Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi
Uluslararası denizyolu taşımacılığının en önemli evraklarından biri olan konşimento, yükü temsil ... more Uluslararası denizyolu taşımacılığının en önemli evraklarından biri olan konşimento, yükü temsil eden kıymetli bir evrak niteliğindedir. Konşimentonun yükün tahliye edileceği varış limanına zamanında ulaşmaması birtakım sorunları beraberinde getirmektedir. Küresel taşımacılık faaliyetlerinin artması, ticaret hacminin genişlemesi, gemilerin ve liman operasyonlarının hızlanması artık taşımacılık taraflarını, ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek, hızlı bir şekilde iletilebilen, elektronik ortamda oluşturulabilen bir konşimentoya sevk etmiştir. Böylelikle kıymetli evrak niteliğindeki konşimento elektronik ortama aktarılarak kağıt ortamdan kaynaklanan dezavantajlar bertaraf edilebilecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, e-konşimento kavramının Türkiye açısından uygulanabilirliğini mevzuat analizi yaparak değerlendirmek ve pilot uygulamanın öncelikli olarak hangi denizyolu taşımacılığı hattında yapılabilirliğini belirlemektir. Çalışmada e-konşimento altyapı uygulamaları açıklanarak Türkiye’nin e-konşim...
International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, Dec 31, 2017
Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures a... more Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures against financial risks and design steadier steps for financial management. The key to developing, implementing, and managing a successful hedging strategy is to use effective forecasting systems and appropriate financial derivative products. The key objective of this study is to control risks from bunker cost fluctuations using financial derivative products. To do so, a time-series analysis is conducted using a dataset derived from a bunker index system. The artificial neural network method is used for time-series analysis with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.9182105. Next, progress predictions of bunker costs and hedging strategies are determined to use financial derivative products against their risks. Finally, this study concludes that forward agreements can serve as the perfect protection mechanism against bunker risks in tramp shipping.
Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2012
Oz: Son yillarda yasanan ekonomik krizler, kisa surede Dunyada etkisini gostermis, kuresel capta ... more Oz: Son yillarda yasanan ekonomik krizler, kisa surede Dunyada etkisini gostermis, kuresel capta mali ve reel sektor krizine donusmustur. Yasanan krizler, bircok sektorde oldugu gibi, Dunya ticaretinin % 90'indan fazlasinin gerceklestigi deniz yolu yuk tasima- ciligini da etkilemistir. Dolayisiyla, navlun gelirleri dusen sirketler giderlerini karsilaya- maz hale gelmislerdir. Bu calisma, Turkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi sisteminde kayitli "H - 502 Deniz ve Kiyi Sularinda Yuk Tasimaciligi" alt sektorunde faaliyet gosteren firmalara ait mali tablolar, oran analizi yontemi ile incelenerek, sektorun finansal yapisinin ortaya konula - bilmesi amaciyla ele alinmistir. Calismanin sonucunda yasanan krizlerin etkisi ile ilgili sektorde aktif kârliliginin % 1 seviyelerine kadar dustugu, buna karsilik toplam net satis- lar icerisinde uretim maliyetlerinin % 85 seviyelerine kadar yukseldigi tespit edilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tasimacilik Turleri, Denizyolu Tasimaciligi, Oran Analizi, Abstract: Economic crisis has affected the World and it has been turned into a financial and reel sector crisis recently. The ongoing crisis, naturally, has an influence on the maritime transportation sector in which more than %90 of the World trading occurs. Therefore, the companies that have lost their freight rates could not be able to meet their costs. In this study, the database called "H-502 Sea and Coastal Waters Freight Transportation" which is registered under the T.C. Central Bank is considered with the ratio analysis method to reveal the financial situation of the sector. As a result of the study, it is seen that the return of the assets has fallen to %1; on the other hand product cost of the net sales had risen to %85.
