoh Khyan, who was the biblical patriarch Joseph's pharaoh in chapters 41 through 50 of the Masoretic Text's Book of Genesis.
This paper confirms the astronomical chronology of this history, which establishes its historicity.
The aim of this study:
Retroextension of Fig. 1 by Fig. 2 exposes the fractures of Thiele's ch... more The aim of this study:
Retroextension of Fig. 1 by Fig. 2 exposes the fractures of Thiele's chronology:
The “CCC” chart 11/19 of Fig. 2 almost completely corrects Edwin Thiele's chronology, lacking only R. C. Young's 2003 shift of Solomon's death back by an equinoctical semester into the preceding ff year, while likewise retroshifting Judah's chronology up to Asa's death. But this lack is completed by Fig. 1! Young's shift was confirmed by Dr. Leslie McFall in 2008, and required by my astronomical dating of the Exodus to Julian 21 April 1443 BC. See “CCC” chart 11/19. Due to Exodus 12:2, the Exodus date is approximated as near the spring equinox without any effort by the simple reckoning of 1 Kings 6:1.
Appendix A's charts 1/19 - 5/19 define from Solomon's to Hezekiah's deaths. So to fully correct Thiele's chronology (his 1944 - 1983 charts), Young's crucial date of Solomon's death must be integrated into the chart of Fig. 2 chart 11/19 by its retroextension. This retroextension is provided by the three charts of Fig. 1, spanning from ff931/930 to ff762/761, leaving a harmless gap of 762 - 753 = 9 years near the ends of the reigns of Jereboam II of Israel and Uzziah/Azariah of Judah, in our exposure of where Thiele's consistent 1944 - 1983 chronology needed correction. After the accession of Hezekiah's son Manasseh, Thiele's chronology and my chronology are in essence identical (except in Thiele's 1944 edition, where Thiele made errors which he later corrected). Thus, figuratively, Figs.1 and 2 expose where a crookedly set broken leg (Thiele's chronology) must be re-broken to be correctly re-set.
Background of "Correcting Edwin Thiele's Crippled Chronology":
The Hebrew Old Testament meets the eye as an intensely chronological work throughout, for which Dr. Edwin R. Thiele in his 1943 University of Chicago PhD thesis (published in JNES, 1944) produced the most promising method for recovering the synchronized chronologies of post-Solomon Judah and Israel, by which he hoped to validate Masoretic Text historicity by extrabiblical synchronisms to its wars as astronomically dated by both sides. Fortunately the Hebrew kings-intensive benchmark astronomical chronologies of Assyria and Babylonia could at least test Thiele's method. But due to offset of his chronology by one year late because it was anchored to the erroneous 701 BC consensus dating of Sennacherib's 3rd campaign against Judah and Egypt, Thiele failed to produce convincing synchronisms to validate his attempted absolute biblical chronology.
Thiele's chronology never changed since its 1944 JNES publication, not even on the part of his able successors, Dr. Leslie McFall at Cambridge (1991 & 2008), and Rodger C. Young (2003) who improved it without changing it. Parallel comparison by charting Thiele's original chronology above my repair of it as confirmed by 30 extrabiblical synchronisms, reveal the equinoctical semsters in which Thiele's chronology had to be corrrectively broken and shifted (offset) in order for it to be synchronous with Ancient Near East and Egyptian astronomical chronology (https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_)
This study validates my correction of Thiele's chronology by rigorous analysis explained above. Correction of Thiele's chronology is also confirmed by the Leviticus 25 Jubilee cycle launched at its fall of 1388 BC Yom Kippur ceremony. This 49-year Jubilee cycle was in principle recovered but not confirmed by Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 breakthrough study of Bar Kokhba's 132 AD revolt against Hadrian as having exploited the only extrabiblical instance of a year of Jubilee. However, in order to be synchronous with the two known biblical Jubilees, that of Hezekiah's 15th year as signatured by its Lev. 25 two fallow years in succession in 2 Kings 19:29 and Isaiah 37:30, and Ezra's Ezra 7 Jerusalem journey to ceremonially observe a year of Jubilee at its Yom Kippur start, Wacholder's jubilee cycle needed correction by Benedict Zuckermann's 1857 Leviticus 25 Sabbatical cycle, as fully solved in the "Gist" of my Treatise finalized on 16 June 2020.
I first confirmed my 2005 repair of Thiele's chronology by my 250 pages "Sennacherib's First Five Years" (https://www.academia.edu/36877621/Sennacheribs_First_Five_Years_Part_I_of_II_Solving_the_Chronologies_of_Sennacherib_and_the_Bible_Edition_4_0_20_June_2018_), which corrected to 702 BC the 701 BC consensus date of Sennacherib's biblically prominent third campaign which had ruined Thiele's attempt to produce an absolute Hebrew kings chronology. My correction validated Thiele's method by unlocking all eight biblical Assyrian synchronisms. This was confirmed in May of 2018 by leading assyriologist Emeritus Professor Dr. Simo Parpola at Helsinki as essentially the first peer review of an early edition of the "Gist" conspectus of my chronology treatise. My continuously expanding self-published work begun in 1999 was clinched in 2005 by my instantly evident repair of Thiele preserving all of his internal biblical Judah-Israel synchronisms and acclaimed chronological rules.
Reference links:
https://www.academia.edu/45457029/Correcting_Edwin_Thieles_Crippled_Chronology_Corrective_Surgery_of_Edwin_Thieles_Chronological_Mistakes_Confirms_the_Historicity_of_the_Masoretic_Text_Edition_1_0_10_March_2021_
https://www.academia.edu/36877621/Sennacheribs_First_Five_Years_Part_I_of_II_Solving_the_Chronologies_of_Sennacherib_and_the_Bible_Edition_4_0_20_June_2018_
https://www.academia.edu/43356971/Gist_of_Thieles_Absolute_Biblical_Chronology_Repaired_and_Vindicated_Perfected_Edition_16_June_2020_
On 04 July 2020 I directly updated and expanded this article (Ezra Confirms 3 Biblical & 1 Extrab... more On 04 July 2020 I directly updated and expanded this article (Ezra Confirms 3 Biblical & 1 Extrabiblical Jubileess ...) by its finalized successor version, entitled "Mediterranean-Ancient Near East Absolute Astronomical Chronology 1661 BC Thera Megaeruption to 132 AD Bar Kokhba Revolt A Treatise Digest Final Edition (04 July 2020)
Unfortunately the title of this successor version obscures its origin in its very important original, whose title makes its as well as its perfected successor study's content clear:
Ezra confirms 3 biblical & 1 extrabiblical Jubilees & by Daniel 9:25 launched its 10 Jubilee cycles, vindicating Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 study by Thiele's transparently repaired chronology. Edition 1.0
Abstract - Moses' Jubilee calendar validates absolute biblical chronology
The present biblical Jubilee cycle recovery discovering three biblical Jubilees and one extrabiblical (Bar Kokhba's in ff132/133 AD), would be impossible without establishing its basis in my repair and vindication of Dr. Edwin Thiele's chronology of the Hebrew kings by 25 extrabiblical synchronisms spanning and validating 1000 years of Masoretic Text history as attested by its 2nd century BC Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents, from my Appx. D chart 18/19 astronomically recovered Saturday Julian 21 April 1443 Exodus, to Ezra's Ezra 7:4-10 Yom Kippur ff457/456 celebration in Jerusalem of the 19th Jubilee to restore Lev. 25 Jubilee-based land ownership rights fundamental to repatriation of the returning Babylonian exiles. Recovery of two biblical Jubilee observations, the ff702/701 14th in Hezekiah's 15th year (2 Kings 19:29), and its closely related 19th observed by Ezra, were both found in synchronism with the suspected Jubilee in the ff132/133 (31st) year of Jubilee held in the second year of Bar Kokhba's revolt against Hadrian studied in 1975 by Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder (see ch. 2).
Ezra's mission was urgent in view of the Leviticus 26 curse against breaking the Jubilee cycle of Lev. 25, driving both Jeremiah's 70 years of Babylonian exile prophecy (exactly fulfilled per Fig. 5, as pointedly commented by Ezra himself in 2 Chronicles 36:21. Israel's guilt under this curse was grieved by Daniel in his chapter 9. Fig. 5 exposes his Book as his chronicle of Jeremiah's 70 years exactly from end to end.
Thiele, acclaimed for having brought to light the most convincing internal biblical method to date for establishing the chronology of the Hebrew kings, ruined it due to faulty assyriology having created a localized “wrinkle” in the last four of “Sennacherib's First Five Years” per my 250 pages Treatise part I of II, misdating Sennacherib's 3rd campaign to 701BC instead of its correct 702BC for Hezekiah's 14th year (confirmed to me by leading Assyriologist Prof. Simo Parpola as linked below).
With his originally flawless internal biblical chronology as recovered by my repair (my charts 1/19-11/19) thus offset by a year, Thiele, otherwise unable to further synchronize the rich biblical record of Assyrian synchronisms (my correction found 8), resorted in panic to its corrupting emendation in 2 Kings 15:30-33 as my Fig. 1: "The Thiele Lietuvietis Chronology Comparison Chart" (before and after repair) transparently disclosing my 2005 reverse-engineering of his catastrophe, demonstrates. Herein my correction of Thiele's chronology as superficially improved in 1991 by Dr. Leslie McFall (removing emendations and adding coregencies without affecting its basic structure) and correctly but only peripherally improved by Rodger C. Young's 2003 biblically shifting the death of Solomon by an equinoctical semester earlier. Adopted by McFall in 2008, and applied to my correction of Thiele only in April, 2015, this shift was key to my recovery of the Exodus chronology, wherein the foundations for the Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles of Leviticus 25 were laid per my Fig. 2 Exodus-centric chart 12/19 based on my astronomy of Appx. D chart 18/19 and the entire chapter 9 of my 575 pages Treatise part II of II, in turn based on my 250 pages Treatise part I of II.
