Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose o... more Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Africa is often depicted as the continent with the lowest literacy rates in the world. Moving bey... more Africa is often depicted as the continent with the lowest literacy rates in the world. Moving beyond this essentialising representation, this volume explores African literacies within their complex and diverse multilingual and multiscriptal histories and contexts of use. The chapters examine contexts from the Maghreb to Mozambique and from Senegambia to the Horn of Africa and critically analyse multiple literacy genres and practices – from ancient manuscripts to instant messaging – in relation to questions of language-in-education and policy, livelihoods, Islamic scholarship, colonialism, translocal migration, and writing systems. As a whole, the book serves as an advanced introduction to language and society in Africa seen through the lens of literacy, and marks a unique contribution to scholarship in literacy studies offering a convenient collection of perspectives on and from Africa.
In proton-proton collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pairs of beauty quarks are a... more In proton-proton collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pairs of beauty quarks are abundantly produced through strong interaction. Studies of the b quark production and the angular correlations between b and b quarks reveal substantial information on the dynamics of the hard scattering subprocesses within perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Beauty quarks are relevant for physics studies with top quarks and for low mass Higgs searches and bb production is a main background for many new physics searches. A measurement of the angular correlations between beauty and anti-beauty hadrons (BB) produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The region of small angular separation between the two hadrons is probed for the first time. The B hadrons are identified by the presence of displaced secondary vertices from their decays and the angle is measured between the directions from the reconstructed primary-interaction vertex to the secondary vertex positions. To reconstruct BB pairs even at small opening angle, a method based on an iterative secondary vertex finder is introduced. The differential BB production cross section is measured as a function of the opening angle using data collected with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector during 2010 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.1 pb −1. The measurement is performed for different event energy scales, characterized by the leading jet transverse momentum. The data exhibit a substantial enhancement of the cross section in the collinear region. The relative amount of BB pairs produced with small opening angles, compared to the pairs with back-to-back topology, increases with the event energy scale. The measurements are compared to theoretical predictions based on perturbative QCD calculations. It is observed that in particular in the collinear region the measured data is not described well by any of the Monte Carlo predictions. Zusammenfassung In Proton-Proton Kollisionen am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) am CERN werden Paare von Beauty Quarks durch die starke Wechselwirkung sehr zahlreich erzeugt. Studien zur Produktion von b Quarks und zur Verteilung derÖffnungswinkel zwischen b und b Quarks können umfangreiche Erkenntnisseüber die Dynamik des harten Streuprozesses innerhalb der störungstheoretischen Quantenchromodynamik (QCD) liefern. Beauty Quarks spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in Physikstudien mit top Quarks und für die Suche nach dem Higgs Boson, falls es relativ leicht ist. Weiter sind bb Paare ein Hauptuntergrund für viele Studien, welche nach neuer Physik jenseits des Standardmodells suchen. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird eine Messung der Winkelverteilung zwischen beauty und antibeauty Hadronen (BB), welche in Proton-Proton Kollisionen mit einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 7 TeV erzeugt wurden, vorgestellt. Zum ersten Mal können auch kleineÖffnungswinkel gemessen werden. Um die B Hadronen zu identifizieren, werden ihre sekundären Zerfallsvertices rekonstruiert. DieÖffnungswinkel werden zwischen den Richtungen vom rekonstruierten primären Kollisionsvertex zu den beiden sekundären Vertices gemessen. Um auch B Hadronpaare mit kleinemÖffnungswinkel richtig rekonstruieren zu können, wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die auf einem iterativen Rekonstruktionsalgorithmus für sekundäre Vertices basiert. Der differentielle BB Wirkungsquerschnitt wird als Funktion desÖffnungswinkels gemessen. Dazu werden Daten verwendet, welche mit dem Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Detektor im Laufe des Jahres 2010 gemessen wurden. Sie entsprechen einer integrierten Luminosität von 3.1 pb −1. Die Messung wird für verschiedene Energieskalen durchgeführt. Die Energieskala wird durch den Transversalimpuls des energiereichsten Jets charakterisiert. Der höchste Wirkungsquerschnitt wird bei kleinen Winkeln gemessen. Die relative Zahl von gemessenen Ereignissen mit kleinem Winkel im Vergleich zu Ereignissen mit einem grossen Winkel (nahe 180 •) steigt mit der Energie. Die Messungen werden mit zahlreichen auf der störungstheoretischen QCD basierenden theoretischen Vorhersagen verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass vor allem für kleine Winkel keine der Monte Carlo Vorhersagen die Daten sehr gut beschreibt.
