Bhisham Sahni's adapted myth, in the form of a drama, portrays the character Madhavi as a victim ... more Bhisham Sahni's adapted myth, in the form of a drama, portrays the character Madhavi as a victim of patriarchy. She is used to fulfil the male ego, such as Galav's stubbornness for Gurudakshina, Yayati's generosity, and Vishwamitra's sexual desire. However, in the end, she valiantly challenges the male domination by boycotting the Swayambar. It deals with the issue of micro resistance from the characters belonging to the margin. Furthermore, it endeavours to reveal the process of modernity through resistance, the practice of self-decision, and the use of reason, which serves the purpose of elevating modern human beings from the docile to the autonomous agency, resulting in a modern social context. This study aims to reveal the hitherto cultural hegemony prevalent in society through the use of myth and creating the spirit of modernity. The text, Madhavi, in English, was selected purposefully for data collection and analysis. Data related to the resisters, authorities resisted, causes, and the way of resistance were collected and coded, determining the categories to develop the broad theme of resistance from the margin. Themes were analyzed, making connections among the categories and approaching with the theories of modernity, especially accentuating traits of the modern person. The findings indicate that characters from the margin, such as Ashramites, Tapas, and Madhavi, challenge the authorities from educational, cultural, and political domains. They resist the authorities for justice and social harmony through rationality. The revelations suggest that an in-depth study of mythical episodes can further reveal more about the malpractices and beliefs prevalent in society, which can pave the way for the search for modernity.
The Waste Land deals with the issues of subjugation and stereotypical representation of women wit... more The Waste Land deals with the issues of subjugation and stereotypical representation of women with the strategy of universalization. Furthermore, it endeavors to reveal female oppression by making surprising connections between the present with the past through myth and allusions, which serves the purpose of universalizing the issue of the subjugation of women. This study addresses the gap in exploring the domination and negative representation of women as being similar regardless of differences in time, place, age, and class. This study aims at revealing the hitherto biased and dominating attitude of society towards women. The research employed a qualitative approach combining textual analysis with Critical Discourse Analysis approach. The Waste Land was selected purposefully for data collection and analysis. Data related to the subjugation and negative representation of women were collected and coded as modern wastelanders, ancient wastelanders, and the way of subjugation of women to develop the broad theme of the strategy of universalization, and characters and types to contribute to formulating the theme of stereotypical representation to address the issues of the research. Coded data were analyzed making comparisons and contrast and word choices as nouns, verbs, and adjectives with others were approached through Critical Discourse Analysis. The findings indicate that the women in the poem, irrespective of classes and categories ranging from ancient to modern days, are stereotypically represented and subjugated. The results suggest that the use of mythical and allusive techniques and conscious choice of lexicon may contribute to the exploration of hegemony, oppression, and negative representation.
The introduction of democracy in 1951 brought the enjoyment of fundamental rights for the citizen... more The introduction of democracy in 1951 brought the enjoyment of fundamental rights for the citizens and the spirited election environment. However, the spirits could not last longer as an encroachment on democracy was forwarded by King in 1960, which altered ecstasy into resistance and rebellion. The research explores the political spirits prevalent at the beginning of the first decade of infant democracy and the rise of agitation against the despotic regime at the end of the decade, which covers the period of 2007 BS to 2017 BS through Govinda Bahadur Malla's "Chunab" and B. P. Koirala's "Ek Raat." The data on political aspects have been purposefully selected and situated against the historical document. Since this study employs the exploratory qualitative approach, primary data from the short stories are approached from the lens of new historicism, the theory of power and resistance, and the concept of state apparatus. However, literary data provide a broader horizon of historical events. The themes of election and rebellion are contrasted to discover the contrary spirits of the same decade. The results indicate that the dawn of the infant democracy is full of enthusiasm with the spirits caused by the fervor of election. In contrast, the dusk of democracy is full of despair and agitation, giving rise to resistance and rebellion. The results indicate that approaching history and historical documents through the lens of literature set simultaneously can broaden the horizon of understanding of historical events.
