Humans (both we and our ancestors) presumably depend on the common basic mechanism for communicat... more Humans (both we and our ancestors) presumably depend on the common basic mechanism for communication underlying the linguistic interaction. We deploy what might be called "primitive" parts of folk psychology for the purpose of communication. The aim of our presentation is to show the basic functional structure of primitive folk psychology as a pre-linguistic mind-reading system. As an example of mind-reading function, we have selected "joint attention". An experiment of human-robot Interaction Joint attention is an action of communicative eye gaze, which is defined operationally as "looking where someone else is looking."(Butterworth, 1991). This action begins as a reflexive action. Then infants come to understand and share others' attentions in terms of their intentions .
In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human's gaze but also identify the ... more In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human's gaze but also identify the gaze target of the human. We believe that mutual adjustment based on the individuality of the robot is a key to identify the gaze target of the human even if the human decides the target unilaterally. In the identification, mismatches of the gaze target are uncovered. In humans, the mismatches can be accepted as individuality , it is not the case for robots in which obedience to humans is expected. We examined the case of mismatches in gaze target, which could entail a change in the subjective evaluation of the robot. We found that when the mismatch became apparent, although the concordance rate of the gaze target was high, humans' evaluation of understanding of the gaze target by the robot tended to be worse. The impressions of "friendly," "kind," "cute," and "funny" were reduced, while those of "humanity" and "complexity" tended to increase.
In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human’s gaze but also understand th... more In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human’s gaze but also understand the gaze target of the human. To achieve this goal, we believe the key is mutual adjustment based on the subjectivity of the robot rather than the unilateral imitation of the human’s target. In humans, mismatches in the gaze target identification are naturally accepted as subjectivity; the same cannot be said for robots, in which obedience is expected. We examined the case of mismatches in the gaze target that could entail a change in the subjective evaluation of the robot (Experiment 1). We found that when the mismatch became apparent, although the concordance rate of the gaze target was high, human’s evaluation of understanding of the gaze target by the robot tended to be worse. Also impressions of “friendly,” “kind,” “cute,” and “funny” were reduced, but those of “humanity” and “complexity” tended to increase. In addition, we added a procedure to show a few symbolic facial expressions t...
The problem of artificial intelligence and human being has always raised questions about possible... more The problem of artificial intelligence and human being has always raised questions about possible interactions among them and possible effects yielded by the introduction of such un-human subject. Dreyfus deeply connects intelligence and body based on a phenomenological viewpoint. Thanks to his reading of Merleau-Ponty, he clearly stated that an intelligence must be embodied into a body to function. According to his suggestion, any AI designed to be human-like is doom to failure if there is no tight bound with a human-like body. Today, we are facing the pervasive introduction of robots into our everyday life, and the problem of this coexistence raises again with new vigor since they are not mere speculations, but there are already products sold to the public. We will highlight how vulnerability has to be taken into consideration in the design of robots to create entities which are able to relate to human beings taking into consideration mainly the positions of Sartre, Habermas, Levinas, and Marleau-Ponty. A first part will focus on the vulnerability of the robots. Robots are going to be among us, but a real interaction is possible only the moment they have a "same" body of ours. Therefore, only through the realization of a "fragile" body we can achieve a cohabitation between equals. Thanks to Merleau-Ponty we will show how the vulnerability of a body is one of the most important element to found any social interaction. The second part will focus on how the robots will affect the vulnerability of the human subjects. To produce vulnerable robots is not a mere neutral introduction, but it shapes how the subjects are constituted. Thanks to Levinas, we will study how the vulnerable robots will shape the subjects. Thanks to Sartre, we will show how the creation of a different gaze in the robot changes the vulnerabilities of the human subjects. Introducing vulnerable robots is a way to shape ourselves.
The rise of cognitive science is, without doubt, promoting research on the mind since the middle ... more The rise of cognitive science is, without doubt, promoting research on the mind since the middle of the twentieth century. In particular, by the advancement of observation instruments that makes an elaborate scan of brain states possible, it contributes to explicate how the mind works. There remains, however, the difficult problem of specifying correspondence between the physical and mental states. What matters most in this context is that we seem to have only precarious ways to know the latter. Recently, some researchers have been trying to revive the apparently long-discarded method of introspection. In the present chapter, we discuss the difficulties of this method and suggest instead an alternative way, known as mind reading which has been acquired in the process of human evolution, to describe others’ mental states. We consider what descriptions it can give of others’ mental states, to what extent its reliability can be endorsed experimentally, and discuss its viability in the science of mind.