Ezra confirms 3 biblical & 1 extrabiblical Jubilees & by Daniel 9:25 launched its 10 Jubilee cycles, vindicating Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 study by Thiele's transparently repaired chronology. 7 June 2019 Edition 1.0 (20.5MB .pdf file)
https://www.academia.edu/39435727/Ezra_confirms_3_biblical_and_1_extrabiblical_Jubilees_and_by_Daniel_9_25_launched_its_10_Jubilee_cycles_vindicating_Ben_Zion_Wacholders_1975_study_by_Thieles_transparently_repaired_chronology._7_June_2019_Edition_1.0
This Gist Final Edition is updated to (and slightly improves) the 15 June 2020 finalization of my... more This Gist Final Edition is updated to (and slightly improves) the 15 June 2020 finalization of my Treatise Part II of II core repair of E. R. Thiele's peerless but by Assyriological consensus mis-synchronized to Sennacherib's third campaign in 701 BC, wherein my Treatise Part I of II ("Sennacherib's First Five Years") proved decisively that its correct date was 702 BC, in 2005 leading to my clear recognition that Assyriology was at fault, and that Thiele's work was fully recoverable from his error, as confirmed by its 28 extrabiblical synchronisms spanning 1205 years from Joseph's 1661 BC 37th year commencement of Egyptian and regional famine due to the Minoan Eruption of Santorini/Thera, to Ezra's 457 BC journey from Babylon to Jerusalem's newly constructed second Temple to celebrate the 19th year of Jubilee required by Leviticus 25 to reinstate its land ownership rights and legality for Ezra's then repatriating Jewish Babylonian captivity compatriots.
This flawless, concise, and comprehensive Gist will enable the great majority of scholars interested in my astronomically-based Treatise providing a new absolute chronology of the Ancient Near East to complement and confirm its heretofore fundamental Assyrian and Babylonian absolute chronologies, to quickly understand its key points without having to read the Treatise. In any case, this Gist's near predecessor is included in the introduction of Treatise Part II of II as its overview introduction.
This Final Edition of 26 May 2020, corrects the legends (explanations) of charts 1/19 and 9/19.
This Masoretic Text (MT) based study establishes the absolute chronology of the Book of Daniel, c... more This Masoretic Text (MT) based study establishes the absolute chronology of the Book of Daniel, constituting chronological evidence of its authenticity which could not have been contrived by alleged later impersonators of Daniel given the obscurity and complexity of it's mid-6th century BC Babylonian and Persian chronology undergirding Daniel (including Daniel's exact dates and historical Leviticus 25 Jubilees). Complementing Daniel's later-uninventable/unforgeable philological and historical authentications, this absolute chronology settles Daniel's authenticity debate. It begins by proving Jeremiah's consistent civil and prophetic dating by Moses' fall-to-fall (ff) “Tishri” civil calendar, notably his prophesied 70 years Babylonian exile; dating only his 23 years prophetic ministry by Moses' spring-to-spring (ss) religious calendar. Ezekiel 14:14,20 extols fellow exile Daniel!
Bible chronology is challenged by a divisive error in all modern Bible translations mistiming the... more Bible chronology is challenged by a divisive error in all modern Bible translations mistiming the Hebrew sojourn of Exodus 12:40 in Egypt as 430 years, suffering a misconstrued 400 of these in Egyptian slavery, herein exposed as founded on failure of translators to regard the context of Ex. 12:40 conditioning the Hebrew meaning of its “sojourn.” The King James version almost alone preserves the correct meaning of Ex. 12:40 fundamental to Moses' religion by chronologically exposing Abraham and not Jacob as Ex. 12:40's chief post-flood covenant propagator and sojourner.
Fig. 1's 430 spring-to-spring (ss) years sojourn of Ex. 12:40, whereby Jacob left Canaan for Egypt in its ss year 215, is proven by its Masoretic Text, wherein the liberty of all 73 of Joseph's Egyptian years counted from the year of Jacob's welcomed entry into Egypt to Joseph's untroubled death refutes the dominant theory of 430 years in Egypt divided into 30 years of Hebrew liberty (disqualifyingly including these 73 years of Joseph), and 400 years of Hebrew slavery misreading Genesis 15:13. Sec. 2.2.3 reveals the Fig. 1 Pharaoh Ahmose (who began the Gen. 15:13 Hebrew affliction), rising to power c. 11 years after Joseph died confirming Ex. 1:6-8, disqualifying this 400 years of Egyptian slavery theory, and confirming the Gen. 15:13 400 years of “servitude and/or humiliation (מצחק)” as having begun at Abraham's Gen. 21:8 105th year feast in honor of Isaac's weaning at age 5, mocked by jealous Ishmael.
Gen. 15:16 specifies the fourth generation of Abraham's sojourners in Egypt (namely “that nation [Egypt], whom they [Abraham's seed] shall serve” (of Gen. 15:14) entered Canaan, whose first generation entered Egypt as Jacob's Gen. 46:27 household of 70 (including Joseph's family of 4). This produced two candidate 4th generations entering Canaan after the Exodus: either Levi-Kohath-Amram-Moses (disqualified because Moses did not enter Canaan), or Kohath-Amram-Aaron-Eleazar, the winners: Levi and Kohath entered Egypt with Jacob, and Eleazar became Israel's first high priest.
Neither the Hebrew, the Greek (LXX), nor the Samaritan Old Testaments explicitly divide the 430 years mentioned in Ex. 12:40-41 into 215-year “halves” anywhere. This division, as shown in Fig. 1, is based only on starting the Ex. 12:40-41 “sojourn” in Abraham's 75th year instead of at Jacob's entry into Egypt at age 131 as based on Appx. A's Gen. 5-11's patriarchal chronogenealogies. This was preserved in Jewish tradition by Josephus as quoted and explained in Sec. 3.3. Until my 2005 repair (Appx. C, chart 11/19) of E. R. Thiele's flawed chronology as matured by May, 2015, despite pretentions to the contrary, there was no absolute Hebrew kings chronology on which its preceding MT chronology unbroken back to the Creation (Appx. A, C, and Fig. 1), was possible. Chronology confirms the MT as the original Hebrew Bible (already archeologically authenticated indistinguishable from its 2nd century BC Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents), back to the start of Joseph's 1661 BC 37th fall-to-fall (ff) year heading its 28 extrabiblical astronomically-based, MT-clarifying synchronisms.
Thus the humbling trial of covenant faith of 430 years without a country from Abraham's 75th-year departure from Haran until the Exodus of Fig. 1, and not from Jacob's entry into Egypt, defined the covenant-driven “sojourn” of Exodus 12:40.
Abraham's son Isaac and grandson Jacob inherited Abraham's covenant of ownership by faith (without moral right of immediate possession) of “the promised land” along with the promise “in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed” for Abraham's sake, and due to Abraham's faithfulness as enforced by his covenant alone. And until Canaanite forfeiture of their land first shown to Abraham and later promised to him and his chosen “seed” after him, Abraham and his “seed” inheriting his covenant would remain countryless sojourners according to his covenant which was their deed to Canaan. This successively inherited deed (not its land) remained Abraham's despite its inheritance by and confirmation to Isaac and Jacob, each of whose older brothers, Ishmael and Esau, regarded Abraham's covenant inheritance as their's by birthright.
Like for Isaac and Jacob starting the 215thcheck - rewrite year of biblically recorded chronology from Abraham's 75th year, at Jacob's entry into Egypt (cf. Fig. 1), the “sojourning” of “the children of Israel” of Exodus 12:40 extended by another 216 years the landless sojourn covenanted by God in Abraham's 75th year to “get thee out of thy country,” in pursuit of the homeland morally owned by the Amorites until their “iniquity is full” (Gen. 15:16), whose moment arrived at the Exodus, completing the 430 years of the Israelites' covenanted landless “sojourn” status, and commencing preparation for the possession of Canaan which included the construction of their Tabernacle. Thus, the inherited covenant of Abraham, Israel's deed to Canaan, determined that the 430 years “sojourn” of Ex. 12:40 of the children of Israel commenced in Abraham's 75th year, and not at the descent of Jacob into Egypt in his 131st year. Thus the inheritors of Abraham's covenanted prize of Canaan had to extend Abraham's covenanted sojourn, as running Abraham's relay race passing the baton of Abraham's covenant, to win it.
Finally, Abraham's covenant promise of Gen. 15:13-16 including 400 years of affliction of his seed “in a land that is not theirs,” was God's answer to Abraham's v. 8 request for a personal sign “whereby shall I know that I shall inherit (Canaan),” like Gideon's fleece (Judges 6:36-40). These 400 years could not have begun after Abraham's lifetime, since their start was shown to Abraham as his grievous sign (Gen. 21:8-13), for him to experience in his 105th year at Ishmael's mocking of God's Messianic “seed of promise”, Isaac. Ishmael's jealousy over his disinheritance as Abraham's firstborn, led to his expulsion from Abraham's family. Yet he was to become a great nation.
The biblical highlight of the Exodus from Egypt was discovered securely dated astronomically, and archeologically, after being located in my biblical chronology of Fig. 1. The date and details of the Exodus emerged from my correction of Edwin R. Thiele's chronology of the Hebrew kings exposing a hidden treasure of historical and chronological detail concealed by the three years too early offset of Thiele's dominant chronology preceding Jotham's fall-to-fall 733/732 BC death in his 16th year. From this development emerged the historical witness of the three biblically mentioned Pharaohs performing key roles in the herein proven 216 years sojourn in Egypt climaxing in its Exodus account: Ahmose I (Exodus 1:8), Thutmose III (Exodus 2:15), and Amenhotep II (Exodus 3-15). The entire 430 years long saga of the Exodus is proven to have begun in Abraham's Gen. 12:1-4 75th year, and climaxed in the Exodus drama starting shortly after midnight on Saturday, Julian 21 April 1443 BC, which ended its 7 days flight from Pharaoh in the safety of the far shore of the Red sea (Aqaba), whose Fig. 5 chronology uniquely exposes the rationale of the Exodus story appearing in the 4th commandment of the Deuteronomy 5:6,12-15 Decalogue.
Six earliest 18th Dynasty high chronology (18DHC) Sothic-dated royal accessions from Amenhotep I ... more Six earliest 18th Dynasty high chronology (18DHC) Sothic-dated royal accessions from Amenhotep I through Amenhotep II fall on exact full moon days when their summer solstice Sothic New Year's Days are set to Sirius' day 2 (rarely 3) cosmical rising, for the dead-reckoned 18DHCs of David Aston (2014), E. F. Wente (1975), and D. B. Redford (1973), confirming them and my pre-1320 BC Synchronous Sothic Calendar. The signature full moons include Amenhotep I's 11 May 1559 coregency with dynasty founder Ahmose (nomen The Moon Is Born), and his 14 May 1551 sole reign. This Final Edition brings a few corrections and improvements, but nothing which alert Edition 1.0 readers could not cope with.
