DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2010
Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last... more Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last decade, researchers have reexamined the Carbohydrates in feedstuffs of plant origin are potential use of exogenous enzymes for ruminants due mainly grouped into monosaccharides, oligosacchato higher feed costs, lower costs of enzyme production rides and polysaccharides. In plants, polysaccharides and the availability of more active and better defined are located both intra and extracelluarly. The enzyme preparations (Beauchemin et al., 2003). intracellular plant polysaccharides, which are non-cell Enzyme feed additives for ruminants are concentrated wall components, are starch and fructans. Their main extracts obtained from fungal (Trichoderma function is as storage components. The extra cellular or longibrachiatum or Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus cell wall polysaccharides are arranged in definite oryzae) and bacterial (Bacillus spp.) fermentations. patterns to give fibrillar polysaccharide (cellulose), They do not contain microbial cells, because they are matrix polysaccharide (hemi-cellulose and pectin) and removed from fermentation and finally concentrated encrusting substances (lignin). These cell wall and purified. These enzymes can breakdown specific components, which do not include the storage bonds in feedstuffs, not usually degraded by components, are commonly known as the non-starch endogenous enzymes, thus releasing more nutrients polysaccharides (Panda and Arun, 2006). NSP can be (Sheppy, 2001). classified into three main groups normally cellulose, Cellulase non-cellulosic polymer and pectic polysaccharides The cellulase system contains mainly endo-(Choct, 1997). glucanase, exoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase and ß-Feed enzymes glucosidase or cellobiase. Most endoglucana-ses attack internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosa-Feed enzymes are produced by a batch ccharides and release mainly cellobiose and fermentation process beginning with a seed culture cellotriose, while cellobiohydrolase hydrolyze the and growth media (Cowman, 1994). Once the second glycosidic bond from either the reducing or fermentation is complete, the enzyme protein is non-reducing end of the cello-oligosaccharides. separated from the fermentation residues and source However, ß-1, 4 glucosidase sequentially removes one organisms (Beauchemin et al., 2003). glucose unit from either the non-reducing end or both Ruminant Feed Enzymes ends (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The rumen contains numerous microbes, which Xylanase overcome the factors that limit feed utilization by non-The main enzymes involved in degrading the ruminants (Bowman et al., 2002). Feeding of exogenous xylan core polymer to soluble sugars are xylanase and enzymes in ruminants was previously an unacceptable ß-1, 4 xylosidase (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The practice, because these proteins were thought to be
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2009
Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type... more Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type A. These are RNA viruses have an envelope surface antigen hemagglutinin that is responsible for the infectivity. It attaches specifically to a receptor on the erythrocytes and other host cells. Some influenza viruses have an enzyme called neuraminidase which helps the virus penetrate the mucus layer protecting the respiratory epithelium. The neuraminidase enzyme plays a role in the buddding of the new virus particles from the infected cells. Influenza A virus strains caused three major global epidemics during the 20th century: the spanish flu in 1918, Asian flu in 1957 and Hong kong flu in 1968-69. These pandemics were caused by strains of Influenza A virus that had undergone major genetic changes and for which the population did not possess significant immunity. Influenza B virus also undergoes antigenic changes but less extremly and at a slower rate than influenza A virus. Influenza C virus are rarely recognised. Antigenic Variation Antigenic variation occurs by two processes, antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The antigenic drift results from mutations in genes that code for haemaggluttinin and neuraminidase. Such mutations change the configuration of the part of antigenic
The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorgh... more The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorghum stover/groundnut haulm) was tested against the control diet (without enzymes) through in vitro dry matter degradability study using rumen liquor from sheep. Untreated/treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were included in complete rations for sheep and compared for their efficiency on dry matter degradability. The study was carried out with four replications for each treatment. The in vitro dry matter degradability of enzyme treated complete ration was 53.60 ± 3.57 which was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to in vitro dry matter degradability of 37.20 ± 2.02 in untreated complete ration. A digestibility trial in sheep was carried out to examine the extent to which digestibility was influenced by treatment of sorghum stover/groundnut haulm with non - starch polysaccharidase mixtures. The dry matter digestibility of enzyme treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the dry matter digestibility of their untreated counterparts.