This work focuses on augmented reality glasses and its aim is to analyse the knock-on effects on ... more This work focuses on augmented reality glasses and its aim is to analyse the knock-on effects on our everyday world and ourselves yielded by this kind of technology. Augmented reality is going to be the most diffused technology in our everyday life in the near future, especially augmented reality mounted on glasses. This near future is not only possible, but it seems inevitable following the vertiginous development of AR. There are numerous kinds of different prototypes that are going to come out next year (2016). Therefore, a study on how these modifications yield knock-on effects on the constitution of the object and subject is mandatory. This work tackles the topic starting from a phenomenological and post-phenomenological point of view and it analyses the modification yielded by such technology from a perceptual point of view using the analysis of the horizons of the object made by Husserl. We need this analysis because it is not only the hypothetical future that may never come, but it is the likely future very close to us that is putting pressure on us.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute ... more Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program, a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological studies on the body and language. Since the early 1990s, there has been a growing interest in the body within cognitive science, which aims at scientifically clarifying the function of human mind. This remarkable phenomenon is one feature of the rise of what might be called ''the third generation of cognitive science,'' which comprises robotics, the dynamical approach to recognition, cognitive semantics in linguistics, evolutionary psychology, the theory of autopoiesis, and so on. 1 By contrast, the first generation of cognitive science is typically represented by classical artificial intelligence (AI), which implements an elementary kind of reasoning and cognition by assuming an explicit
What is necessary for robots to coexist with human beings? In order to do so, we suppose, robots ... more What is necessary for robots to coexist with human beings? In order to do so, we suppose, robots must be moral agents. To be a moral agent is to bear its own responsibility which others cannot take for it. We will argue that such an irreplaceability consists in its having an inner world — one which others cannot directly experience, just as pleasure and pain. And personality of a moral agent, which is to be irreducible to a mere difference of traits or features of individuals, is firmly rooted in such an inner world. We will support our theses by referring to our experiment in which humans and robots interact with each other doing a coordination task. This experiment will provide an empirical analysis of the human-robot relationship with regard to learning mechanism, moral judgement, and the ascription of the inner world.
Human beings have a distinctive ability to understand what is going on in others’ minds. This abi... more Human beings have a distinctive ability to understand what is going on in others’ minds. This ability, usually called “folk psychology,” comprises a system of understanding others’ intentions of varied levels. But how have we developed such an ability or mind-reading system? The most popular, though rough, answer is that it has been developed through evolution. Language, obviously one of our most useful tools to communicate with each other, is also acquired through this process. However, both we and our ancestors presumably depend on the common basic mechanism for communication underlying the linguistic interaction. That is, we deploy what might be called “primitive” parts of folk psychology for the purpose of communication. The aim of our presentation is to show the basic functional structure of primitive folk psychology as a pre-linguistic tool. It is certainly not easy to explicate this dimension of mental function in an objective way because of its peculiar elusiveness. In order...
Proceedings of the XIX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, 2018
To be a moral agent is to bear its own responsibility which others cannot take for it. We hold th... more To be a moral agent is to bear its own responsibility which others cannot take for it. We hold that such irreplaceability consists in its having an inner world to which others cannot have direct access. The purpose of this paper is to propose, as a means of gaining support for our thesis, an experiment --- a psychological one in which to assess to what degree we can attribute moral responsibility to a robot. Furthermore, we explore the possibility of a society where humans and robots coexist.