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Treatise Section by Vilis Ivars Lietuvietis
By his Assyrian cornerstone thus out of place, no other Assyrian synchronism would fit Thiele's at first perfect internal biblical chronology, "IBC", (my solution has 8). So he emended it in Jotham's reign (2 Kgs. 15:30-33), adding 4 years to Jotham to shift Ahab's disastrous 853 Battle of Qarqar (Shalmaneser III's 6th year) immediately before Ahab's 1 Kgs. 22 fatal battle against his Qarqar ally Benhadad. Thus Shalmaneser's 18th year receipt of Jehu's tribute in 841, 12 (= 18 - 6) years after Qarqar by IBC, harmonized Jehu's 841 accession with his 14th year of Hezekiah set in 701! But Thiele failed to notice that annihilation of Ahab's powerful military at Qarqar per Shalmaneser's 6th year annals, made impossible his 1 Kgs. 22 participation in his fatal war with Benhadad. Likewise Shalmaneser's 18th year annals report of Hazael's total incapacitation for his 2 Kgs. 9:15-16 wounding of Israel's Joram in battle, discredited Jehu's having killed both Joram and his sickbed visitor Judah's king Ahaziah in 841, stripping Thiele of all Assyrian synchronisms.
The Chronology Comparison Chart of my and Thiele's chronologies, exposes its two simple structural corrections: Thiele's 701 BC synchronism with Hezekiah's year 14 corrected to 702 BC, and Jotham's 20th year corrected to his official 16th. R. C. Young's by 6 months corrective and simplifying refinement from Solomon through Asa of 2003 further validates not only my revision, but the Masoretic Text into which this chronology was woven, watermarking its authenticity and clarifying its meaning.
Sec. 2.8 details my 28 absolute extrabiblical synchronisms: 5 Egyptian, 8 Assyrian, 6 Babylonian, 1 Tyrian, 3 Persian, 1 Sabbatical, and two pairs = 4 of Jubilee synchronisms (49th & 50th year Jubilee pairs, extrabiblically anchored to Bar Kokhba's spring-summer of 132 AD 49th Jubilee cycle year launching his revolt against Hadrian). These include the Exodus synchronized by Amenhotep II's year 10, a Tyrian and Sabbatical year synchronism with Solomon's accession, Assyrian and Jubilee synchronisms in Hezekiah's 14th & 15th years, and Persian and Jubilee synchronisms of Ezra 7:7; exposing 3 Jubilee years synchronous with B. Zuckermann's 1857 Sabbatical cycle.
Chapter 4 details my recovery of the Leviticus 25 Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles I first found in (fall-to-fall = ff) ff702/701 BC as the 14th observance of Jubilee identified by its Isaiah 37:30 twin consecutive sabbattical (ie. fallow) years of Leviticus 25:8-12 in Hezekiah's 14th and 15th years. This biblical association of Hezekiah's 14th year with the 49th, terminal year of a heretofore unknown (discovered 14th) Jubilee cycle, in light of Fig. 2.7 charting the 1 Kings 6:1 specification of the Exodus from Egypt (ff1444/1443 BC) having preceded Solomon's 4th regnal year (ff965/964 BC) by 480-1 years, enabled unambiguous recovery of the authentic Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles as commencing in ff1388/1387 BC. Here ff1388/1387 was the 16th year after Canaan's conquest rather than its entry terminating Israel's 40-years wandering in Midian's deserts. My Jubilee cycle recovery was verified by its 14th Jubilee of ff702/701 being found in 49-year cyclical synchronism with the 19th Jubilee of ff457/456 BC found in Ezra 7:7. Both biblical Jubilees are likewise in synchronism with the extrabiblical Jubilee of ff132/131 AD (the 31st) celebrated in the 2nd year of Bar Kokhba's rebellion against Hadrian, and with Benedict Zuckermann's 1857 Sabbatical cycle. Development of my revision of Thiele's Hebrew kings chronology concludes with chapter 4.
Chapters 5 and 6 solve the closely related and hotly debated since 1858 issue of the identity and the chronological and historical implications of the brief mention of “Tirhakah, king of Kush” in 2 Kings 19:8-10 and Isaiah 37:8-10. To this end and more, chapter 6 delves into Egyptian and Greek records identifying beyond reasonable doubt the biblical “Tirhakah, king of Kush” as having been the “King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Tirhakah, son of Re Piankhy,” as attested by the Ward collection scarab made famous by Flinders Petrie's bewilderment upon examinining its confoundingly normal pharaonic title in its most conventional prenomen and nomen form. This startling revelation of the identity of the Tirhakah of Hezekiah's 14th year is further confirmed by my detailed examination of Leclant's publication of the inscription of the British Museum BM EA24429 Statue of Iti, proving that king Piankhy of Kush was alive as suzerain over Egypt in king Shabako's 15th and last regnal year of the battle of Eltekh in the Summer semester of 702. This suzerainty (not coregency) is identical to its contemporary example of Sennacherib having enthroned his son Assur-nadin-shum as his vassal (not coregent) over Babylonia, a throne which Sennacherib himself had occupied three years previous to installing his Babylonian courtier Bel-ibni on it as a doomed experiment. This was equivalent to Piankhy's own organizational failure in Lower Egypt geographically beyond his control as proven by the revolt of Bakenranef, requiring Piankhy's installation of his brother Shabako as his local über-vassal on the Memphite throne over Upper and Lower Egypt to keep a close rein over his other vassals. Piankhy's suzerainty principle of government, published in his year 3 “Sandstone Stela” ultimately included his brother Shabako and his son Shebitko as vassals (not coregents), thus reconciling the heretofore chronologically disruptive “Tang-i Var” inscription of Sargon II with professor K. A. Kitchen's correct chronology of the 25th dynasty, undisturbed by my solution. Rather, it is strengthened by fresh insights arising from locating Shabako's defeat at the Battle of Eltekh in 702 rather than in 701, explaining the coronation origin by Piankhy's appointment of Shebitku's stridently anti-Assyrian pharaonic titles reflecting Piankhy's purpose for replacing the defeated Shabako by his nominally more militant nephew Shebitku.
Chapter 7 develops the patriarchal chronogenealogies back to Adam via my Ch. 8 proof and chronology of the 215 years “short Egyptian sojourn” of Ex. 12:40 confirmed by the Egyptian high chronology of Amenhotep's 10th year synchronism of the Exodus as confirmed by conventional astronomical Sothic dating, but perfected by my Ch. 9 astronomical solution of the pre-1320 BC Sothic civil calendar. Thus my 28 astronomical synchronisms spanning 1205 years from Joseph's 1661 BC to Ezra's 457 BC date back to the post-midnight Saturday, Julian 21 April 1443 BC Exodus and Joseph's 10 Oct. 1661 BC 37th year, proving the Masoretic Text authentic over the Greek and Sameritan texts. Ch. 10 concludes this work by solving the chronology of Jeremiah's 70 years in its broad Neo-Babylonian and Medo-Persian complex of synchronisms fundamental to Daniel. 19 Appx. A chronology charts marking sec. 2.8.3's 28 extrabiblical synchronisms by anchor symbols graphically document this chronology.
Papers - downloadable "Treatise II of II" chapters by Vilis Ivars Lietuvietis
This Friday Julian 25 May 31 AD date is supported by my final two astronomically chronological Passover chronology charts, numbered 18/19 dating the original Book of Exodus Passover and 19/19 dating Christ's Crucifixion, (appended to all of my Treatise Part II of II - derived papers), which amazingly display virtually identical astronomical views of the heavens over Jerusalem on these two Passovers, a supernatural coincidence!
EXODUS 12:11 And thus shall ye eat it; [with] your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it [is] the LORD'S passover.
EXODUS 12:21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said unto them, Draw out and take you a lamb according to your families, and kill the passover.
EXODUS 12:27 That ye shall say, It [is] the sacrifice of the LORD'S passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when he smote the Egyptians, and delivered our houses. And the people bowed the head and worshipped.
MATTHEW 26:2 Ye know that after two days is [the feast of] the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified.
MATTHEW 26:17 Now the first [day] of the [feast of] unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for thee to eat the passover?
Further relevance:
https://www.academia.edu/43086074/Chronology_Confirms_the_Book_of_Daniel_Final_Edition_17_May_2020_
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
https://www.academia.edu/42736825/Hyksos_and_Egyptian_18th_Dynasty_Chronology_Chart_Final_Edition_14_April_2020_
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Daniel 9:24 Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.
25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.
26 And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.
27 And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.
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Quoted from page 73 of https://www.academia.edu/43086074/Chronology_Confirms_the_Book_of_Daniel_Final_Edition_17_May_2020_ exposing
Thus the 10 Jubilees of Dan. 9:24 focused on the Nisan spring New Year's Passover, and the 2,300 years of 8:13 -14 Lev. 16 Yom Kippur ceremony celebrated in the Tishri 10 fall New Year's “Day of Judgment” had their countdown commencement dated in the 19th year of Jubilee ceremony of 9:25:
Dan. 9:25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.
which quite astonishingly according to my dates to the exact year 3,500 Anno Mundi from my complete biblical chronology's absolute year of Creation traced via Fig. 2 by way of the chronogenealogies of Gen. 5 and 11 as charted in chart 14/19. This date is made all the more remarkable by Solomon's 11th year completion of his Temple falling in the year 3000 Anno Mundi, and its 12th year dedication in the year 3000 Anno Adam, dated from the 4th day of Creation in Gen. 1:14-19 of the solar system (a distinction also observed by the Essenes) by which commenced the autumnal equinox on which day it would likely have been created, commencing a New Year, and hence after 3 days already in the following fall-to-fall patriarchal calendar year after the year of Anno Mundi 1. Remarkably, Solomon's Temple served for 370 years until its destruction in 586 by Nebuchadnezzar, following which a space of 130 years led to Ezra's restoration of the Leviticus 25 land ownership laws as predicted in Daniel 9:25.