The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the maritime transport market and reveals t... more The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the maritime transport market and reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the sector. For this purpose, firstly, general information about the transport system and market structure of Tramp Shipping, in which transportation activities mainly occurred, were analyzed. In the analysis results, it is emphasized that economic and financial aspects of transport sector is quite risky, and there is a continuous uncertainty on cash flow. In addition, because of the aforementioned uncertainties, there is a continuous cycle in the market. Moreover, competitiveness in the sector is intense and demand and supply-driven, therefore, increase in the input costs cannot be met with the same level of increase in freight revenues.
Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures a... more Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures against financial risks and design steadier steps for financial management. The key to developing, implementing, and managing a successful hedging strategy is to use effective forecasting systems and appropriate financial derivative products. The key objective of this study is to control risks from bunker cost fluctuations using financial derivative products. To do so, a time-series analysis is conducted using a dataset derived from a bunker index system. The artificial neural network method is used for time-series analysis with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.9182105. Next, progress predictions of bunker costs and hedging strategies are determined to use financial derivative products against their risks. Finally, this study concludes that forward agreements can serve as the perfect protection mechanism against bunker risks in tramp shipping.
Karadeniz’e kiyisi bulunan ulkeler aralarindaki ticaretin buyuk bir bolumu tarihin uzun donemleri... more Karadeniz’e kiyisi bulunan ulkeler aralarindaki ticaretin buyuk bir bolumu tarihin uzun donemlerinden bu yana deniz yolu ile yapilmaktadir. Ayni zamanda son elli yilda Karadeniz ulkeleri ile diger ulkeler arasinda karsilikli olarak ticaretin artigi bilinmektedir. Farkli tasimacilik modlarinda suregelen tasimacilikta son yillarda artan bir Ro-Ro trafigine rastlanilmaktadir. Karadeniz limanlarinda dogu bati ve kuzey guney yonlerinde tasimaciligin oldugu gorulmektedir. Tasimacilik 2010 yilina kadar yogun olarak Trabzon limani cikisliyken sonrasinda Samsun limanina yonlendigi anlasilmaktadir. Dogu bati istikametinde Batum cikisli olarak bati ve kuzey bati limanlarina Ro-Ro tasimaciligin oldugu gorulmektedir. Son yillarda Ro-Ro tasimaciligina yeni hatlar ve gemiler eklenerek aratan bir degere ulastigi anlasilmaktadir
The metallic hollow-core nanoshell arrays were fabricated by depositing relatively thin gold film... more The metallic hollow-core nanoshell arrays were fabricated by depositing relatively thin gold films onto a cleaned silicon support covered with a close-packed monolayer of 200 nm diameter polystyrene spheres and then removing the spheres. The relationship between their morphologies and optical properties was discussed. Then, the surface enhanced Raman scattering signals of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) molecules adsorbed on the nanoshell arrays were obtained with the excitation wavelength of 785 nm and 1064nm, respectively. The results show that the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength of gold nanoshell arrays can be precisely tuned over a wide range from visible region to infrared region by controlling the shell thickness of the nanoshell arrays, as the shell thickness increases, the resonance wavelength red shifts and the spectrum width broadens due to the electric field coupling effect among the nanoshell particles, the surface enhanced Raman scattering signals can be obtained obviously at two different infrared wavelengths of 785nm and 1064nm, indicating that the fabricated nanoshell arrays can be used as the potential low-cost surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates.