Effects of uncovering gaze target mismatch in human-robot joint visual attention on evaluation of... more Effects of uncovering gaze target mismatch in human-robot joint visual attention on evaluation of understanding and impressions of robot Takeshi Konno Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Shoji Nagataki Chukyo University, Nagoya City, Aichi Pref., Japan Masayoshi Shibata Kanazawa University Takashi Hashimoto Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Hideki Ohira Nagoya University Abstract: In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human’s gaze but also identify the gaze target of the human. We believe that mutual adjustment based on the individuality of the robot is a key to identify the gaze target of the human even if the human decides the target unilaterally. In the identification, mismatches of the gaze target are uncovered. In humans, the mismatches can be accepted as individuality , it is not the case for robots in which obedience to humans is expected. We examined the case of mismatches in gaze target, which could entail a change in ...
The purpose of this paper is to clarify part of the ethical basis necessary for a machine like a ... more The purpose of this paper is to clarify part of the ethical basis necessary for a machine like a humanoid robot to be a member of a human society. In order to do so, we formulate three conditions for moral agency on which membership is based: cognitive-behavioral, ontological, and normative. For the purpose of showing the relevance of these conditions, we conducted an experiment which involved human-robot interactions and moral judgement tasks. This conceptual exploration and empirical research suggests that bodily coordination can generate the demand for a certain moral commitment on the part of artificial beings.
In this paper, I examine the relationship between emotion and body. First, I briefly survey the h... more In this paper, I examine the relationship between emotion and body. First, I briefly survey the history of the concept of emotion with referring to the concept of reason. Second, I explain three ways to access the mind and consider the controversy of nature vs culture about emotion from a viewpoint of the intersubjective body. I argue that the controversy depends on what aspects of the body we focus, suggesting that nature and culture in this context are not necessarily exclusive. Finally, I introduce the experiment we have conducted and confirm that the body involved in emotion is social and intersubjective even at the physical level.
The aim of the present paper is to suggest an alternative view to the conventional distinction be... more The aim of the present paper is to suggest an alternative view to the conventional distinction between ontology and epistemology, thereby reconstituting the relationship between the cognitive self and the real world. More specifically, we will criticize the distinction by shedding light on a peculiar character of the body, which can provide a critical perspective against Cartesian dualism. Furthermore, we will give a sketchy description of the philosophy of touch, and propose the notion of skin-self, or self-manifesting self, as a radical alternative to the modern conception of self.
Humans (both we and our ancestors) presumably depend on the common basic mechanism for communicat... more Humans (both we and our ancestors) presumably depend on the common basic mechanism for communication underlying the linguistic interaction. We deploy what might be called "primitive" parts of folk psychology for the purpose of communication. The aim of our presentation is to show the basic functional structure of primitive folk psychology as a pre-linguistic mind-reading system. As an example of mind-reading function, we have selected "joint attention". An experiment of human-robot Interaction Joint attention is an action of communicative eye gaze, which is defined operationally as "looking where someone else is looking."(Butterworth, 1991). This action begins as a reflexive action. Then infants come to understand and share others' attentions in terms of their intentions .
In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human's gaze but also identify the ... more In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human's gaze but also identify the gaze target of the human. We believe that mutual adjustment based on the individuality of the robot is a key to identify the gaze target of the human even if the human decides the target unilaterally. In the identification, mismatches of the gaze target are uncovered. In humans, the mismatches can be accepted as individuality , it is not the case for robots in which obedience to humans is expected. We examined the case of mismatches in gaze target, which could entail a change in the subjective evaluation of the robot. We found that when the mismatch became apparent, although the concordance rate of the gaze target was high, humans' evaluation of understanding of the gaze target by the robot tended to be worse. The impressions of "friendly," "kind," "cute," and "funny" were reduced, while those of "humanity" and "complexity" tended to increase.
In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human’s gaze but also understand th... more In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human’s gaze but also understand the gaze target of the human. To achieve this goal, we believe the key is mutual adjustment based on the subjectivity of the robot rather than the unilateral imitation of the human’s target. In humans, mismatches in the gaze target identification are naturally accepted as subjectivity; the same cannot be said for robots, in which obedience is expected. We examined the case of mismatches in the gaze target that could entail a change in the subjective evaluation of the robot (Experiment 1). We found that when the mismatch became apparent, although the concordance rate of the gaze target was high, human’s evaluation of understanding of the gaze target by the robot tended to be worse. Also impressions of “friendly,” “kind,” “cute,” and “funny” were reduced, but those of “humanity” and “complexity” tended to increase. In addition, we added a procedure to show a few symbolic facial expressions t...