A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum sto... more A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms. Sorghum stover had the significantly highest fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, Cellulose, hemicelluloses and Lignin) and non starch polysaccharide fractions (Total, Soluble and Insoluble) compared to the other two crop residues. Enzyme activity assay of cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase and pectinase revealed multiple activities in a single enzyme. In vitro trials were carried out to evolve substrate specific customized non - starch polysaccharidase mixture for sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulm. The first trial was conducted to locate the range of enzymes required for maximum sugar release, followed by another in vitro trial to precisely identify the enzymes needed for respective substrates and the third one was to identify the inclusion level of these enzymes in combination to sorghum stover or ragi straw or groundnut haulm. All these trials were conducted in duplicate in three runs. These experiments established that each gram of sorghum stover and ragi straw requires 1200 U of Cellulase, 120 U of Xylanase and 700 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis and each gram of groundnut haulm requires 1600 U of Cellulase, 100 U of Xylanase and 600 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis.
Hippocrates had described an influenza like outbreak in 412 B.C. and since then repeated influenz... more Hippocrates had described an influenza like outbreak in 412 B.C. and since then repeated influenza like epidemics and pandemics have been recorded in recent times. One of the greatest killers of all time was the pandemic of swine flu (Spanish flu) of 1918-1919, when 230 million people died. Annual influenza epidemics are estimated to affect 5–15 % of the global population, resulting in severe illness in 3–5 million patients causing 250,000–500,000 deaths worldwide. Severe illness and deaths occur mainly in the high-risk populations of infants, the elderly, and chronically ill patients. The 2009 outbreak of swine flu is thought to be a mutation more specifically a reassortment of four known strains of influenza A virus subtype H1N1; one endemc in humans, one endemic in birds, and two endemic in pigs. WHO officially declared the outbreak to be a pandemic on June 11, 2009, but stressed that the new designation was a result of the global "spread of the virus, " not its severity.
Manipulation of rumen fermentation by using feed additives has been gaining popularity in ruminan... more Manipulation of rumen fermentation by using feed additives has been gaining popularity in ruminant nutrition in recent years. One such approach is the use of fibrolytic enzymes in the treatment of feedstuffs to enhance their digestibility. The better understanding of the production techniques, enzyme activity, mode of enzyme action and application techniques of commercial non starch polysaccharidase enzymes can help the scientific community for competent utilization of these biotechnological products for efficient utilization of the available feed resources.
The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorgh... more The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorghum stover/groundnut haulm) was tested against the control diet (without enzymes) through in vitro dry matter degradability study using rumen liquor from sheep. Untreated/treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were included in complete rations for sheep and compared for their efficiency on dry matter degradability. The study was carried out with four replications for each treatment. The in vitro dry matter degradability of enzyme treated complete ration was 53.60 ± 3.57 which was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to in vitro dry matter degradability of 37.20 ± 2.02 in untreated complete ration. A digestibility trial in sheep was carried out to examine the extent to which digestibility was influenced by treatment of sorghum stover/groundnut haulm with non - starch polysaccharidase mixtures. The dry matter digestibility of enzyme treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were significa...
A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum sto... more A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms. Sorghum stover had the significantly highest fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, Cellulose, hemicelluloses and Lignin) and non starch polysaccharide fractions (Total, Soluble and Insoluble) compared to the other two crop residues. Enzyme activity assay of cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase and pectinase revealed multiple activities in a single enzyme. In vitro trials were carried out to evolve substrate specific customized non - starch polysaccharidase mixture for sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulm. The first trial was conducted to locate the range of enzymes required for maximum sugar release, followed by another in vitro trial to precisely identify the enzymes needed for respective substrates and the third one was to identify the inclusion level of these enzymes in combination to sorghum stover or ragi straw or groundnut haulm. All these trials ...
Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type... more Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type A. These are RNA viruses have an envelope surface antigen hemagglutinin that is responsible for the infectivity. It attaches specifically to a receptor on the erythrocytes and other host cells. Some influenza viruses have an enzyme called neuraminidase which helps the virus penetrate the mucus layer protecting the respiratory epithelium. The neuraminidase enzyme plays a role in the buddding of the new virus particles from the infected cells. Influenza A virus strains caused three major global epidemics during the 20th century: the spanish flu in 1918, Asian flu in 1957 and Hong kong flu in 1968-69. These pandemics were caused by strains of Influenza A virus that had undergone major genetic changes and for which the population did not possess significant immunity. Influenza B virus also undergoes antigenic changes but less extremly and at a slower rate than influenza A virus. Influenza C virus are rarely recognised. Antigenic Variation Antigenic variation occurs by two processes, antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The antigenic drift results from mutations in genes that code for haemaggluttinin and neuraminidase. Such mutations change the configuration of the part of antigenic
Ascitis is a metabolic disease of poultry in which excess amounts of fluid accumulates in the abd... more Ascitis is a metabolic disease of poultry in which excess amounts of fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity. Ascitis is initiated by factors that elevate the blood pressure within arteries supplying the lungs. This increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (hypertension) triggers the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascitis). This condition, generally recognized in broilers is often lethal. If at all the bird survives, the carcass would most often be condemned. When birds are chronically exposed to low oxygen levels, it tend to lead to a high incidence of ascitis. Other predisposing factors associated with the syndrome are rapid tissue growth, low protein or high sodium chloride in the mash, ammonia, noxious gases and mycotoxin. Hepatitis, cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal diseases are also considered important in the etiology of ascitis syndrome. The birds affected show shrunken comb, loss of feathers in the abdominal region, subcutaneous odema, odema of head, cyan...