Bhisham Sahni's adapted myth, in the form of a drama, portrays the character Madhavi as a victim ... more Bhisham Sahni's adapted myth, in the form of a drama, portrays the character Madhavi as a victim of patriarchy. She is used to fulfil the male ego, such as Galav's stubbornness for Gurudakshina, Yayati's generosity, and Vishwamitra's sexual desire. However, in the end, she valiantly challenges the male domination by boycotting the Swayambar. It deals with the issue of micro resistance from the characters belonging to the margin. Furthermore, it endeavours to reveal the process of modernity through resistance, the practice of self-decision, and the use of reason, which serves the purpose of elevating modern human beings from the docile to the autonomous agency, resulting in a modern social context. This study aims to reveal the hitherto cultural hegemony prevalent in society through the use of myth and creating the spirit of modernity. The text, Madhavi, in English, was selected purposefully for data collection and analysis. Data related to the resisters, authorities resisted, causes, and the way of resistance were collected and coded, determining the categories to develop the broad theme of resistance from the margin. Themes were analyzed, making connections among the categories and approaching with the theories of modernity, especially accentuating traits of the modern person. The findings indicate that characters from the margin, such as Ashramites, Tapas, and Madhavi, challenge the authorities from educational, cultural, and political domains. They resist the authorities for justice and social harmony through rationality. The revelations suggest that an in-depth study of mythical episodes can further reveal more about the malpractices and beliefs prevalent in society, which can pave the way for the search for modernity.
The Waste Land deals with the issues of subjugation and stereotypical representation of women wit... more The Waste Land deals with the issues of subjugation and stereotypical representation of women with the strategy of universalization. Furthermore, it endeavors to reveal female oppression by making surprising connections between the present with the past through myth and allusions, which serves the purpose of universalizing the issue of the subjugation of women. This study addresses the gap in exploring the domination and negative representation of women as being similar regardless of differences in time, place, age, and class. This study aims at revealing the hitherto biased and dominating attitude of society towards women. The research employed a qualitative approach combining textual analysis with Critical Discourse Analysis approach. The Waste Land was selected purposefully for data collection and analysis. Data related to the subjugation and negative representation of women were collected and coded as modern wastelanders, ancient wastelanders, and the way of subjugation of women to develop the broad theme of the strategy of universalization, and characters and types to contribute to formulating the theme of stereotypical representation to address the issues of the research. Coded data were analyzed making comparisons and contrast and word choices as nouns, verbs, and adjectives with others were approached through Critical Discourse Analysis. The findings indicate that the women in the poem, irrespective of classes and categories ranging from ancient to modern days, are stereotypically represented and subjugated. The results suggest that the use of mythical and allusive techniques and conscious choice of lexicon may contribute to the exploration of hegemony, oppression, and negative representation.
The introduction of democracy in 1951 brought the enjoyment of fundamental rights for the citizen... more The introduction of democracy in 1951 brought the enjoyment of fundamental rights for the citizens and the spirited election environment. However, the spirits could not last longer as an encroachment on democracy was forwarded by King in 1960, which altered ecstasy into resistance and rebellion. The research explores the political spirits prevalent at the beginning of the first decade of infant democracy and the rise of agitation against the despotic regime at the end of the decade, which covers the period of 2007 BS to 2017 BS through Govinda Bahadur Malla's "Chunab" and B. P. Koirala's "Ek Raat." The data on political aspects have been purposefully selected and situated against the historical document. Since this study employs the exploratory qualitative approach, primary data from the short stories are approached from the lens of new historicism, the theory of power and resistance, and the concept of state apparatus. However, literary data provide a broader horizon of historical events. The themes of election and rebellion are contrasted to discover the contrary spirits of the same decade. The results indicate that the dawn of the infant democracy is full of enthusiasm with the spirits caused by the fervor of election. In contrast, the dusk of democracy is full of despair and agitation, giving rise to resistance and rebellion. The results indicate that approaching history and historical documents through the lens of literature set simultaneously can broaden the horizon of understanding of historical events.
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