The problem of artificial intelligence and human being has always raised questions about possible... more The problem of artificial intelligence and human being has always raised questions about possible interactions among them and possible effects yielded by the introduction of such un-human subject. Dreyfus deeply connects intelligence and body based on a phenomenological viewpoint. Thanks to his reading of Merleau-Ponty, he clearly stated that an intelligence must be embodied into a body to function. According to his suggestion, any AI designed to be human-like is doom to failure if there is no tight bound with a human-like body. Today, we are facing the pervasive introduction of robots into our everyday life, and the problem of this coexistence raises again with new vigor since they are not mere speculations, but there are already products sold to the public. We will highlight how vulnerability has to be taken into consideration in the design of robots to create entities which are able to relate to human beings taking into consideration mainly the positions of Sartre, Habermas, Levinas, and Marleau-Ponty. A first part will focus on the vulnerability of the robots. Robots are going to be among us, but a real interaction is possible only the moment they have a "same" body of ours. Therefore, only through the realization of a "fragile" body we can achieve a cohabitation between equals. Thanks to Merleau-Ponty we will show how the vulnerability of a body is one of the most important element to found any social interaction. The second part will focus on how the robots will affect the vulnerability of the human subjects. To produce vulnerable robots is not a mere neutral introduction, but it shapes how the subjects are constituted. Thanks to Levinas, we will study how the vulnerable robots will shape the subjects. Thanks to Sartre, we will show how the creation of a different gaze in the robot changes the vulnerabilities of the human subjects. Introducing vulnerable robots is a way to shape ourselves.
The rise of cognitive science is, without doubt, promoting research on the mind since the middle ... more The rise of cognitive science is, without doubt, promoting research on the mind since the middle of the twentieth century. In particular, by the advancement of observation instruments that makes an elaborate scan of brain states possible, it contributes to explicate how the mind works. There remains, however, the difficult problem of specifying correspondence between the physical and mental states. What matters most in this context is that we seem to have only precarious ways to know the latter. Recently, some researchers have been trying to revive the apparently long-discarded method of introspection. In the present chapter, we discuss the difficulties of this method and suggest instead an alternative way, known as mind reading which has been acquired in the process of human evolution, to describe others’ mental states. We consider what descriptions it can give of others’ mental states, to what extent its reliability can be endorsed experimentally, and discuss its viability in the science of mind.
This work focuses on augmented reality glasses and its aim is to analyse the knock-on effects on ... more This work focuses on augmented reality glasses and its aim is to analyse the knock-on effects on our everyday world and ourselves yielded by this kind of technology. Augmented reality is going to be the most diffused technology in our everyday life in the near future, especially augmented reality mounted on glasses. This near future is not only possible, but it seems inevitable following the vertiginous development of AR. There are numerous kinds of different prototypes that are going to come out next year (2016). Therefore, a study on how these modifications yield knock-on effects on the constitution of the object and subject is mandatory. This work tackles the topic starting from a phenomenological and post-phenomenological point of view and it analyses the modification yielded by such technology from a perceptual point of view using the analysis of the horizons of the object made by Husserl. We need this analysis because it is not only the hypothetical future that may never come, but it is the likely future very close to us that is putting pressure on us.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute ... more Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program, a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological studies on the body and language. Since the early 1990s, there has been a growing interest in the body within cognitive science, which aims at scientifically clarifying the function of human mind. This remarkable phenomenon is one feature of the rise of what might be called ''the third generation of cognitive science,'' which comprises robotics, the dynamical approach to recognition, cognitive semantics in linguistics, evolutionary psychology, the theory of autopoiesis, and so on. 1 By contrast, the first generation of cognitive science is typically represented by classical artificial intelligence (AI), which implements an elementary kind of reasoning and cognition by assuming an explicit
What is necessary for robots to coexist with human beings? In order to do so, we suppose, robots ... more What is necessary for robots to coexist with human beings? In order to do so, we suppose, robots must be moral agents. To be a moral agent is to bear its own responsibility which others cannot take for it. We will argue that such an irreplaceability consists in its having an inner world — one which others cannot directly experience, just as pleasure and pain. And personality of a moral agent, which is to be irreducible to a mere difference of traits or features of individuals, is firmly rooted in such an inner world. We will support our theses by referring to our experiment in which humans and robots interact with each other doing a coordination task. This experiment will provide an empirical analysis of the human-robot relationship with regard to learning mechanism, moral judgement, and the ascription of the inner world.