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EXODUS 12 documents the change from the Patriarchal lunisolar calendar effective from the Genesis Creation, to the lunisolar calendar of Moses which commenced on the day of Passover, whose sacrificial Passover lamb was prophetic of Jesus, whose crucifixion was first prophesied in Genesis 3:15 at the moral fall of Eve and Adam
into our world's "Original Sin". Hence Genesis 4 documents the original antediluvian ceremony of the Sacrificial Lamb, prophetic of Jesus' Self-sacrificial Crucifixion.
1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying,
2 This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you.
3 Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: ...
5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male of the first year: ye shall take it out from the sheep, or from the goats:
6 And ye shall keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening.
7 And they shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper door post of the houses, wherein they shall eat it.
8 And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it.
9 Eat not of it raw, nor sodden at all with water, but roast with fire; his head with his legs, and with the purtenance thereof.
10 And ye shall let nothing of it remain until the morning; and that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn with fire.
11 And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the LORD'S passover.
12 For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD.
13 And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are : and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you , when I smite the land of Egypt.
14 And this day shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever.
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My Masoretic Text (MT) chronology is based on my May of 2005 repair of U. of Chicago PhD Professor Edwin R. Thiele, which did not synchronize with Assyrian and Babylonian astronomical chronology, but after this correction not only did so, but also quite dramatically made possible my absolute chronology of Egypt:
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
All of the above astronomically (scientifically) demonstrates the astronomical chronological inerrancy resulting from my Chart 11/19 repair of Edwin R. Thiele's flawed Masoretic Text chronology as documented in his 1983 3rd Edition of "The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings", which I first discovered in May of 2005.
Adapted from Orchestral Suite No. 3 BMV 1068, by Johann Sebastian Bach, which I transposed to the novel key of G Major adding richness of tone to its solo violin performance. This is my 11 July 2023 polished version.
Devastating biblical criticism sprang up over the past three centuries substantially due to lack of a credible biblical chronology, for decades aggravated by the babel of contending biblical timelines styled as “chronologies” massed on the internet (true chronology is absolute, summed up by one word: “synchronism” namely by astronomy characterizing my 28). Thiele offered substantial hope but failed to deliver the goods, despite his able indirect helpers. Chronology is the backbone of history, and loss for the past 2,500 years of the chronology of the Masoretic Text as attested by its Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents has led to an unwarranted umbrage about it, of no benefit to the public.
Appended with my standard set of 19 chronology charts.
This single-page paper explains itself without need for an abstract..
Title of paper:
03 August 2021 Addendum to Correcting Edwin Thiele's Crippled Chronology 10 March 2021 Edition 1.0
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dy-
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with emphasis on its earliest phase in the reign of the Hyksos pharaoh Khyan, who was the biblical patriarch Joseph's pharaoh in chapters 41 through 50 of the Masoretic Text's Book of Genesis.
This paper confirms the astronomical chronology of this history, which establishes its historicity.
Retroextension of Fig. 1 by Fig. 2 exposes the fractures of Thiele's chronology:
The “CCC” chart 11/19 of Fig. 2 almost completely corrects Edwin Thiele's chronology, lacking only R. C. Young's 2003 shift of Solomon's death back by an equinoctical semester into the preceding ff year, while likewise retroshifting Judah's chronology up to Asa's death. But this lack is completed by Fig. 1! Young's shift was confirmed by Dr. Leslie McFall in 2008, and required by my astronomical dating of the Exodus to Julian 21 April 1443 BC. See “CCC” chart 11/19. Due to Exodus 12:2, the Exodus date is approximated as near the spring equinox without any effort by the simple reckoning of 1 Kings 6:1.
Appendix A's charts 1/19 - 5/19 define from Solomon's to Hezekiah's deaths. So to fully correct Thiele's chronology (his 1944 - 1983 charts), Young's crucial date of Solomon's death must be integrated into the chart of Fig. 2 chart 11/19 by its retroextension. This retroextension is provided by the three charts of Fig. 1, spanning from ff931/930 to ff762/761, leaving a harmless gap of 762 - 753 = 9 years near the ends of the reigns of Jereboam II of Israel and Uzziah/Azariah of Judah, in our exposure of where Thiele's consistent 1944 - 1983 chronology needed correction. After the accession of Hezekiah's son Manasseh, Thiele's chronology and my chronology are in essence identical (except in Thiele's 1944 edition, where Thiele made errors which he later corrected). Thus, figuratively, Figs.1 and 2 expose where a crookedly set broken leg (Thiele's chronology) must be re-broken to be correctly re-set.
Background of "Correcting Edwin Thiele's Crippled Chronology":
The Hebrew Old Testament meets the eye as an intensely chronological work throughout, for which Dr. Edwin R. Thiele in his 1943 University of Chicago PhD thesis (published in JNES, 1944) produced the most promising method for recovering the synchronized chronologies of post-Solomon Judah and Israel, by which he hoped to validate Masoretic Text historicity by extrabiblical synchronisms to its wars as astronomically dated by both sides. Fortunately the Hebrew kings-intensive benchmark astronomical chronologies of Assyria and Babylonia could at least test Thiele's method. But due to offset of his chronology by one year late because it was anchored to the erroneous 701 BC consensus dating of Sennacherib's 3rd campaign against Judah and Egypt, Thiele failed to produce convincing synchronisms to validate his attempted absolute biblical chronology.
Thiele's chronology never changed since its 1944 JNES publication, not even on the part of his able successors, Dr. Leslie McFall at Cambridge (1991 & 2008), and Rodger C. Young (2003) who improved it without changing it. Parallel comparison by charting Thiele's original chronology above my repair of it as confirmed by 30 extrabiblical synchronisms, reveal the equinoctical semsters in which Thiele's chronology had to be corrrectively broken and shifted (offset) in order for it to be synchronous with Ancient Near East and Egyptian astronomical chronology (https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_)
This study validates my correction of Thiele's chronology by rigorous analysis explained above. Correction of Thiele's chronology is also confirmed by the Leviticus 25 Jubilee cycle launched at its fall of 1388 BC Yom Kippur ceremony. This 49-year Jubilee cycle was in principle recovered but not confirmed by Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 breakthrough study of Bar Kokhba's 132 AD revolt against Hadrian as having exploited the only extrabiblical instance of a year of Jubilee. However, in order to be synchronous with the two known biblical Jubilees, that of Hezekiah's 15th year as signatured by its Lev. 25 two fallow years in succession in 2 Kings 19:29 and Isaiah 37:30, and Ezra's Ezra 7 Jerusalem journey to ceremonially observe a year of Jubilee at its Yom Kippur start, Wacholder's jubilee cycle needed correction by Benedict Zuckermann's 1857 Leviticus 25 Sabbatical cycle, as fully solved in the "Gist" of my Treatise finalized on 16 June 2020.
I first confirmed my 2005 repair of Thiele's chronology by my 250 pages "Sennacherib's First Five Years" (https://www.academia.edu/36877621/Sennacheribs_First_Five_Years_Part_I_of_II_Solving_the_Chronologies_of_Sennacherib_and_the_Bible_Edition_4_0_20_June_2018_), which corrected to 702 BC the 701 BC consensus date of Sennacherib's biblically prominent third campaign which had ruined Thiele's attempt to produce an absolute Hebrew kings chronology. My correction validated Thiele's method by unlocking all eight biblical Assyrian synchronisms. This was confirmed in May of 2018 by leading assyriologist Emeritus Professor Dr. Simo Parpola at Helsinki as essentially the first peer review of an early edition of the "Gist" conspectus of my chronology treatise. My continuously expanding self-published work begun in 1999 was clinched in 2005 by my instantly evident repair of Thiele preserving all of his internal biblical Judah-Israel synchronisms and acclaimed chronological rules.
Reference links:
https://www.academia.edu/45457029/Correcting_Edwin_Thieles_Crippled_Chronology_Corrective_Surgery_of_Edwin_Thieles_Chronological_Mistakes_Confirms_the_Historicity_of_the_Masoretic_Text_Edition_1_0_10_March_2021_
https://www.academia.edu/36877621/Sennacheribs_First_Five_Years_Part_I_of_II_Solving_the_Chronologies_of_Sennacherib_and_the_Bible_Edition_4_0_20_June_2018_
https://www.academia.edu/43356971/Gist_of_Thieles_Absolute_Biblical_Chronology_Repaired_and_Vindicated_Perfected_Edition_16_June_2020_
Unfortunately the title of this successor version obscures its origin in its very important original, whose title makes its as well as its perfected successor study's content clear:
Ezra confirms 3 biblical & 1 extrabiblical Jubilees & by Daniel 9:25 launched its 10 Jubilee cycles, vindicating Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 study by Thiele's transparently repaired chronology. Edition 1.0
Abstract - Moses' Jubilee calendar validates absolute biblical chronology
The present biblical Jubilee cycle recovery discovering three biblical Jubilees and one extrabiblical (Bar Kokhba's in ff132/133 AD), would be impossible without establishing its basis in my repair and vindication of Dr. Edwin Thiele's chronology of the Hebrew kings by 25 extrabiblical synchronisms spanning and validating 1000 years of Masoretic Text history as attested by its 2nd century BC Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents, from my Appx. D chart 18/19 astronomically recovered Saturday Julian 21 April 1443 Exodus, to Ezra's Ezra 7:4-10 Yom Kippur ff457/456 celebration in Jerusalem of the 19th Jubilee to restore Lev. 25 Jubilee-based land ownership rights fundamental to repatriation of the returning Babylonian exiles. Recovery of two biblical Jubilee observations, the ff702/701 14th in Hezekiah's 15th year (2 Kings 19:29), and its closely related 19th observed by Ezra, were both found in synchronism with the suspected Jubilee in the ff132/133 (31st) year of Jubilee held in the second year of Bar Kokhba's revolt against Hadrian studied in 1975 by Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder (see ch. 2).