The present study was was conducted in the University Livestock farm and Fodder Research and Deve... more The present study was was conducted in the University Livestock farm and Fodder Research and Development scheme (ULF and FRDS), Kerala Agricultural University Mannuthy, Thrissur from February to May 2008, covering the hottest part of the summer on twelve healthy crossbred cows in mid lactation, to study the effect of feeding during cooler hours of summer season on physiological and hematological parameters of crossbred cows in mid lactation. Animals were divided into two groups of six each. The T1 animals were maintained on routine management protocol whereas the T2 animals were maintained on concentrate mixture and green grass as roughage with 1/3rd of the concentrate and roughage fed during the day time (10.a.m) and rest in evening (6.00 p.m) and early morning (5.00 a.m) hours. Various physiological and hematological parameters of the two groups were recorded. From the present study it was concluded that the cool hour feeding of the animals during summer season did not show much significant differences in physiological and hematological parameters of mid lactation cross bred cows. On statistical analysis a significant difference (P< 0.05) in plasma cortisol was obtained between the two groups during the first and second fortnights. The overall average plasma cortisol level was significantly higher in the T1 in comparison to T2.
Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last... more Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last decade, researchers have reexamined the Carbohydrates in feedstuffs of plant origin are potential use of exogenous enzymes for ruminants due mainly grouped into monosaccharides, oligosacchato higher feed costs, lower costs of enzyme production rides and polysaccharides. In plants, polysaccharides and the availability of more active and better defined are located both intra and extracelluarly. The enzyme preparations (Beauchemin et al., 2003). intracellular plant polysaccharides, which are non-cell Enzyme feed additives for ruminants are concentrated wall components, are starch and fructans. Their main extracts obtained from fungal (Trichoderma function is as storage components. The extra cellular or longibrachiatum or Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus cell wall polysaccharides are arranged in definite oryzae) and bacterial (Bacillus spp.) fermentations. patterns to give fibrillar polysaccharide (cellulose), They do not contain microbial cells, because they are matrix polysaccharide (hemi-cellulose and pectin) and removed from fermentation and finally concentrated encrusting substances (lignin). These cell wall and purified. These enzymes can breakdown specific components, which do not include the storage bonds in feedstuffs, not usually degraded by components, are commonly known as the non-starch endogenous enzymes, thus releasing more nutrients polysaccharides (Panda and Arun, 2006). NSP can be (Sheppy, 2001). classified into three main groups normally cellulose, Cellulase non-cellulosic polymer and pectic polysaccharides The cellulase system contains mainly endo-(Choct, 1997). glucanase, exoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase and ß-Feed enzymes glucosidase or cellobiase. Most endoglucana-ses attack internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosa-Feed enzymes are produced by a batch ccharides and release mainly cellobiose and fermentation process beginning with a seed culture cellotriose, while cellobiohydrolase hydrolyze the and growth media (Cowman, 1994). Once the second glycosidic bond from either the reducing or fermentation is complete, the enzyme protein is non-reducing end of the cello-oligosaccharides. separated from the fermentation residues and source However, ß-1, 4 glucosidase sequentially removes one organisms (Beauchemin et al., 2003). glucose unit from either the non-reducing end or both Ruminant Feed Enzymes ends (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The rumen contains numerous microbes, which Xylanase overcome the factors that limit feed utilization by non-The main enzymes involved in degrading the ruminants (Bowman et al., 2002). Feeding of exogenous xylan core polymer to soluble sugars are xylanase and enzymes in ruminants was previously an unacceptable ß-1, 4 xylosidase (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The practice, because these proteins were thought to be
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2010
Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last... more Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last decade, researchers have reexamined the Carbohydrates in feedstuffs of plant origin are potential use of exogenous enzymes for ruminants due mainly grouped into monosaccharides, oligosacchato higher feed costs, lower costs of enzyme production rides and polysaccharides. In plants, polysaccharides and the availability of more active and better defined are located both intra and extracelluarly. The enzyme preparations (Beauchemin et al., 2003). intracellular plant polysaccharides, which are non-cell Enzyme feed additives for ruminants are concentrated wall components, are starch and fructans. Their main extracts obtained from fungal (Trichoderma function is as storage components. The extra cellular or longibrachiatum or Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus cell wall polysaccharides are arranged in definite oryzae) and bacterial (Bacillus spp.) fermentations. patterns to give fibrillar polysaccharide (cellulose), They do not contain microbial cells, because they are matrix polysaccharide (hemi-cellulose and pectin) and removed from fermentation and finally concentrated encrusting substances (lignin). These cell wall and purified. These enzymes can breakdown specific components, which do not include the storage bonds in feedstuffs, not usually degraded by components, are commonly known as the non-starch endogenous enzymes, thus releasing more nutrients polysaccharides (Panda and Arun, 2006). NSP can be (Sheppy, 2001). classified into three main groups normally cellulose, Cellulase non-cellulosic polymer and pectic polysaccharides The cellulase system contains mainly endo-(Choct, 1997). glucanase, exoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase and ß-Feed enzymes glucosidase or cellobiase. Most endoglucana-ses attack internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosa-Feed enzymes are produced by a batch ccharides and release mainly cellobiose and fermentation process beginning with a seed culture cellotriose, while cellobiohydrolase hydrolyze the and growth media (Cowman, 1994). Once the second glycosidic bond from either the reducing or fermentation is complete, the enzyme protein is non-reducing end of the cello-oligosaccharides. separated from the fermentation residues and source However, ß-1, 4 glucosidase sequentially removes one organisms (Beauchemin et al., 2003). glucose unit from either the non-reducing end or both Ruminant Feed Enzymes ends (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The rumen contains numerous microbes, which Xylanase overcome the factors that limit feed utilization by non-The main enzymes involved in degrading the ruminants (Bowman et al., 2002). Feeding of exogenous xylan core polymer to soluble sugars are xylanase and enzymes in ruminants was previously an unacceptable ß-1, 4 xylosidase (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The practice, because these proteins were thought to be
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2009
Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type... more Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type A. These are RNA viruses have an envelope surface antigen hemagglutinin that is responsible for the infectivity. It attaches specifically to a receptor on the erythrocytes and other host cells. Some influenza viruses have an enzyme called neuraminidase which helps the virus penetrate the mucus layer protecting the respiratory epithelium. The neuraminidase enzyme plays a role in the buddding of the new virus particles from the infected cells. Influenza A virus strains caused three major global epidemics during the 20th century: the spanish flu in 1918, Asian flu in 1957 and Hong kong flu in 1968-69. These pandemics were caused by strains of Influenza A virus that had undergone major genetic changes and for which the population did not possess significant immunity. Influenza B virus also undergoes antigenic changes but less extremly and at a slower rate than influenza A virus. Influenza C virus are rarely recognised. Antigenic Variation Antigenic variation occurs by two processes, antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The antigenic drift results from mutations in genes that code for haemaggluttinin and neuraminidase. Such mutations change the configuration of the part of antigenic
The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorgh... more The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorghum stover/groundnut haulm) was tested against the control diet (without enzymes) through in vitro dry matter degradability study using rumen liquor from sheep. Untreated/treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were included in complete rations for sheep and compared for their efficiency on dry matter degradability. The study was carried out with four replications for each treatment. The in vitro dry matter degradability of enzyme treated complete ration was 53.60 ± 3.57 which was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to in vitro dry matter degradability of 37.20 ± 2.02 in untreated complete ration. A digestibility trial in sheep was carried out to examine the extent to which digestibility was influenced by treatment of sorghum stover/groundnut haulm with non - starch polysaccharidase mixtures. The dry matter digestibility of enzyme treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the dry matter digestibility of their untreated counterparts.
