Machine ethics and robot rights are quickly becoming hot topics in artificial intelligence/roboti... more Machine ethics and robot rights are quickly becoming hot topics in artificial intelligence/robotics communities. We will argue that the attempts to allow machines to make ethical decisions or to have rights are misguided. Instead we propose a new science of safety engineering for intelligent artificial agents. In particular we issue a challenge to the scientific community to develop intelligent systems capable of proving that they are in fact safe even under recursive self-improvement. The last decade has seen a boom of new subfields of computer science concerned with development of ethics in machines. Machine ethics [5, 6, 32, 29, 40], computer ethics [28], robot ethics [37, 38, 27], ethicALife [42], machine morals [44], cyborg ethics [43], computational ethics [36], roboethics [41], robot rights [21], and artificial morals [3] are just some of the proposals meant to address society's concerns with safety of ever more advanced machines [39]. Unfortunately the perceived abundance of research in intelligent machine safety is misleading. The great majority of published papers are purely philosophical in nature and do little more than reiterate the need for machine ethics and argue about which set of moral convictions would be the right ones to implement in our artificial progeny (Kantian [33], Utilitarian [20], Jewish [34], etc.). However, since ethical norms are not universal, a " correct " ethical code could never be selected over others to the satisfaction of humanity as a whole.
Expert systems are knowledge-based information systems which are expected to have human attribute... more Expert systems are knowledge-based information systems which are expected to have human attributes in order to replicate human capacity in ethical decision making. An expert system functions by virtue of its information, its inferential rules, and its decision criteria, each of which may be problematic. This paper addresses three basic reasons for ethical concern when using the currently available expert systems in a decisions-making capacity. These reasons are (1) expert systems' lack of human intelligence, (2) expert sys-tems' lack of emotions and values, and (3) expert systems' possible incorporation of intentional or accidental bias. For these reasons artificial ethics seems to be science fiction. Consequently, expert systems should be used only in an advising capacity and managers should not absolve themselves from legal and ethical responsibility when using expert systems in decision making.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an effective science which employs strong enough approaches, meth... more Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an effective science which employs strong enough approaches, methods, and techniques to solve unsolvable real-world based problems. Because of its unstoppable rise towards the future, there are also some discussions about its ethics and safety. Shaping an AI-friendly environment for people and a people-friendly environment for AI can be a possible answer for finding a shared context of values for both humans and robots. In this context, objective of this paper is to address the ethical issues of AI and explore the moral dilemmas that arise from ethical algorithms, from pre-set or acquired values. In addition, the paper will also focus on the subject of AI safety. As general, the paper will briefly analyze the concerns and potential solutions to solving the ethical issues presented and increase readers' awareness on AI safety as another related research interest.
Machine ethics and robot rights are quickly becoming hot topics in artificial intelligence/roboti... more Machine ethics and robot rights are quickly becoming hot topics in artificial intelligence/robotics communities. We will argue that the attempts to allow machines to make ethical decisions or to have rights are misguided. Instead we propose a new science of safety engineering for intelligent artificial agents. In particular we issue a challenge to the scientific community to develop intelligent systems capable of proving that they are in fact safe even under recursive self-improvement. The last decade has seen a boom of new subfields of computer science concerned with development of ethics in machines. Machine ethics [5, 6, 32, 29, 40], computer ethics [28], robot ethics [37, 38, 27], ethicALife [42], machine morals [44], cyborg ethics [43], computational ethics [36], roboethics [41], robot rights [21], and artificial morals [3] are just some of the proposals meant to address society's concerns with safety of ever more advanced machines [39]. Unfortunately the perceived abundance of research in intelligent machine safety is misleading. The great majority of published papers are purely philosophical in nature and do little more than reiterate the need for machine ethics and argue about which set of moral convictions would be the right ones to implement in our artificial progeny (Kantian [33], Utilitarian [20], Jewish [34], etc.). However, since ethical norms are not universal, a " correct " ethical code could never be selected over others to the satisfaction of humanity as a whole.
Expert systems are knowledge-based information systems which are expected to have human attribute... more Expert systems are knowledge-based information systems which are expected to have human attributes in order to replicate human capacity in ethical decision making. An expert system functions by virtue of its information, its inferential rules, and its decision criteria, each of which may be problematic. This paper addresses three basic reasons for ethical concern when using the currently available expert systems in a decisions-making capacity. These reasons are (1) expert systems' lack of human intelligence, (2) expert sys-tems' lack of emotions and values, and (3) expert systems' possible incorporation of intentional or accidental bias. For these reasons artificial ethics seems to be science fiction. Consequently, expert systems should be used only in an advising capacity and managers should not absolve themselves from legal and ethical responsibility when using expert systems in decision making.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an effective science which employs strong enough approaches, meth... more Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an effective science which employs strong enough approaches, methods, and techniques to solve unsolvable real-world based problems. Because of its unstoppable rise towards the future, there are also some discussions about its ethics and safety. Shaping an AI-friendly environment for people and a people-friendly environment for AI can be a possible answer for finding a shared context of values for both humans and robots. In this context, objective of this paper is to address the ethical issues of AI and explore the moral dilemmas that arise from ethical algorithms, from pre-set or acquired values. In addition, the paper will also focus on the subject of AI safety. As general, the paper will briefly analyze the concerns and potential solutions to solving the ethical issues presented and increase readers' awareness on AI safety as another related research interest.
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