The aim is of this chapter is to provide a general presentation of the Eritrean educational syste... more The aim is of this chapter is to provide a general presentation of the Eritrean educational system and its governance as an overall framework for the chapters dealing with literacy and numeracy in more detail. The chapter begins with an introduction, probing into the role of school leadership to justify the educational leadership scope on literacy and numeracy. This is followed by a brief description of the Eritrean educational system and its governance based on the corresponding education policy documents in Eritrea. The main part of the chapter focuses on Eritrean school directors’ views on the educational system and its governance at the school level as reported by them in a survey to a sample of school directors in the Central Region (Asmara and its vicinity). In this examination, too, literacy and numeracy are a central standpoint.
Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE)
This article is based on 18-month participatory action research (PAR) project conducted with teac... more This article is based on 18-month participatory action research (PAR) project conducted with teachers and school leadership personnel with strong backing of the regional education office in one of the remote and most culturally diverse regions in Eritrea. It argues for a comprehensive understanding of managing a learning process in challenging circumstances of schooling. Qualitative analysis was used to interpret 14 semi-structured interview transcripts of project participants from two study schools. A framework for understanding teaching as the intersection of knowledge of learners, processes of teaching and learning and subject matter is used. The analysis based on the interview data, longer term engagements with participants and review of relevant documents enabled authors to synthesize views of participants into five main professional perspectives: need to overcome transitory nature of teachers, knowledge of learners, proactive guidance, professional commitment, collaborative p...
Compare a Journal of Comparative and International Education, Mar 1, 2011
This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses da... more This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses data stemming from classroom observations of beginning readers of Tigrinya (Ge’ez script), Arabic (Arabic script) and Saho (Roman alphabet), the examination of teaching materials, and teacher interviews. Our analysis focuses on literacy events. We examine and compare the introduction of the written code in classrooms in the
This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses da... more This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses data stemming from classroom observations of beginning readers of Tigrinya (Ge’ez script), Arabic (Arabic script) and Saho (Roman alphabet), the examination of teaching materials, and teacher interviews. Our analysis focuses on literacy events. We examine and compare the introduction of the written code in classrooms in the
What is literacy? Do you mean literacy as opposed to illiteracy-not being able to read and write?... more What is literacy? Do you mean literacy as opposed to illiteracy-not being able to read and write? So your work is about being able to read and write-about reading and writing, is that right? (an educated layperson in conversation with two of the authors, Edinburgh,
Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose o... more Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Africa is often depicted as the continent with the lowest literacy rates in the world. Moving bey... more Africa is often depicted as the continent with the lowest literacy rates in the world. Moving beyond this essentialising representation, this volume explores African literacies within their complex and diverse multilingual and multiscriptal histories and contexts of use. The chapters examine contexts from the Maghreb to Mozambique and from Senegambia to the Horn of Africa and critically analyse multiple literacy genres and practices – from ancient manuscripts to instant messaging – in relation to questions of language-in-education and policy, livelihoods, Islamic scholarship, colonialism, translocal migration, and writing systems. As a whole, the book serves as an advanced introduction to language and society in Africa seen through the lens of literacy, and marks a unique contribution to scholarship in literacy studies offering a convenient collection of perspectives on and from Africa.
In proton-proton collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pairs of beauty quarks are a... more In proton-proton collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pairs of beauty quarks are abundantly produced through strong interaction. Studies of the b quark production and the angular correlations between b and b quarks reveal substantial information on the dynamics of the hard scattering subprocesses within perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Beauty quarks are relevant for physics studies with top quarks and for low mass Higgs searches and bb production is a main background for many new physics searches. A measurement of the angular correlations between beauty and anti-beauty hadrons (BB) produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The region of small angular separation between the two hadrons is probed for the first time. The B hadrons are identified by the presence of displaced secondary vertices from their decays and the angle is measured between the directions from the reconstructed primary-interaction vertex to the secondary vertex positions. To reconstruct BB pairs even at small opening angle, a method based on an iterative secondary vertex finder is introduced. The differential BB production cross section is measured as a function of the opening angle using data collected with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector during 2010 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.1 pb −1. The measurement is performed for different event energy scales, characterized by the leading jet transverse momentum. The data exhibit a substantial enhancement of the cross section in the collinear region. The relative amount of BB pairs produced with small