A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum sto... more A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms. Sorghum stover had the significantly highest fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, Cellulose, hemicelluloses and Lignin) and non starch polysaccharide fractions (Total, Soluble and Insoluble) compared to the other two crop residues. Enzyme activity assay of cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase and pectinase revealed multiple activities in a single enzyme. In vitro trials were carried out to evolve substrate specific customized non - starch polysaccharidase mixture for sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulm. The first trial was conducted to locate the range of enzymes required for maximum sugar release, followed by another in vitro trial to precisely identify the enzymes needed for respective substrates and the third one was to identify the inclusion level of these enzymes in combination to sorghum stover or ragi straw or groundnut haulm. All these trials were conducted in duplicate in three runs. These experiments established that each gram of sorghum stover and ragi straw requires 1200 U of Cellulase, 120 U of Xylanase and 700 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis and each gram of groundnut haulm requires 1600 U of Cellulase, 100 U of Xylanase and 600 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis.
Hippocrates had described an influenza like outbreak in 412 B.C. and since then repeated influenz... more Hippocrates had described an influenza like outbreak in 412 B.C. and since then repeated influenza like epidemics and pandemics have been recorded in recent times. One of the greatest killers of all time was the pandemic of swine flu (Spanish flu) of 1918-1919, when 230 million people died. Annual influenza epidemics are estimated to affect 5–15 % of the global population, resulting in severe illness in 3–5 million patients causing 250,000–500,000 deaths worldwide. Severe illness and deaths occur mainly in the high-risk populations of infants, the elderly, and chronically ill patients. The 2009 outbreak of swine flu is thought to be a mutation more specifically a reassortment of four known strains of influenza A virus subtype H1N1; one endemc in humans, one endemic in birds, and two endemic in pigs. WHO officially declared the outbreak to be a pandemic on June 11, 2009, but stressed that the new designation was a result of the global "spread of the virus, " not its severity.
Manipulation of rumen fermentation by using feed additives has been gaining popularity in ruminan... more Manipulation of rumen fermentation by using feed additives has been gaining popularity in ruminant nutrition in recent years. One such approach is the use of fibrolytic enzymes in the treatment of feedstuffs to enhance their digestibility. The better understanding of the production techniques, enzyme activity, mode of enzyme action and application techniques of commercial non starch polysaccharidase enzymes can help the scientific community for competent utilization of these biotechnological products for efficient utilization of the available feed resources.
The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorgh... more The non - starch polysaccharidase mixture that was evolved for the respective crop residue (sorghum stover/groundnut haulm) was tested against the control diet (without enzymes) through in vitro dry matter degradability study using rumen liquor from sheep. Untreated/treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were included in complete rations for sheep and compared for their efficiency on dry matter degradability. The study was carried out with four replications for each treatment. The in vitro dry matter degradability of enzyme treated complete ration was 53.60 ± 3.57 which was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to in vitro dry matter degradability of 37.20 ± 2.02 in untreated complete ration. A digestibility trial in sheep was carried out to examine the extent to which digestibility was influenced by treatment of sorghum stover/groundnut haulm with non - starch polysaccharidase mixtures. The dry matter digestibility of enzyme treated sorghum stover/groundnut haulm were significa...
A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum sto... more A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms. Sorghum stover had the significantly highest fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, Cellulose, hemicelluloses and Lignin) and non starch polysaccharide fractions (Total, Soluble and Insoluble) compared to the other two crop residues. Enzyme activity assay of cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase and pectinase revealed multiple activities in a single enzyme. In vitro trials were carried out to evolve substrate specific customized non - starch polysaccharidase mixture for sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulm. The first trial was conducted to locate the range of enzymes required for maximum sugar release, followed by another in vitro trial to precisely identify the enzymes needed for respective substrates and the third one was to identify the inclusion level of these enzymes in combination to sorghum stover or ragi straw or groundnut haulm. All these trials ...
Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type... more Causative agent Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by a strain of the influenza virus type A. These are RNA viruses have an envelope surface antigen hemagglutinin that is responsible for the infectivity. It attaches specifically to a receptor on the erythrocytes and other host cells. Some influenza viruses have an enzyme called neuraminidase which helps the virus penetrate the mucus layer protecting the respiratory epithelium. The neuraminidase enzyme plays a role in the buddding of the new virus particles from the infected cells. Influenza A virus strains caused three major global epidemics during the 20th century: the spanish flu in 1918, Asian flu in 1957 and Hong kong flu in 1968-69. These pandemics were caused by strains of Influenza A virus that had undergone major genetic changes and for which the population did not possess significant immunity. Influenza B virus also undergoes antigenic changes but less extremly and at a slower rate than influenza A virus. Influenza C virus are rarely recognised. Antigenic Variation Antigenic variation occurs by two processes, antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The antigenic drift results from mutations in genes that code for haemaggluttinin and neuraminidase. Such mutations change the configuration of the part of antigenic
Ascitis is a metabolic disease of poultry in which excess amounts of fluid accumulates in the abd... more Ascitis is a metabolic disease of poultry in which excess amounts of fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity. Ascitis is initiated by factors that elevate the blood pressure within arteries supplying the lungs. This increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (hypertension) triggers the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascitis). This condition, generally recognized in broilers is often lethal. If at all the bird survives, the carcass would most often be condemned. When birds are chronically exposed to low oxygen levels, it tend to lead to a high incidence of ascitis. Other predisposing factors associated with the syndrome are rapid tissue growth, low protein or high sodium chloride in the mash, ammonia, noxious gases and mycotoxin. Hepatitis, cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal diseases are also considered important in the etiology of ascitis syndrome. The birds affected show shrunken comb, loss of feathers in the abdominal region, subcutaneous odema, odema of head, cyan...
