Papers by stefania santamaria
Introduction: Substances and methods capable of improving athletic performance have been one of t... more Introduction: Substances and methods capable of improving athletic performance have been one of the greatest concerns in elite sport community. It is a serious danger to sport and health. The teacher, coach and educator play an important role in the "physically" training of educated people and in culture of health promotion. Methodology: The study combines a bibliographic research about education importance in doping prevention and the Italian data analysis in doping spread for attention among young athletes (<19). The bibliographic sources were identified on Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The data relating about doping spread were extrapolated by reports of the Italian Ministry of Health. The time frame considered from 2018 (latest available data) to 2013. Results: The available data show that 2014 had the highest number of positives (58) and that, starting from that year, the doped athletes number was significantly lower up to 13 in 2018. On young people <19 an almost irrelevant positives number can be seen. Even in 2014 the positives number was 0. Conclusion: This study shows data on the doping prevalence and the result of WADA's identification of educational programs and research on social prevention as strategic priorities for the development of evidence-based anti-doping education.
Functional Neurology, 2015
Sport Mont Journal, Feb 1, 2019
In last years, there has been a multitude of studies on doping, such as in recreational and in am... more In last years, there has been a multitude of studies on doping, such as in recreational and in amateur sport. The extent of this phenomenon was clarified for special populations (like e.g. bodybuilders) and for special substances (mostly for anabolic steroids). Doping is present in sportsmen and women; the reasons why may be many and various. The aim of this study is to discover the gender disparity of drugs addiction as doping practice and breakdown by sport bodies and gender. The data show the anti-doping test took place on Italian professional athletes during the last years: from 2007 to 2017. Data showed are originated from the report commissioned by the Italian Ministry of Health. About checked doped athletes there are significant gender differences in doping attitude and/or in doping profiling. First of all, males seem to be more exposed to doping than females. The prohibited substances most frequently used by females athletes are diuretics and masking agents (10 athletes in 2014), cannabinoids (5 in 2007) and stimulants (5 in 2011) compared to males athletes who use mostly anabolic agents (27 in 2017), cannabinoids (20 in 2012) and diuretics and masking agents (17 in 2011 e 2014). The addiction of doping substances, depends on various factors related to gender, but what drives men and women is the sense of gratification and ego orientation. Nowadays a significant number of women joined official and Olympic competitions. Doping to enhance female sport performances took importance from the two last decades of the past century.
Biology and medicine, 2016
Intensity training, talent, and an adequate diet represent the crucial factors for the success of... more Intensity training, talent, and an adequate diet represent the crucial factors for the success of athletes. Unfortunately, athletes prefer intaking substances to quicker and easier increase their performance compared to traditional training. For this reason there has been a significant spread of enhancing substances drugs and dietary supplements (DS), although, as already broadly evidenced, the abuse of those substances could seriously damage athletes' health. Indeed, DS could contain substances that are not declared on the label, which are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This exploratory study aims to investigate DS phenomenon, specifically, we want to describe this phenomenon among boxers, analyzing typologies of DS intaken, knowledge about DS, main reasons for justifying DS abuse, and places where boxers buy them and potential consultants about suggesting their consumption. Data were collected through a total of 214 anonymous self-report questionnaires administered to boxers in Campania (Italy), 169 questionnaires were considered valid. The study collects data exclusively for male athletes. Indeed, the results demonstrate that boxers, mainly men (88.4% of the sample), practice sport mostly for fun and they intake DS for balancing out nutritional deficiencies and having more energy. Mineral salts (N=88) and vitamins (N=85) are broadly intaken compared to other substances. The consumption of DSis recommended by coach in the competitive athletes (N=33), against non-competitive boxer whom consultant is the doctor (N=25). Boxers mostly buy the supplements in the drugstore. In summary, the results demonstrate that boxers widely intake DS for improving their performance. Also, implications for research and practice are discussed.