opening angles, compared to the pairs with back-to-back topology, increases with the event energy scale. The measurements are compared to theoretical predictions based on perturbative QCD calculations. It is observed that in particular in the collinear region the measured data is not described well by any of the Monte Carlo predictions. Zusammenfassung In Proton-Proton Kollisionen am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) am CERN werden Paare von Beauty Quarks durch die starke Wechselwirkung sehr zahlreich erzeugt. Studien zur Produktion von b Quarks und zur Verteilung derÖffnungswinkel zwischen b und b Quarks können umfangreiche Erkenntnisseüber die Dynamik des harten Streuprozesses innerhalb der störungstheoretischen Quantenchromodynamik (QCD) liefern. Beauty Quarks spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in Physikstudien mit top Quarks und für die Suche nach dem Higgs Boson, falls es relativ leicht ist. Weiter sind bb Paare ein Hauptuntergrund für viele Studien, welche nach neuer Physik jenseits des Standardmodells suchen. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird eine Messung der Winkelverteilung zwischen beauty und antibeauty Hadronen (BB), welche in Proton-Proton Kollisionen mit einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 7 TeV erzeugt wurden, vorgestellt. Zum ersten Mal können auch kleineÖffnungswinkel gemessen werden. Um die B Hadronen zu identifizieren, werden ihre sekundären Zerfallsvertices rekonstruiert. DieÖffnungswinkel werden zwischen den Richtungen vom rekonstruierten primären Kollisionsvertex zu den beiden sekundären Vertices gemessen. Um auch B Hadronpaare mit kleinemÖffnungswinkel richtig rekonstruieren zu können, wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die auf einem iterativen Rekonstruktionsalgorithmus für sekundäre Vertices basiert. Der differentielle BB Wirkungsquerschnitt wird als Funktion desÖffnungswinkels gemessen. Dazu werden Daten verwendet, welche mit dem Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Detektor im Laufe des Jahres 2010 gemessen wurden. Sie entsprechen einer integrierten Luminosität von 3.1 pb −1. Die Messung wird für verschiedene Energieskalen durchgeführt. Die Energieskala wird durch den Transversalimpuls des energiereichsten Jets charakterisiert. Der höchste Wirkungsquerschnitt wird bei kleinen Winkeln gemessen. Die relative Zahl von gemessenen Ereignissen mit kleinem Winkel im Vergleich zu Ereignissen mit einem grossen Winkel (nahe 180 •) steigt mit der Energie. Die Messungen werden mit zahlreichen auf der störungstheoretischen QCD basierenden theoretischen Vorhersagen verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass vor allem für kleine Winkel keine der Monte Carlo Vorhersagen die Daten sehr gut beschreibt.
The aim is of this chapter is to provide a general presentation of the Eritrean educational syste... more The aim is of this chapter is to provide a general presentation of the Eritrean educational system and its governance as an overall framework for the chapters dealing with literacy and numeracy in more detail. The chapter begins with an introduction, probing into the role of school leadership to justify the educational leadership scope on literacy and numeracy. This is followed by a brief description of the Eritrean educational system and its governance based on the corresponding education policy documents in Eritrea. The main part of the chapter focuses on Eritrean school directors’ views on the educational system and its governance at the school level as reported by them in a survey to a sample of school directors in the Central Region (Asmara and its vicinity). In this examination, too, literacy and numeracy are a central standpoint.
Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE)
This article is based on 18-month participatory action research (PAR) project conducted with teac... more This article is based on 18-month participatory action research (PAR) project conducted with teachers and school leadership personnel with strong backing of the regional education office in one of the remote and most culturally diverse regions in Eritrea. It argues for a comprehensive understanding of managing a learning process in challenging circumstances of schooling. Qualitative analysis was used to interpret 14 semi-structured interview transcripts of project participants from two study schools. A framework for understanding teaching as the intersection of knowledge of learners, processes of teaching and learning and subject matter is used. The analysis based on the interview data, longer term engagements with participants and review of relevant documents enabled authors to synthesize views of participants into five main professional perspectives: need to overcome transitory nature of teachers, knowledge of learners, proactive guidance, professional commitment, collaborative p...
Compare a Journal of Comparative and International Education, Mar 1, 2011
This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses da... more This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses data stemming from classroom observations of beginning readers of Tigrinya (Ge’ez script), Arabic (Arabic script) and Saho (Roman alphabet), the examination of teaching materials, and teacher interviews. Our analysis focuses on literacy events. We examine and compare the introduction of the written code in classrooms in the
This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses da... more This contribution compares literacy instruction in three different scripts in Eritrea. It uses data stemming from classroom observations of beginning readers of Tigrinya (Ge’ez script), Arabic (Arabic script) and Saho (Roman alphabet), the examination of teaching materials, and teacher interviews. Our analysis focuses on literacy events. We examine and compare the introduction of the written code in classrooms in the
What is literacy? Do you mean literacy as opposed to illiteracy-not being able to read and write?... more What is literacy? Do you mean literacy as opposed to illiteracy-not being able to read and write? So your work is about being able to read and write-about reading and writing, is that right? (an educated layperson in conversation with two of the authors, Edinburgh,
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