Ezra's mission was urgent in view of the Leviticus 26 curse against breaking the Jubilee cycle of Lev. 25, driving both Jeremiah's 70 years of Babylonian exile prophecy (exactly fulfilled per Fig. 5, as pointedly commented by Ezra himself in 2 Chronicles 36:21. Israel's guilt under this curse was grieved by Daniel in his chapter 9. Fig. 5 exposes his Book as his chronicle of Jeremiah's 70 years exactly from end to end.
Thiele, acclaimed for having brought to light the most convincing internal biblical method to date for establishing the chronology of the Hebrew kings, ruined it due to faulty assyriology having created a localized “wrinkle” in the last four of “Sennacherib's First Five Years” per my 250 pages Treatise part I of II, misdating Sennacherib's 3rd campaign to 701BC instead of its correct 702BC for Hezekiah's 14th year (confirmed to me by leading Assyriologist Prof. Simo Parpola as linked below).
With his originally flawless internal biblical chronology as recovered by my repair (my charts 1/19-11/19) thus offset by a year, Thiele, otherwise unable to further synchronize the rich biblical record of Assyrian synchronisms (my correction found 8), resorted in panic to its corrupting emendation in 2 Kings 15:30-33 as my Fig. 1: "The Thiele Lietuvietis Chronology Comparison Chart" (before and after repair) transparently disclosing my 2005 reverse-engineering of his catastrophe, demonstrates. Herein my correction of Thiele's chronology as superficially improved in 1991 by Dr. Leslie McFall (removing emendations and adding coregencies without affecting its basic structure) and correctly but only peripherally improved by Rodger C. Young's 2003 biblically shifting the death of Solomon by an equinoctical semester earlier. Adopted by McFall in 2008, and applied to my correction of Thiele only in April, 2015, this shift was key to my recovery of the Exodus chronology, wherein the foundations for the Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles of Leviticus 25 were laid per my Fig. 2 Exodus-centric chart 12/19 based on my astronomy of Appx. D chart 18/19 and the entire chapter 9 of my 575 pages Treatise part II of II, in turn based on my 250 pages Treatise part I of II.
Ezra confirms 3 biblical & 1 extrabiblical Jubilees & by Daniel 9:25 launched its 10 Jubilee cycles, vindicating Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 study by Thiele's transparently repaired chronology. 7 June 2019 Edition 1.0 (20.5MB .pdf file)
https://www.academia.edu/39435727/Ezra_confirms_3_biblical_and_1_extrabiblical_Jubilees_and_by_Daniel_9_25_launched_its_10_Jubilee_cycles_vindicating_Ben_Zion_Wacholders_1975_study_by_Thieles_transparently_repaired_chronology._7_June_2019_Edition_1.0
This flawless, concise, and comprehensive Gist will enable the great majority of scholars interested in my astronomically-based Treatise providing a new absolute chronology of the Ancient Near East to complement and confirm its heretofore fundamental Assyrian and Babylonian absolute chronologies, to quickly understand its key points without having to read the Treatise. In any case, this Gist's near predecessor is included in the introduction of Treatise Part II of II as its overview introduction.
Fig. 1's 430 spring-to-spring (ss) years sojourn of Ex. 12:40, whereby Jacob left Canaan for Egypt in its ss year 215, is proven by its Masoretic Text, wherein the liberty of all 73 of Joseph's Egyptian years counted from the year of Jacob's welcomed entry into Egypt to Joseph's untroubled death refutes the dominant theory of 430 years in Egypt divided into 30 years of Hebrew liberty (disqualifyingly including these 73 years of Joseph), and 400 years of Hebrew slavery misreading Genesis 15:13. Sec. 2.2.3 reveals the Fig. 1 Pharaoh Ahmose (who began the Gen. 15:13 Hebrew affliction), rising to power c. 11 years after Joseph died confirming Ex. 1:6-8, disqualifying this 400 years of Egyptian slavery theory, and confirming the Gen. 15:13 400 years of “servitude and/or humiliation (מצחק)” as having begun at Abraham's Gen. 21:8 105th year feast in honor of Isaac's weaning at age 5, mocked by jealous Ishmael.
Gen. 15:16 specifies the fourth generation of Abraham's sojourners in Egypt (namely “that nation [Egypt], whom they [Abraham's seed] shall serve” (of Gen. 15:14) entered Canaan, whose first generation entered Egypt as Jacob's Gen. 46:27 household of 70 (including Joseph's family of 4). This produced two candidate 4th generations entering Canaan after the Exodus: either Levi-Kohath-Amram-Moses (disqualified because Moses did not enter Canaan), or Kohath-Amram-Aaron-Eleazar, the winners: Levi and Kohath entered Egypt with Jacob, and Eleazar became Israel's first high priest.
Neither the Hebrew, the Greek (LXX), nor the Samaritan Old Testaments explicitly divide the 430 years mentioned in Ex. 12:40-41 into 215-year “halves” anywhere. This division, as shown in Fig. 1, is based only on starting the Ex. 12:40-41 “sojourn” in Abraham's 75th year instead of at Jacob's entry into Egypt at age 131 as based on Appx. A's Gen. 5-11's patriarchal chronogenealogies. This was preserved in Jewish tradition by Josephus as quoted and explained in Sec. 3.3. Until my 2005 repair (Appx. C, chart 11/19) of E. R. Thiele's flawed chronology as matured by May, 2015, despite pretentions to the contrary, there was no absolute Hebrew kings chronology on which its preceding MT chronology unbroken back to the Creation (Appx. A, C, and Fig. 1), was possible. Chronology confirms the MT as the original Hebrew Bible (already archeologically authenticated indistinguishable from its 2nd century BC Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents), back to the start of Joseph's 1661 BC 37th fall-to-fall (ff) year heading its 28 extrabiblical astronomically-based, MT-clarifying synchronisms.
Thus the humbling trial of covenant faith of 430 years without a country from Abraham's 75th-year departure from Haran until the Exodus of Fig. 1, and not from Jacob's entry into Egypt, defined the covenant-driven “sojourn” of Exodus 12:40.
Abraham's son Isaac and grandson Jacob inherited Abraham's covenant of ownership by faith (without moral right of immediate possession) of “the promised land” along with the promise “in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed” for Abraham's sake, and due to Abraham's faithfulness as enforced by his covenant alone. And until Canaanite forfeiture of their land first shown to Abraham and later promised to him and his chosen “seed” after him, Abraham and his “seed” inheriting his covenant would remain countryless sojourners according to his covenant which was their deed to Canaan. This successively inherited deed (not its land) remained Abraham's despite its inheritance by and confirmation to Isaac and Jacob, each of whose older brothers, Ishmael and Esau, regarded Abraham's covenant inheritance as their's by birthright.
Like for Isaac and Jacob starting the 215thcheck - rewrite year of biblically recorded chronology from Abraham's 75th year, at Jacob's entry into Egypt (cf. Fig. 1), the “sojourning” of “the children of Israel” of Exodus 12:40 extended by another 216 years the landless sojourn covenanted by God in Abraham's 75th year to “get thee out of thy country,” in pursuit of the homeland morally owned by the Amorites until their “iniquity is full” (Gen. 15:16), whose moment arrived at the Exodus, completing the 430 years of the Israelites' covenanted landless “sojourn” status, and commencing preparation for the possession of Canaan which included the construction of their Tabernacle. Thus, the inherited covenant of Abraham, Israel's deed to Canaan, determined that the 430 years “sojourn” of Ex. 12:40 of the children of Israel commenced in Abraham's 75th year, and not at the descent of Jacob into Egypt in his 131st year. Thus the inheritors of Abraham's covenanted prize of Canaan had to extend Abraham's covenanted sojourn, as running Abraham's relay race passing the baton of Abraham's covenant, to win it.
Finally, Abraham's covenant promise of Gen. 15:13-16 including 400 years of affliction of his seed “in a land that is not theirs,” was God's answer to Abraham's v. 8 request for a personal sign “whereby shall I know that I shall inherit (Canaan),” like Gideon's fleece (Judges 6:36-40). These 400 years could not have begun after Abraham's lifetime, since their start was shown to Abraham as his grievous sign (Gen. 21:8-13), for him to experience in his 105th year at Ishmael's mocking of God's Messianic “seed of promise”, Isaac. Ishmael's jealousy over his disinheritance as Abraham's firstborn, led to his expulsion from Abraham's family. Yet he was to become a great nation.
The biblical highlight of the Exodus from Egypt was discovered securely dated astronomically, and archeologically, after being located in my biblical chronology of Fig. 1. The date and details of the Exodus emerged from my correction of Edwin R. Thiele's chronology of the Hebrew kings exposing a hidden treasure of historical and chronological detail concealed by the three years too early offset of Thiele's dominant chronology preceding Jotham's fall-to-fall 733/732 BC death in his 16th year. From this development emerged the historical witness of the three biblically mentioned Pharaohs performing key roles in the herein proven 216 years sojourn in Egypt climaxing in its Exodus account: Ahmose I (Exodus 1:8), Thutmose III (Exodus 2:15), and Amenhotep II (Exodus 3-15). The entire 430 years long saga of the Exodus is proven to have begun in Abraham's Gen. 12:1-4 75th year, and climaxed in the Exodus drama starting shortly after midnight on Saturday, Julian 21 April 1443 BC, which ended its 7 days flight from Pharaoh in the safety of the far shore of the Red sea (Aqaba), whose Fig. 5 chronology uniquely exposes the rationale of the Exodus story appearing in the 4th commandment of the Deuteronomy 5:6,12-15 Decalogue.
By his Assyrian cornerstone thus out of place, no other Assyrian synchronism would fit Thiele's at first perfect internal biblical chronology, "IBC", (my solution has 8). So he emended it in Jotham's reign (2 Kgs. 15:30-33), adding 4 years to Jotham to shift Ahab's disastrous 853 Battle of Qarqar (Shalmaneser III's 6th year) immediately before Ahab's 1 Kgs. 22 fatal battle against his Qarqar ally Benhadad. Thus Shalmaneser's 18th year receipt of Jehu's tribute in 841, 12 (= 18 - 6) years after Qarqar by IBC, harmonized Jehu's 841 accession with his 14th year of Hezekiah set in 701! But Thiele failed to notice that annihilation of Ahab's powerful military at Qarqar per Shalmaneser's 6th year annals, made impossible his 1 Kgs. 22 participation in his fatal war with Benhadad. Likewise Shalmaneser's 18th year annals report of Hazael's total incapacitation for his 2 Kgs. 9:15-16 wounding of Israel's Joram in battle, discredited Jehu's having killed both Joram and his sickbed visitor Judah's king Ahaziah in 841, stripping Thiele of all Assyrian synchronisms.