Giornale Italiano di Educazione alla Salute, Sport e Didattica Inclusiva, 2017
Man has always tried to improve his physical performance. Doping is an ancient phenomenon. It exi... more Man has always tried to improve his physical performance. Doping is an ancient phenomenon. It exists not only in professional sport, but also affects amateur athletes. Furthermore, it involves athletes' friends and relatives, medical staff, managers, chemists, biologists and pharmacists, pharmaceutical industries, clandestine laboratories and criminal organizations. Over time, doping has shown a great ability to discover and always use new substances and appropriated the new scientific discoveries. Unfortunately, new discoveries for the human health are been used in distorted way by the athletes. In fact, the athletes may be able to use gene therapy to re-engineer their bodies for better performances. Drug dependence depends on several factors: the socio-environmental context of the subject and what effects have the substance in the body. Moreover, the drug dependence could be connected to the indirect gratification. WADA, in 2004, drew up a Code that is constantly emended. The Code explains not only "what is" doping but it contains sanctions too. Others instruments used to contrast doping are the accredited laboratories, the biological passport and the Anti-Doping Administration & Management System (ADAMS), a Web-based database management system that simplifies the daily activities of all stakeholders and athletes involved in the anti-doping system.
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, Jun 1, 2018
Use of performance-enhancing drugs concern not only elite Olympic and Paralympic Games&amp;am... more Use of performance-enhancing drugs concern not only elite Olympic and Paralympic Games&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; athletes but also amateur athletes, who are making increasing use of substances and/or methods. Furthermore, a new frontier reached by the doping is the use of genes. World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA), expressly prohibited the participation in competitive sports by the athlete in case of taking banned substances to treat disease in the event that the above assumption implies an excessive improvement of performance. This study aims to analyze and show the doping control as an essential part of the anti-doping program to promote and protect the integrity of sport and athlete&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s health. Testing is carried out in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Code and several international standards (ISs). The ISs were developed for laboratories, testing, the prohibited list, and for therapeutic use exemptions (TUE). It seems that the 2009 version of the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) obliges all the healthcare professionals not to assist athletes engaged in doping behaviours; they can be removed from working with athletes. Many people do not know doping&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s dangerous effects on health. It is necessary, therefore, implement the knowledge on this issue through public and sports institutions information and awareness campaigns. For this reason, local institutions and the National Olympic Committee shall give tools, in particular economic, to carry out the work of education, training, and control.
Diritto dell'economia, 2021
Introduction: Substances and methods capable of improving athletic performance have been one of t... more Introduction: Substances and methods capable of improving athletic performance have been one of the greatest concerns in elite sport community. It is a serious danger to sport and health. The teacher, coach and educator play an important role in the "physically" training of educated people and in culture of health promotion. Methodology: The study combines a bibliographic research about education importance in doping prevention and the Italian data analysis in doping spread for attention among young athletes (<19). The bibliographic sources were identified on Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The data relating about doping spread were extrapolated by reports of the Italian Ministry of Health. The time frame considered from 2018 (latest available data) to 2013. Results: The available data show that 2014 had the highest number of positives (58) and that, starting from that year, the doped athletes number was significantly lower up to 13 in 2018. On young people <19 an almost irrelevant positives number can be seen. Even in 2014 the positives number was 0. Conclusion: This study shows data on the doping prevalence and the result of WADA's identification of educational programs and research on social prevention as strategic priorities for the development of evidence-based anti-doping education.
Man has always tried to improve his physical performance. Doping is an ancient phenomenon. It exi... more Man has always tried to improve his physical performance. Doping is an ancient phenomenon. It exists not only in professional sport, but also affects amateur athletes. Furthermore, it involves athletes' friends and relatives, medical staff, managers, chemists, biologists and pharmacists, pharmaceutical industries, clandestine laboratories and criminal organizations. Over time, doping has shown a great ability to discover and always use new substances and appropriated the new scientific discoveries. Unfortunately, new discoveries for the human health are been used in distorted way by the athletes. In fact, the athletes may be able to use gene therapy to re-engineer their bodies for better performances. Drug dependence depends on several factors: the socio-environmental context of the subject and what effects have the substance in the body. Moreover, the drug dependence could be connected to the indirect gratification. WADA, in 2004, drew up a Code that is constantly emended. The ...