Bu calismada 2013 yilinda yukleme ya da bosaltma limani Turkiye olan ve Azov-Karadeniz Havzasina ... more Bu calismada 2013 yilinda yukleme ya da bosaltma limani Turkiye olan ve Azov-Karadeniz Havzasina hizmet veren limanlar arasindaki yuk hareketleri ortaya konularak olusan ticaret hacmi ve buna bagli olarak olusan navlun gelirlerinin hesaplanmasi amaclanmistir. Bu sayede elde edilen navlun gelirlerinin ne kadarlik kisminin Turk Bayrakli, ne kadarlik kisminin da yabanci bayrakli gemiler arasinda paylasildigi belirlenmeye calisilmistir. Calisma sonucunda, 2013 yili Azov-Karadeniz Havzasinda elde edilen navlun gelirlerinin % 68 yabanci, % 21 Turk sahipli ve % 11’de Turk Bayrakli gemilerce elde edildigi tespit edilmistir
The Central Bank of the Turkish Republic (TCMB) in Turkey has announced the data of freight reven... more The Central Bank of the Turkish Republic (TCMB) in Turkey has announced the data of freight revenues. The data that have been announced depends on the information obtained from the port customs and compiled by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Because of the distinctive structure of the freight market, certain requisite generalizations and projections are used for data calculation. Accordingly, calculations that depend on generalizations and predictions are likely to weaken the effectiveness of the decisions already made or going to be made. The aim of this study is to calculate more realistically the real freight revenues of ships that have carried out loading or discharging operations in Turkish ports. In accordance with this purpose, the volume of freight revenues and their distribution between Turkish and foreign flagged ships is calculated. A Microsoft SQL-based algorithm is developed in order to do the calculation. Within the scope of the study, the total fright revenue of Turkey-oriented shipping industry is calculated to be USD 5.8 billion. Proportionately, 79.53% of the revenue belongs to foreign flagged ships, 12.70% of it belongs to foreign flagged ships with Turkish owners, and only 7.78% of it belongs to Turkish flagged ships.
This paper investigates the impact of distance and narrow waterway factors on voyage costs. The d... more This paper investigates the impact of distance and narrow waterway factors on voyage costs. The data set is taken from a Turk shipping company and consists of real dates. In the study, it was seen that the fuel consumption rate of the ships whose routes are narrow waterways such as straits and canals was higher for the fact that the vessels have to maneuver more on such routes. On the contrary, ships which sailed on the open seas consumed lower fuel. At the end of the study, it was determined that of bunker cost rates caused by the impact of these geographical factors could increase up to 30 percent among the total amount of voyage costs.
Marine accident analysis is important for ships passing through narrow, shallow and busy waterway... more Marine accident analysis is important for ships passing through narrow, shallow and busy waterways. This study analyses the accidents which have occurred in the Istanbul Strait and proposes both quantitative and qualitative assessments of marine accidents. Marine accidents occurring in the Istanbul Strait are analysed by using a method based on neuro-fuzzy and genetically optimised fuzzy classifiers. It can be concluded that accident severity increases when poor weather conditions prevail in the Strait regardless of ship size. Therefore, solutions to reduce unwanted events should be prioritised by accounting for weather conditions and the capacity of the vessels. This analysis indicates that the safety level would be significantly improved if all the vessels follow the passage guidelines.
Objective: To investigate the symptoms of lung cancer in Turkey and to evaluate approaches to all... more Objective: To investigate the symptoms of lung cancer in Turkey and to evaluate approaches to alleviate these symptoms. Subjects and Methods: This study included 1,245 lung cancer patients from 26 centers in Turkey. Demographic characteristics as well as information regarding the disease and treatments were obtained from medical records and patient interviews. Symptoms were evaluated using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and were graded on a scale between 0 and 10 points. Data were compared using the χ2, Student t, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Potential predictors of symptoms were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The most common symptom was tiredness (n = 1,002; 82.1%), followed by dyspnea (n = 845; 69.3%), appetite loss (n = 801; 65.7%), pain (n = 798; 65.4%), drowsiness (n = 742; 60.8%), anxiety (n = 704; 57.7%), depression (n = 623; 51.1%), and nausea (n = 557; 45.5%). Of the 1,245 patients, 590 (48.4%) had difficulty in initiating or maintaining sl...
Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 2016
Bu çalışmanın amacı, denizyolu taşımacılığının piyasa yapısını incelemek ve sektörün güçlü ve zay... more Bu çalışmanın amacı, denizyolu taşımacılığının piyasa yapısını incelemek ve sektörün güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla öncelikle taşımacılık sistemi hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiş ve taşımacılık faaliyetlerinin ağırlıklı olarak gerçekleştiği düzensiz hat denizyolu taşımacılığının piyasa yapısı analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, anılan taşımacılık biçiminin ekonomik ve finansal açıdan oldukça riskli bir sektör olduğu vurgulanarak, bu sektörün nakit akımlarında sürekli bir belirsizlik yaşandığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca anılan belirsizlikler sebebiyle, piyasada sürekli bir döngüsellik yaşanmaktadır. Dahası, rekabetin yoğun olduğu sektörde navlun oranı arz ve talebe göre şekillenmekte, bundan ötürü de girdi maliyetlerinde meydana gelecek artış aynı düzeyde navlun gelirlerindeki artışla karşılanamamaktadır.
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi
Uluslararası denizyolu taşımacılığının en önemli evraklarından biri olan konşimento, yükü temsil ... more Uluslararası denizyolu taşımacılığının en önemli evraklarından biri olan konşimento, yükü temsil eden kıymetli bir evrak niteliğindedir. Konşimentonun yükün tahliye edileceği varış limanına zamanında ulaşmaması birtakım sorunları beraberinde getirmektedir. Küresel taşımacılık faaliyetlerinin artması, ticaret hacminin genişlemesi, gemilerin ve liman operasyonlarının hızlanması artık taşımacılık taraflarını, ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek, hızlı bir şekilde iletilebilen, elektronik ortamda oluşturulabilen bir konşimentoya sevk etmiştir. Böylelikle kıymetli evrak niteliğindeki konşimento elektronik ortama aktarılarak kağıt ortamdan kaynaklanan dezavantajlar bertaraf edilebilecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, e-konşimento kavramının Türkiye açısından uygulanabilirliğini mevzuat analizi yaparak değerlendirmek ve pilot uygulamanın öncelikli olarak hangi denizyolu taşımacılığı hattında yapılabilirliğini belirlemektir. Çalışmada e-konşimento altyapı uygulamaları açıklanarak Türkiye’nin e-konşim...
International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, Dec 31, 2017
Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures a... more Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures against financial risks and design steadier steps for financial management. The key to developing, implementing, and managing a successful hedging strategy is to use effective forecasting systems and appropriate financial derivative products. The key objective of this study is to control risks from bunker cost fluctuations using financial derivative products. To do so, a time-series analysis is conducted using a dataset derived from a bunker index system. The artificial neural network method is used for time-series analysis with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.9182105. Next, progress predictions of bunker costs and hedging strategies are determined to use financial derivative products against their risks. Finally, this study concludes that forward agreements can serve as the perfect protection mechanism against bunker risks in tramp shipping.
Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2012
Oz: Son yillarda yasanan ekonomik krizler, kisa surede Dunyada etkisini gostermis, kuresel capta ... more Oz: Son yillarda yasanan ekonomik krizler, kisa surede Dunyada etkisini gostermis, kuresel capta mali ve reel sektor krizine donusmustur. Yasanan krizler, bircok sektorde oldugu gibi, Dunya ticaretinin % 90'indan fazlasinin gerceklestigi deniz yolu yuk tasima- ciligini da etkilemistir. Dolayisiyla, navlun gelirleri dusen sirketler giderlerini karsilaya- maz hale gelmislerdir. Bu calisma, Turkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi sisteminde kayitli "H - 502 Deniz ve Kiyi Sularinda Yuk Tasimaciligi" alt sektorunde faaliyet gosteren firmalara ait mali tablolar, oran analizi yontemi ile incelenerek, sektorun finansal yapisinin ortaya konula - bilmesi amaciyla ele alinmistir. Calismanin sonucunda yasanan krizlerin etkisi ile ilgili sektorde aktif kârliliginin % 1 seviyelerine kadar dustugu, buna karsilik toplam net satis- lar icerisinde uretim maliyetlerinin % 85 seviyelerine kadar yukseldigi tespit edilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tasimacilik Turleri, Denizyolu Tasimaciligi, Oran Analizi, Abstract: Economic crisis has affected the World and it has been turned into a financial and reel sector crisis recently. The ongoing crisis, naturally, has an influence on the maritime transportation sector in which more than %90 of the World trading occurs. Therefore, the companies that have lost their freight rates could not be able to meet their costs. In this study, the database called "H-502 Sea and Coastal Waters Freight Transportation" which is registered under the T.C. Central Bank is considered with the ratio analysis method to reveal the financial situation of the sector. As a result of the study, it is seen that the return of the assets has fallen to %1; on the other hand product cost of the net sales had risen to %85.