The present study was was conducted in the University Livestock farm and Fodder Research and Deve... more The present study was was conducted in the University Livestock farm and Fodder Research and Development scheme (ULF and FRDS), Kerala Agricultural University Mannuthy, Thrissur from February to May 2008, covering the hottest part of the summer on twelve healthy crossbred cows in mid lactation, to study the effect of feeding during cooler hours of summer season on physiological and hematological parameters of crossbred cows in mid lactation. Animals were divided into two groups of six each. The T1 animals were maintained on routine management protocol whereas the T2 animals were maintained on concentrate mixture and green grass as roughage with 1/3rd of the concentrate and roughage fed during the day time (10.a.m) and rest in evening (6.00 p.m) and early morning (5.00 a.m) hours. Various physiological and hematological parameters of the two groups were recorded. From the present study it was concluded that the cool hour feeding of the animals during summer season did not show much significant differences in physiological and hematological parameters of mid lactation cross bred cows. On statistical analysis a significant difference (P< 0.05) in plasma cortisol was obtained between the two groups during the first and second fortnights. The overall average plasma cortisol level was significantly higher in the T1 in comparison to T2.
Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last... more Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) degraded by ruminal proteases (Kopency et al., 1987). In the last decade, researchers have reexamined the Carbohydrates in feedstuffs of plant origin are potential use of exogenous enzymes for ruminants due mainly grouped into monosaccharides, oligosacchato higher feed costs, lower costs of enzyme production rides and polysaccharides. In plants, polysaccharides and the availability of more active and better defined are located both intra and extracelluarly. The enzyme preparations (Beauchemin et al., 2003). intracellular plant polysaccharides, which are non-cell Enzyme feed additives for ruminants are concentrated wall components, are starch and fructans. Their main extracts obtained from fungal (Trichoderma function is as storage components. The extra cellular or longibrachiatum or Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus cell wall polysaccharides are arranged in definite oryzae) and bacterial (Bacillus spp.) fermentations. patterns to give fibrillar polysaccharide (cellulose), They do not contain microbial cells, because they are matrix polysaccharide (hemi-cellulose and pectin) and removed from fermentation and finally concentrated encrusting substances (lignin). These cell wall and purified. These enzymes can breakdown specific components, which do not include the storage bonds in feedstuffs, not usually degraded by components, are commonly known as the non-starch endogenous enzymes, thus releasing more nutrients polysaccharides (Panda and Arun, 2006). NSP can be (Sheppy, 2001). classified into three main groups normally cellulose, Cellulase non-cellulosic polymer and pectic polysaccharides The cellulase system contains mainly endo-(Choct, 1997). glucanase, exoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase and ß-Feed enzymes glucosidase or cellobiase. Most endoglucana-ses attack internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosa-Feed enzymes are produced by a batch ccharides and release mainly cellobiose and fermentation process beginning with a seed culture cellotriose, while cellobiohydrolase hydrolyze the and growth media (Cowman, 1994). Once the second glycosidic bond from either the reducing or fermentation is complete, the enzyme protein is non-reducing end of the cello-oligosaccharides. separated from the fermentation residues and source However, ß-1, 4 glucosidase sequentially removes one organisms (Beauchemin et al., 2003). glucose unit from either the non-reducing end or both Ruminant Feed Enzymes ends (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The rumen contains numerous microbes, which Xylanase overcome the factors that limit feed utilization by non-The main enzymes involved in degrading the ruminants (Bowman et al., 2002). Feeding of exogenous xylan core polymer to soluble sugars are xylanase and enzymes in ruminants was previously an unacceptable ß-1, 4 xylosidase (Bhat and Hazlewood, 2001). The practice, because these proteins were thought to be
Uploads
Papers by yancy ISSAC