The diffusion of doping is caused by psychological and social dynamics. If the guys believe that ... more The diffusion of doping is caused by psychological and social dynamics. If the guys believe that the capacity is not related to commitment, then they are more exposed to the use of performance-enhancing drugs. There are three categories of reasons that induce athletes to use performance-enhancing drugs too: causes psychological and emotional, social and psycho-physiological. Moreover, in literature you can read other reasons that push people to take drugs: the “effect of formulation”, the “principle of utility”, the “heuristics of the accessibility” and the “representativeness heuristic”. Doping exists not only in professional sport but also affects amateur athletes. It poses a threat to sport worldwide. To use substances or resort to methods that may artificially alter the capabilities is ethically and legally wrong. The main ethical issues related to gene doping are also found in their detection that involves tissue sampling. There is a risk for the future generations, too. Moreov...
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2019 - Spring Conferences of Sports Science, 2019
Athletes frequently use dietary supplements (DS) to find better results as soon as possible. More... more Athletes frequently use dietary supplements (DS) to find better results as soon as possible. Moreover, they also will be occurring in "polypharmacy" or in substances prohibited for doping. The aim of this retrospective sectional study was to explore use and attitudes toward drugs and dietary supplements (DS) in Italian Sports Federations and its correlation with banned doping substances token amongst elite athletes. The data shows the results from 2012 to 2017, among Italian Sports Federations elite athletes and the analysis of the antidoping controls from the Ministry of Health annual reports. The results show that the largest number of supplements consumption declarations was recorded in 2014 in sport as cycling and athletics. Moreover, in the same year and in 2012 there were 48 and 42 declarations on 58 and 52 doped athletes. Among the Italian federations, three are particularly controlled: FCI-cycling, FIDAL-athletics and FIGC-football. Most of the consumers subjects are male athletes. So maybe there is a link between NS and positive results in antidoping test. The consumption of health products is constantly expanding and educational interventions will be needed to improve drugs and DS use about elite athletes as well in amateur athletes.
Sport Mont, 2019
In last years, there has been a multitude of studies on doping, such as in recreational and in am... more In last years, there has been a multitude of studies on doping, such as in recreational and in amateur sport. The extent of this phenomenon was clarified for special populations (like e.g. bodybuilders) and for special substances (mostly for anabolic steroids). Doping is present in sportsmen and women; the reasons why may be many and various. The aim of this study is to discover the gender disparity of drugs addiction as doping practice and breakdown by sport bodies and gender. The data show the anti-doping test took place on Italian professional athletes during the last years: from 2007 to 2017. Data showed are originated from the report commissioned by the Italian Ministry of Health. About checked doped athletes there are significant gender differences in doping attitude and/or in doping profiling. First of all, males seem to be more exposed to doping than females. The prohibited substances most frequently used by females athletes are diuretics and masking agents (10 athletes in 2014), cannabinoids (5 in 2007) and stimulants (5 in 2011) compared to males athletes who use mostly anabolic agents (27 in 2017), cannabinoids (20 in 2012) and diuretics and masking agents (17 in 2011 e 2014). The addiction of doping substances, depends on various factors related to gender, but what drives men and women is the sense of gratification and ego orientation. Nowadays a significant number of women joined official and Olympic competitions. Doping to enhance female sport performances took importance from the two last decades of the past century.
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, Jan 24, 2017
Use of performance-enhancing drugs concern not only elite Olympic and Paralympic Games' athle... more Use of performance-enhancing drugs concern not only elite Olympic and Paralympic Games' athletes but also amateur athletes, who are making increasing use of substances and/or methods. Furthermore, a new frontier reached by the doping is the use of genes. World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA), expressly prohibited the participation in competitive sports by the athlete in case of taking banned substances to treat disease in the event that the above assumption implies an excessive improvement of performance. This study aims to analyze and show the doping control as an essential part of the anti-doping program to promote and protect the integrity of sport and athlete's health. Testing is carried out in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Code and several international standards (ISs). The ISs were developed for laboratories, testing, the prohibited list, and for therapeutic use exemptions (TUE). It seems that the 2009 version of the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) obliges all the hea...