The Chronology Comparison Chart of my and Thiele's chronologies, exposes its two simple structural corrections: Thiele's 701 BC synchronism with Hezekiah's year 14 corrected to 702 BC, and Jotham's 20th year corrected to his official 16th. R. C. Young's by 6 months corrective and simplifying refinement from Solomon through Asa of 2003 further validates not only my revision, but the Masoretic Text into which this chronology was woven, watermarking its authenticity and clarifying its meaning.
Sec. 2.8 details my 28 absolute extrabiblical synchronisms: 5 Egyptian, 8 Assyrian, 6 Babylonian, 1 Tyrian, 3 Persian, 1 Sabbatical, and two pairs = 4 of Jubilee synchronisms (49th & 50th year Jubilee pairs, extrabiblically anchored to Bar Kokhba's spring-summer of 132 AD 49th Jubilee cycle year launching his revolt against Hadrian). These include the Exodus synchronized by Amenhotep II's year 10, a Tyrian and Sabbatical year synchronism with Solomon's accession, Assyrian and Jubilee synchronisms in Hezekiah's 14th & 15th years, and Persian and Jubilee synchronisms of Ezra 7:7; exposing 3 Jubilee years synchronous with B. Zuckermann's 1857 Sabbatical cycle.
Chapter 4 details my recovery of the Leviticus 25 Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles I first found in (fall-to-fall = ff) ff702/701 BC as the 14th observance of Jubilee identified by its Isaiah 37:30 twin consecutive sabbattical (ie. fallow) years of Leviticus 25:8-12 in Hezekiah's 14th and 15th years. This biblical association of Hezekiah's 14th year with the 49th, terminal year of a heretofore unknown (discovered 14th) Jubilee cycle, in light of Fig. 2.7 charting the 1 Kings 6:1 specification of the Exodus from Egypt (ff1444/1443 BC) having preceded Solomon's 4th regnal year (ff965/964 BC) by 480-1 years, enabled unambiguous recovery of the authentic Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles as commencing in ff1388/1387 BC. Here ff1388/1387 was the 16th year after Canaan's conquest rather than its entry terminating Israel's 40-years wandering in Midian's deserts. My Jubilee cycle recovery was verified by its 14th Jubilee of ff702/701 being found in 49-year cyclical synchronism with the 19th Jubilee of ff457/456 BC found in Ezra 7:7. Both biblical Jubilees are likewise in synchronism with the extrabiblical Jubilee of ff132/131 AD (the 31st) celebrated in the 2nd year of Bar Kokhba's rebellion against Hadrian, and with Benedict Zuckermann's 1857 Sabbatical cycle. Development of my revision of Thiele's Hebrew kings chronology concludes with chapter 4.
Chapters 5 and 6 solve the closely related and hotly debated since 1858 issue of the identity and the chronological and historical implications of the brief mention of “Tirhakah, king of Kush” in 2 Kings 19:8-10 and Isaiah 37:8-10. To this end and more, chapter 6 delves into Egyptian and Greek records identifying beyond reasonable doubt the biblical “Tirhakah, king of Kush” as having been the “King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Tirhakah, son of Re Piankhy,” as attested by the Ward collection scarab made famous by Flinders Petrie's bewilderment upon examinining its confoundingly normal pharaonic title in its most conventional prenomen and nomen form. This startling revelation of the identity of the Tirhakah of Hezekiah's 14th year is further confirmed by my detailed examination of Leclant's publication of the inscription of the British Museum BM EA24429 Statue of Iti, proving that king Piankhy of Kush was alive as suzerain over Egypt in king Shabako's 15th and last regnal year of the battle of Eltekh in the Summer semester of 702. This suzerainty (not coregency) is identical to its contemporary example of Sennacherib having enthroned his son Assur-nadin-shum as his vassal (not coregent) over Babylonia, a throne which Sennacherib himself had occupied three years previous to installing his Babylonian courtier Bel-ibni on it as a doomed experiment. This was equivalent to Piankhy's own organizational failure in Lower Egypt geographically beyond his control as proven by the revolt of Bakenranef, requiring Piankhy's installation of his brother Shabako as his local über-vassal on the Memphite throne over Upper and Lower Egypt to keep a close rein over his other vassals. Piankhy's suzerainty principle of government, published in his year 3 “Sandstone Stela” ultimately included his brother Shabako and his son Shebitko as vassals (not coregents), thus reconciling the heretofore chronologically disruptive “Tang-i Var” inscription of Sargon II with professor K. A. Kitchen's correct chronology of the 25th dynasty, undisturbed by my solution. Rather, it is strengthened by fresh insights arising from locating Shabako's defeat at the Battle of Eltekh in 702 rather than in 701, explaining the coronation origin by Piankhy's appointment of Shebitku's stridently anti-Assyrian pharaonic titles reflecting Piankhy's purpose for replacing the defeated Shabako by his nominally more militant nephew Shebitku.
Chapter 7 develops the patriarchal chronogenealogies back to Adam via my Ch. 8 proof and chronology of the 215 years “short Egyptian sojourn” of Ex. 12:40 confirmed by the Egyptian high chronology of Amenhotep's 10th year synchronism of the Exodus as confirmed by conventional astronomical Sothic dating, but perfected by my Ch. 9 astronomical solution of the pre-1320 BC Sothic civil calendar. Thus my 28 astronomical synchronisms spanning 1205 years from Joseph's 1661 BC to Ezra's 457 BC date back to the post-midnight Saturday, Julian 21 April 1443 BC Exodus and Joseph's 10 Oct. 1661 BC 37th year, proving the Masoretic Text authentic over the Greek and Sameritan texts. Ch. 10 concludes this work by solving the chronology of Jeremiah's 70 years in its broad Neo-Babylonian and Medo-Persian complex of synchronisms fundamental to Daniel. 19 Appx. A chronology charts marking sec. 2.8.3's 28 extrabiblical synchronisms by anchor symbols graphically document this chronology.
This Friday Julian 25 May 31 AD date is supported by my final two astronomically chronological Passover chronology charts, numbered 18/19 dating the original Book of Exodus Passover and 19/19 dating Christ's Crucifixion, (appended to all of my Treatise Part II of II - derived papers), which amazingly display virtually identical astronomical views of the heavens over Jerusalem on these two Passovers, a supernatural coincidence!
EXODUS 12:11 And thus shall ye eat it; [with] your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it [is] the LORD'S passover.
EXODUS 12:21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said unto them, Draw out and take you a lamb according to your families, and kill the passover.
EXODUS 12:27 That ye shall say, It [is] the sacrifice of the LORD'S passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when he smote the Egyptians, and delivered our houses. And the people bowed the head and worshipped.
MATTHEW 26:2 Ye know that after two days is [the feast of] the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified.
MATTHEW 26:17 Now the first [day] of the [feast of] unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for thee to eat the passover?
Further relevance:
https://www.academia.edu/43086074/Chronology_Confirms_the_Book_of_Daniel_Final_Edition_17_May_2020_
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
https://www.academia.edu/42736825/Hyksos_and_Egyptian_18th_Dynasty_Chronology_Chart_Final_Edition_14_April_2020_
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Daniel 9:24 Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy.
25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.
26 And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.
27 And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.
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Quoted from page 73 of https://www.academia.edu/43086074/Chronology_Confirms_the_Book_of_Daniel_Final_Edition_17_May_2020_ exposing
Thus the 10 Jubilees of Dan. 9:24 focused on the Nisan spring New Year's Passover, and the 2,300 years of 8:13 -14 Lev. 16 Yom Kippur ceremony celebrated in the Tishri 10 fall New Year's “Day of Judgment” had their countdown commencement dated in the 19th year of Jubilee ceremony of 9:25:
Dan. 9:25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.
which quite astonishingly according to my dates to the exact year 3,500 Anno Mundi from my complete biblical chronology's absolute year of Creation traced via Fig. 2 by way of the chronogenealogies of Gen. 5 and 11 as charted in chart 14/19. This date is made all the more remarkable by Solomon's 11th year completion of his Temple falling in the year 3000 Anno Mundi, and its 12th year dedication in the year 3000 Anno Adam, dated from the 4th day of Creation in Gen. 1:14-19 of the solar system (a distinction also observed by the Essenes) by which commenced the autumnal equinox on which day it would likely have been created, commencing a New Year, and hence after 3 days already in the following fall-to-fall patriarchal calendar year after the year of Anno Mundi 1. Remarkably, Solomon's Temple served for 370 years until its destruction in 586 by Nebuchadnezzar, following which a space of 130 years led to Ezra's restoration of the Leviticus 25 land ownership laws as predicted in Daniel 9:25.
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EXODUS 12 documents the change from the Patriarchal lunisolar calendar effective from the Genesis Creation, to the lunisolar calendar of Moses which commenced on the day of Passover, whose sacrificial Passover lamb was prophetic of Jesus, whose crucifixion was first prophesied in Genesis 3:15 at the moral fall of Eve and Adam
into our world's "Original Sin". Hence Genesis 4 documents the original antediluvian ceremony of the Sacrificial Lamb, prophetic of Jesus' Self-sacrificial Crucifixion.
1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying,
2 This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you.
3 Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: ...
5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male of the first year: ye shall take it out from the sheep, or from the goats:
6 And ye shall keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening.
7 And they shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper door post of the houses, wherein they shall eat it.
8 And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it.
9 Eat not of it raw, nor sodden at all with water, but roast with fire; his head with his legs, and with the purtenance thereof.
10 And ye shall let nothing of it remain until the morning; and that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn with fire.
11 And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the LORD'S passover.
12 For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD.
13 And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are : and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you , when I smite the land of Egypt.
14 And this day shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever.
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My Masoretic Text (MT) chronology is based on my May of 2005 repair of U. of Chicago PhD Professor Edwin R. Thiele, which did not synchronize with Assyrian and Babylonian astronomical chronology, but after this correction not only did so, but also quite dramatically made possible my absolute chronology of Egypt:
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
All of the above astronomically (scientifically) demonstrates the astronomical chronological inerrancy resulting from my Chart 11/19 repair of Edwin R. Thiele's flawed Masoretic Text chronology as documented in his 1983 3rd Edition of "The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings", which I first discovered in May of 2005.