Human beings have a distinctive ability to understand what is going on in others’ minds. This abi... more Human beings have a distinctive ability to understand what is going on in others’ minds. This ability, usually called “folk psychology,” comprises a system of understanding others’ intentions of varied levels. But how have we developed such an ability or mind-reading system? The most popular, though rough, answer is that it has been developed through evolution. Language, obviously one of our most useful tools to communicate with each other, is also acquired through this process. However, both we and our ancestors presumably depend on the common basic mechanism for communication underlying the linguistic interaction. That is, we deploy what might be called “primitive” parts of folk psychology for the purpose of communication. The aim of our presentation is to show the basic functional structure of primitive folk psychology as a pre-linguistic tool. It is certainly not easy to explicate this dimension of mental function in an objective way because of its peculiar elusiveness. In order...
Proceedings of the XIX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, 2018
To be a moral agent is to bear its own responsibility which others cannot take for it. We hold th... more To be a moral agent is to bear its own responsibility which others cannot take for it. We hold that such irreplaceability consists in its having an inner world to which others cannot have direct access. The purpose of this paper is to propose, as a means of gaining support for our thesis, an experiment --- a psychological one in which to assess to what degree we can attribute moral responsibility to a robot. Furthermore, we explore the possibility of a society where humans and robots coexist.
Effects of uncovering gaze target mismatch in human-robot joint visual attention on evaluation of... more Effects of uncovering gaze target mismatch in human-robot joint visual attention on evaluation of understanding and impressions of robot Takeshi Konno Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Shoji Nagataki Chukyo University, Nagoya City, Aichi Pref., Japan Masayoshi Shibata Kanazawa University Takashi Hashimoto Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Hideki Ohira Nagoya University Abstract: In joint visual attention, the robot should not only follow a human’s gaze but also identify the gaze target of the human. We believe that mutual adjustment based on the individuality of the robot is a key to identify the gaze target of the human even if the human decides the target unilaterally. In the identification, mismatches of the gaze target are uncovered. In humans, the mismatches can be accepted as individuality , it is not the case for robots in which obedience to humans is expected. We examined the case of mismatches in gaze target, which could entail a change in ...
The purpose of this paper is to clarify part of the ethical basis necessary for a machine like a ... more The purpose of this paper is to clarify part of the ethical basis necessary for a machine like a humanoid robot to be a member of a human society. In order to do so, we formulate three conditions for moral agency on which membership is based: cognitive-behavioral, ontological, and normative. For the purpose of showing the relevance of these conditions, we conducted an experiment which involved human-robot interactions and moral judgement tasks. This conceptual exploration and empirical research suggests that bodily coordination can generate the demand for a certain moral commitment on the part of artificial beings.
In this paper, I examine the relationship between emotion and body. First, I briefly survey the h... more In this paper, I examine the relationship between emotion and body. First, I briefly survey the history of the concept of emotion with referring to the concept of reason. Second, I explain three ways to access the mind and consider the controversy of nature vs culture about emotion from a viewpoint of the intersubjective body. I argue that the controversy depends on what aspects of the body we focus, suggesting that nature and culture in this context are not necessarily exclusive. Finally, I introduce the experiment we have conducted and confirm that the body involved in emotion is social and intersubjective even at the physical level.
The aim of the present paper is to suggest an alternative view to the conventional distinction be... more The aim of the present paper is to suggest an alternative view to the conventional distinction between ontology and epistemology, thereby reconstituting the relationship between the cognitive self and the real world. More specifically, we will criticize the distinction by shedding light on a peculiar character of the body, which can provide a critical perspective against Cartesian dualism. Furthermore, we will give a sketchy description of the philosophy of touch, and propose the notion of skin-self, or self-manifesting self, as a radical alternative to the modern conception of self.
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