Biology and Medicine, 2016
Aim: Doping affects the sport. Its explosive spread has triggered the response of sports' and gov... more Aim: Doping affects the sport. Its explosive spread has triggered the response of sports' and government's institutions. The aims of this study were to know the spread of doping in Italy, what were the most used substances and/or method and in which sports it was more common. Moreover, what instruments were used to contrast it. Methods: We have analysed the doping's spread in Italy since 2003. The data come from the databases of government and sports Italians institutions. We have compared those data and focused our attention on substances and/or methods discovered in athletes. Furthermore, data's combination showed the reason of drug addiction. Results: In Italy, only 3% of checked athletes are doped, many of them are men and young athletes dope less than the older ones. Doped athletes play mainly cycling, athletics, swimming and football. The prominent peak of them is in the Central and Southern Italy in 2008 and 2010. Moreover, the analysis of data relating to galenic preparations declared during the year 2012, shows that 75% of the prescribed substances are diuretics and masking agents, anabolic steroids and stimulant. Regarding the substances, cannabinoids and stimulants have recorded the highest consumption. Conclusion: The data show only the tip of the iceberg due to doping's secrecy. Every substance that give pleasant sensations or help the subject in his activity will bring him to repeat the consumption. Frequently, new substances and methods are discovered. For this reason, to contrast this phenomenon, there are legislation instruments together with various funded projects.
Functional Neurology, 2015
Biology and Medicine, 2016
Intensity training, talent, and an adequate diet represent the crucial factors for the success of... more Intensity training, talent, and an adequate diet represent the crucial factors for the success of athletes. Unfortunately, athletes prefer intaking substances to quicker and easier increase their performance compared to traditional training. For this reason there has been a significant spread of enhancing substances drugs and dietary supplements (DS), although, as already broadly evidenced, the abuse of those substances could seriously damage athletes' health. Indeed, DS could contain substances that are not declared on the label, which are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This exploratory study aims to investigate DS phenomenon, specifically, we want to describe this phenomenon among boxers, analyzing typologies of DS intaken, knowledge about DS, main reasons for justifying DS abuse, and places where boxers buy them and potential consultants about suggesting their consumption. Data were collected through a total of 214 anonymous self-report questionnaires administered to boxers in Campania (Italy), 169 questionnaires were considered valid. The study collects data exclusively for male athletes. Indeed, the results demonstrate that boxers, mainly men (88.4% of the sample), practice sport mostly for fun and they intake DS for balancing out nutritional deficiencies and having more energy. Mineral salts (N=88) and vitamins (N=85) are broadly intaken compared to other substances. The consumption of DSis recommended by coach in the competitive athletes (N=33), against non-competitive boxer whom consultant is the doctor (N=25). Boxers mostly buy the supplements in the drugstore. In summary, the results demonstrate that boxers widely intake DS for improving their performance. Also, implications for research and practice are discussed.
Ricerche giuridiche, 2017
<div> <p>The author comments on the recent decision of the Supreme Court concerning t... more <div> <p>The author comments on the recent decision of the Supreme Court concerning the important issue of directors' duties and responsibilities. The judgment of June 22nd 2017, n. 15470, invokes the business judgment rule which is a legal principle that grants directors, managers and agents of a company immunity from lawsuits relating to corporate transactions when it is found that they have acted in good faith and in the best interest of the company. If it is correct to state that the bad management of the directors is likely to generate a responsibility for them in violation of the duties imposed by the law, it is equally true that the business judgment rule protects the content of management decisions in terms of convenience but also of opportunities, profitability and profitability, except on the assumption of evident irrationality. In the case in point the Court ruled that the business judgment rule cannot be applied because of the irrational decisions made by the director in the absence of an adequate decision-making process.</p> </div>
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Papers by stefania santamaria