Adapted from Orchestral Suite No. 3 BMV 1068, by Johann Sebastian Bach, which I transposed to the novel key of G Major adding richness of tone to its solo violin performance. This is my 11 July 2023 polished version.
Devastating biblical criticism sprang up over the past three centuries substantially due to lack of a credible biblical chronology, for decades aggravated by the babel of contending biblical timelines styled as “chronologies” massed on the internet (true chronology is absolute, summed up by one word: “synchronism” namely by astronomy characterizing my 28). Thiele offered substantial hope but failed to deliver the goods, despite his able indirect helpers. Chronology is the backbone of history, and loss for the past 2,500 years of the chronology of the Masoretic Text as attested by its Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents has led to an unwarranted umbrage about it, of no benefit to the public.
Appended with my standard set of 19 chronology charts.
This single-page paper explains itself without need for an abstract..
Title of paper:
03 August 2021 Addendum to Correcting Edwin Thiele's Crippled Chronology 10 March 2021 Edition 1.0
https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dy-
nasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Acces-
sion_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_
with emphasis on its earliest phase in the reign of the Hyksos pharaoh Khyan, who was the biblical patriarch Joseph's pharaoh in chapters 41 through 50 of the Masoretic Text's Book of Genesis.
This paper confirms the astronomical chronology of this history, which establishes its historicity.
Retroextension of Fig. 1 by Fig. 2 exposes the fractures of Thiele's chronology:
The “CCC” chart 11/19 of Fig. 2 almost completely corrects Edwin Thiele's chronology, lacking only R. C. Young's 2003 shift of Solomon's death back by an equinoctical semester into the preceding ff year, while likewise retroshifting Judah's chronology up to Asa's death. But this lack is completed by Fig. 1! Young's shift was confirmed by Dr. Leslie McFall in 2008, and required by my astronomical dating of the Exodus to Julian 21 April 1443 BC. See “CCC” chart 11/19. Due to Exodus 12:2, the Exodus date is approximated as near the spring equinox without any effort by the simple reckoning of 1 Kings 6:1.
Appendix A's charts 1/19 - 5/19 define from Solomon's to Hezekiah's deaths. So to fully correct Thiele's chronology (his 1944 - 1983 charts), Young's crucial date of Solomon's death must be integrated into the chart of Fig. 2 chart 11/19 by its retroextension. This retroextension is provided by the three charts of Fig. 1, spanning from ff931/930 to ff762/761, leaving a harmless gap of 762 - 753 = 9 years near the ends of the reigns of Jereboam II of Israel and Uzziah/Azariah of Judah, in our exposure of where Thiele's consistent 1944 - 1983 chronology needed correction. After the accession of Hezekiah's son Manasseh, Thiele's chronology and my chronology are in essence identical (except in Thiele's 1944 edition, where Thiele made errors which he later corrected). Thus, figuratively, Figs.1 and 2 expose where a crookedly set broken leg (Thiele's chronology) must be re-broken to be correctly re-set.
Background of "Correcting Edwin Thiele's Crippled Chronology":
The Hebrew Old Testament meets the eye as an intensely chronological work throughout, for which Dr. Edwin R. Thiele in his 1943 University of Chicago PhD thesis (published in JNES, 1944) produced the most promising method for recovering the synchronized chronologies of post-Solomon Judah and Israel, by which he hoped to validate Masoretic Text historicity by extrabiblical synchronisms to its wars as astronomically dated by both sides. Fortunately the Hebrew kings-intensive benchmark astronomical chronologies of Assyria and Babylonia could at least test Thiele's method. But due to offset of his chronology by one year late because it was anchored to the erroneous 701 BC consensus dating of Sennacherib's 3rd campaign against Judah and Egypt, Thiele failed to produce convincing synchronisms to validate his attempted absolute biblical chronology.
Thiele's chronology never changed since its 1944 JNES publication, not even on the part of his able successors, Dr. Leslie McFall at Cambridge (1991 & 2008), and Rodger C. Young (2003) who improved it without changing it. Parallel comparison by charting Thiele's original chronology above my repair of it as confirmed by 30 extrabiblical synchronisms, reveal the equinoctical semsters in which Thiele's chronology had to be corrrectively broken and shifted (offset) in order for it to be synchronous with Ancient Near East and Egyptian astronomical chronology (https://www.academia.edu/42757764/Summer_Solstice_Synchronous_Sothic_Calendar_Confirms_Early_18th_Dynasty_High_Chronology_Six_Sothic_Dated_Pharaonic_Accessions_Used_Full_Moon_Signatured_Accession_Days_Absolutely_Dates_Hyksos_Avaris_Fall_to_May_June_1559_BC_Final_Edition_16_April_2020_)
This study validates my correction of Thiele's chronology by rigorous analysis explained above. Correction of Thiele's chronology is also confirmed by the Leviticus 25 Jubilee cycle launched at its fall of 1388 BC Yom Kippur ceremony. This 49-year Jubilee cycle was in principle recovered but not confirmed by Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 breakthrough study of Bar Kokhba's 132 AD revolt against Hadrian as having exploited the only extrabiblical instance of a year of Jubilee. However, in order to be synchronous with the two known biblical Jubilees, that of Hezekiah's 15th year as signatured by its Lev. 25 two fallow years in succession in 2 Kings 19:29 and Isaiah 37:30, and Ezra's Ezra 7 Jerusalem journey to ceremonially observe a year of Jubilee at its Yom Kippur start, Wacholder's jubilee cycle needed correction by Benedict Zuckermann's 1857 Leviticus 25 Sabbatical cycle, as fully solved in the "Gist" of my Treatise finalized on 16 June 2020.
I first confirmed my 2005 repair of Thiele's chronology by my 250 pages "Sennacherib's First Five Years" (https://www.academia.edu/36877621/Sennacheribs_First_Five_Years_Part_I_of_II_Solving_the_Chronologies_of_Sennacherib_and_the_Bible_Edition_4_0_20_June_2018_), which corrected to 702 BC the 701 BC consensus date of Sennacherib's biblically prominent third campaign which had ruined Thiele's attempt to produce an absolute Hebrew kings chronology. My correction validated Thiele's method by unlocking all eight biblical Assyrian synchronisms. This was confirmed in May of 2018 by leading assyriologist Emeritus Professor Dr. Simo Parpola at Helsinki as essentially the first peer review of an early edition of the "Gist" conspectus of my chronology treatise. My continuously expanding self-published work begun in 1999 was clinched in 2005 by my instantly evident repair of Thiele preserving all of his internal biblical Judah-Israel synchronisms and acclaimed chronological rules.
Reference links:
https://www.academia.edu/45457029/Correcting_Edwin_Thieles_Crippled_Chronology_Corrective_Surgery_of_Edwin_Thieles_Chronological_Mistakes_Confirms_the_Historicity_of_the_Masoretic_Text_Edition_1_0_10_March_2021_
https://www.academia.edu/36877621/Sennacheribs_First_Five_Years_Part_I_of_II_Solving_the_Chronologies_of_Sennacherib_and_the_Bible_Edition_4_0_20_June_2018_
https://www.academia.edu/43356971/Gist_of_Thieles_Absolute_Biblical_Chronology_Repaired_and_Vindicated_Perfected_Edition_16_June_2020_
Unfortunately the title of this successor version obscures its origin in its very important original, whose title makes its as well as its perfected successor study's content clear:
Ezra confirms 3 biblical & 1 extrabiblical Jubilees & by Daniel 9:25 launched its 10 Jubilee cycles, vindicating Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 study by Thiele's transparently repaired chronology. Edition 1.0
Abstract - Moses' Jubilee calendar validates absolute biblical chronology
The present biblical Jubilee cycle recovery discovering three biblical Jubilees and one extrabiblical (Bar Kokhba's in ff132/133 AD), would be impossible without establishing its basis in my repair and vindication of Dr. Edwin Thiele's chronology of the Hebrew kings by 25 extrabiblical synchronisms spanning and validating 1000 years of Masoretic Text history as attested by its 2nd century BC Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents, from my Appx. D chart 18/19 astronomically recovered Saturday Julian 21 April 1443 Exodus, to Ezra's Ezra 7:4-10 Yom Kippur ff457/456 celebration in Jerusalem of the 19th Jubilee to restore Lev. 25 Jubilee-based land ownership rights fundamental to repatriation of the returning Babylonian exiles. Recovery of two biblical Jubilee observations, the ff702/701 14th in Hezekiah's 15th year (2 Kings 19:29), and its closely related 19th observed by Ezra, were both found in synchronism with the suspected Jubilee in the ff132/133 (31st) year of Jubilee held in the second year of Bar Kokhba's revolt against Hadrian studied in 1975 by Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder (see ch. 2).
Ezra's mission was urgent in view of the Leviticus 26 curse against breaking the Jubilee cycle of Lev. 25, driving both Jeremiah's 70 years of Babylonian exile prophecy (exactly fulfilled per Fig. 5, as pointedly commented by Ezra himself in 2 Chronicles 36:21. Israel's guilt under this curse was grieved by Daniel in his chapter 9. Fig. 5 exposes his Book as his chronicle of Jeremiah's 70 years exactly from end to end.
Thiele, acclaimed for having brought to light the most convincing internal biblical method to date for establishing the chronology of the Hebrew kings, ruined it due to faulty assyriology having created a localized “wrinkle” in the last four of “Sennacherib's First Five Years” per my 250 pages Treatise part I of II, misdating Sennacherib's 3rd campaign to 701BC instead of its correct 702BC for Hezekiah's 14th year (confirmed to me by leading Assyriologist Prof. Simo Parpola as linked below).
With his originally flawless internal biblical chronology as recovered by my repair (my charts 1/19-11/19) thus offset by a year, Thiele, otherwise unable to further synchronize the rich biblical record of Assyrian synchronisms (my correction found 8), resorted in panic to its corrupting emendation in 2 Kings 15:30-33 as my Fig. 1: "The Thiele Lietuvietis Chronology Comparison Chart" (before and after repair) transparently disclosing my 2005 reverse-engineering of his catastrophe, demonstrates. Herein my correction of Thiele's chronology as superficially improved in 1991 by Dr. Leslie McFall (removing emendations and adding coregencies without affecting its basic structure) and correctly but only peripherally improved by Rodger C. Young's 2003 biblically shifting the death of Solomon by an equinoctical semester earlier. Adopted by McFall in 2008, and applied to my correction of Thiele only in April, 2015, this shift was key to my recovery of the Exodus chronology, wherein the foundations for the Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles of Leviticus 25 were laid per my Fig. 2 Exodus-centric chart 12/19 based on my astronomy of Appx. D chart 18/19 and the entire chapter 9 of my 575 pages Treatise part II of II, in turn based on my 250 pages Treatise part I of II.
Ezra confirms 3 biblical & 1 extrabiblical Jubilees & by Daniel 9:25 launched its 10 Jubilee cycles, vindicating Ben Zion Wacholder's 1975 study by Thiele's transparently repaired chronology. 7 June 2019 Edition 1.0 (20.5MB .pdf file)
https://www.academia.edu/39435727/Ezra_confirms_3_biblical_and_1_extrabiblical_Jubilees_and_by_Daniel_9_25_launched_its_10_Jubilee_cycles_vindicating_Ben_Zion_Wacholders_1975_study_by_Thieles_transparently_repaired_chronology._7_June_2019_Edition_1.0
This flawless, concise, and comprehensive Gist will enable the great majority of scholars interested in my astronomically-based Treatise providing a new absolute chronology of the Ancient Near East to complement and confirm its heretofore fundamental Assyrian and Babylonian absolute chronologies, to quickly understand its key points without having to read the Treatise. In any case, this Gist's near predecessor is included in the introduction of Treatise Part II of II as its overview introduction.
Fig. 1's 430 spring-to-spring (ss) years sojourn of Ex. 12:40, whereby Jacob left Canaan for Egypt in its ss year 215, is proven by its Masoretic Text, wherein the liberty of all 73 of Joseph's Egyptian years counted from the year of Jacob's welcomed entry into Egypt to Joseph's untroubled death refutes the dominant theory of 430 years in Egypt divided into 30 years of Hebrew liberty (disqualifyingly including these 73 years of Joseph), and 400 years of Hebrew slavery misreading Genesis 15:13. Sec. 2.2.3 reveals the Fig. 1 Pharaoh Ahmose (who began the Gen. 15:13 Hebrew affliction), rising to power c. 11 years after Joseph died confirming Ex. 1:6-8, disqualifying this 400 years of Egyptian slavery theory, and confirming the Gen. 15:13 400 years of “servitude and/or humiliation (מצחק)” as having begun at Abraham's Gen. 21:8 105th year feast in honor of Isaac's weaning at age 5, mocked by jealous Ishmael.
Gen. 15:16 specifies the fourth generation of Abraham's sojourners in Egypt (namely “that nation [Egypt], whom they [Abraham's seed] shall serve” (of Gen. 15:14) entered Canaan, whose first generation entered Egypt as Jacob's Gen. 46:27 household of 70 (including Joseph's family of 4). This produced two candidate 4th generations entering Canaan after the Exodus: either Levi-Kohath-Amram-Moses (disqualified because Moses did not enter Canaan), or Kohath-Amram-Aaron-Eleazar, the winners: Levi and Kohath entered Egypt with Jacob, and Eleazar became Israel's first high priest.
Neither the Hebrew, the Greek (LXX), nor the Samaritan Old Testaments explicitly divide the 430 years mentioned in Ex. 12:40-41 into 215-year “halves” anywhere. This division, as shown in Fig. 1, is based only on starting the Ex. 12:40-41 “sojourn” in Abraham's 75th year instead of at Jacob's entry into Egypt at age 131 as based on Appx. A's Gen. 5-11's patriarchal chronogenealogies. This was preserved in Jewish tradition by Josephus as quoted and explained in Sec. 3.3. Until my 2005 repair (Appx. C, chart 11/19) of E. R. Thiele's flawed chronology as matured by May, 2015, despite pretentions to the contrary, there was no absolute Hebrew kings chronology on which its preceding MT chronology unbroken back to the Creation (Appx. A, C, and Fig. 1), was possible. Chronology confirms the MT as the original Hebrew Bible (already archeologically authenticated indistinguishable from its 2nd century BC Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents), back to the start of Joseph's 1661 BC 37th fall-to-fall (ff) year heading its 28 extrabiblical astronomically-based, MT-clarifying synchronisms.
Thus the humbling trial of covenant faith of 430 years without a country from Abraham's 75th-year departure from Haran until the Exodus of Fig. 1, and not from Jacob's entry into Egypt, defined the covenant-driven “sojourn” of Exodus 12:40.
Abraham's son Isaac and grandson Jacob inherited Abraham's covenant of ownership by faith (without moral right of immediate possession) of “the promised land” along with the promise “in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed” for Abraham's sake, and due to Abraham's faithfulness as enforced by his covenant alone. And until Canaanite forfeiture of their land first shown to Abraham and later promised to him and his chosen “seed” after him, Abraham and his “seed” inheriting his covenant would remain countryless sojourners according to his covenant which was their deed to Canaan. This successively inherited deed (not its land) remained Abraham's despite its inheritance by and confirmation to Isaac and Jacob, each of whose older brothers, Ishmael and Esau, regarded Abraham's covenant inheritance as their's by birthright.
Like for Isaac and Jacob starting the 215thcheck - rewrite year of biblically recorded chronology from Abraham's 75th year, at Jacob's entry into Egypt (cf. Fig. 1), the “sojourning” of “the children of Israel” of Exodus 12:40 extended by another 216 years the landless sojourn covenanted by God in Abraham's 75th year to “get thee out of thy country,” in pursuit of the homeland morally owned by the Amorites until their “iniquity is full” (Gen. 15:16), whose moment arrived at the Exodus, completing the 430 years of the Israelites' covenanted landless “sojourn” status, and commencing preparation for the possession of Canaan which included the construction of their Tabernacle. Thus, the inherited covenant of Abraham, Israel's deed to Canaan, determined that the 430 years “sojourn” of Ex. 12:40 of the children of Israel commenced in Abraham's 75th year, and not at the descent of Jacob into Egypt in his 131st year. Thus the inheritors of Abraham's covenanted prize of Canaan had to extend Abraham's covenanted sojourn, as running Abraham's relay race passing the baton of Abraham's covenant, to win it.
Finally, Abraham's covenant promise of Gen. 15:13-16 including 400 years of affliction of his seed “in a land that is not theirs,” was God's answer to Abraham's v. 8 request for a personal sign “whereby shall I know that I shall inherit (Canaan),” like Gideon's fleece (Judges 6:36-40). These 400 years could not have begun after Abraham's lifetime, since their start was shown to Abraham as his grievous sign (Gen. 21:8-13), for him to experience in his 105th year at Ishmael's mocking of God's Messianic “seed of promise”, Isaac. Ishmael's jealousy over his disinheritance as Abraham's firstborn, led to his expulsion from Abraham's family. Yet he was to become a great nation.
The biblical highlight of the Exodus from Egypt was discovered securely dated astronomically, and archeologically, after being located in my biblical chronology of Fig. 1. The date and details of the Exodus emerged from my correction of Edwin R. Thiele's chronology of the Hebrew kings exposing a hidden treasure of historical and chronological detail concealed by the three years too early offset of Thiele's dominant chronology preceding Jotham's fall-to-fall 733/732 BC death in his 16th year. From this development emerged the historical witness of the three biblically mentioned Pharaohs performing key roles in the herein proven 216 years sojourn in Egypt climaxing in its Exodus account: Ahmose I (Exodus 1:8), Thutmose III (Exodus 2:15), and Amenhotep II (Exodus 3-15). The entire 430 years long saga of the Exodus is proven to have begun in Abraham's Gen. 12:1-4 75th year, and climaxed in the Exodus drama starting shortly after midnight on Saturday, Julian 21 April 1443 BC, which ended its 7 days flight from Pharaoh in the safety of the far shore of the Red sea (Aqaba), whose Fig. 5 chronology uniquely exposes the rationale of the Exodus story appearing in the 4th commandment of the Deuteronomy 5:6,12-15 Decalogue.
My result fully preserves Leslie McFall's 1991 added internal biblical coregencies, and Rodger C. Young's 2003 half-year retro-shift of Solomon's death, which preserved Thiele's basic chronological conclusions. Fig. 4 corrective two-step removal of the 2 Kings 15:30-33 last of Thiele's biblical emendations (also finding Ahaz's Isa. 6:1 coregency start), exposed the purely Hebrew biblical (Masoretic Text as confirmed by its Dead Sea Scrolls antecedents) chronology of Thiele as he would have essentially finished it exclusively by his renowned biblical method had he not stumbled by two steps into overall compound error of + 1 year (faulty Assyriology) - 4 years (emendation of 2 Kgs. 15:30-33) = - 3 years net shift. This is all that I did, leaving Thiele's chronology as I received it from McFall and Young otherwise untouched. Fig. 4 repair of Thiele's self-inflicted damage shifted Thiele's chronology overall forward by 3 years preceding the 40 years interval of its repair between Uzziah's death and Manasseh's coregency, where both chronologies (before & after repair) are compared.
The purpose of this abstract is to clarify what was not needed to be stated in the OVGU report, but will be of interest to the readers, that I was centrally involved in the design of the fuel injector model, in that OVGU provided me a tested fuel injection valve physical design which very nearly matched my 60-60-60 degrees triangular cross section of the fuel injector tip of the theoretical model in my patent drawings. And based on that previously built and tested physical model as the basis which I would personally modify by my personal computer aided drawing tools, I modified this basic fuel injector needle tip supplied with 7 injection holes sized and angled according to current well known injection hole efficiency standards by adding my invented annular groove which would be tested by computer modelling in precise detail, with a view to exact positioning of the groove with respect to the injection holes, the diameter of the injection holes, and the radius of the rounding of he edges of these injection holes. The OVGU staff then entered my drawing (design) into their computer program for modelling, producing the results of the attatched report.