The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the maritime transport market and reveals t... more The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the maritime transport market and reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the sector. For this purpose, firstly, general information about the transport system and market structure of Tramp Shipping, in which transportation activities mainly occurred, were analyzed. In the analysis results, it is emphasized that economic and financial aspects of transport sector is quite risky, and there is a continuous uncertainty on cash flow. In addition, because of the aforementioned uncertainties, there is a continuous cycle in the market. Moreover, competitiveness in the sector is intense and demand and supply-driven, therefore, increase in the input costs cannot be met with the same level of increase in freight revenues.
Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures a... more Recent approaches and opinions support that shipping companies must take precautionary measures against financial risks and design steadier steps for financial management. The key to developing, implementing, and managing a successful hedging strategy is to use effective forecasting systems and appropriate financial derivative products. The key objective of this study is to control risks from bunker cost fluctuations using financial derivative products. To do so, a time-series analysis is conducted using a dataset derived from a bunker index system. The artificial neural network method is used for time-series analysis with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.9182105. Next, progress predictions of bunker costs and hedging strategies are determined to use financial derivative products against their risks. Finally, this study concludes that forward agreements can serve as the perfect protection mechanism against bunker risks in tramp shipping.
Karadeniz’e kiyisi bulunan ulkeler aralarindaki ticaretin buyuk bir bolumu tarihin uzun donemleri... more Karadeniz’e kiyisi bulunan ulkeler aralarindaki ticaretin buyuk bir bolumu tarihin uzun donemlerinden bu yana deniz yolu ile yapilmaktadir. Ayni zamanda son elli yilda Karadeniz ulkeleri ile diger ulkeler arasinda karsilikli olarak ticaretin artigi bilinmektedir. Farkli tasimacilik modlarinda suregelen tasimacilikta son yillarda artan bir Ro-Ro trafigine rastlanilmaktadir. Karadeniz limanlarinda dogu bati ve kuzey guney yonlerinde tasimaciligin oldugu gorulmektedir. Tasimacilik 2010 yilina kadar yogun olarak Trabzon limani cikisliyken sonrasinda Samsun limanina yonlendigi anlasilmaktadir. Dogu bati istikametinde Batum cikisli olarak bati ve kuzey bati limanlarina Ro-Ro tasimaciligin oldugu gorulmektedir. Son yillarda Ro-Ro tasimaciligina yeni hatlar ve gemiler eklenerek aratan bir degere ulastigi anlasilmaktadir
The metallic hollow-core nanoshell arrays were fabricated by depositing relatively thin gold film... more The metallic hollow-core nanoshell arrays were fabricated by depositing relatively thin gold films onto a cleaned silicon support covered with a close-packed monolayer of 200 nm diameter polystyrene spheres and then removing the spheres. The relationship between their morphologies and optical properties was discussed. Then, the surface enhanced Raman scattering signals of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) molecules adsorbed on the nanoshell arrays were obtained with the excitation wavelength of 785 nm and 1064nm, respectively. The results show that the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength of gold nanoshell arrays can be precisely tuned over a wide range from visible region to infrared region by controlling the shell thickness of the nanoshell arrays, as the shell thickness increases, the resonance wavelength red shifts and the spectrum width broadens due to the electric field coupling effect among the nanoshell particles, the surface enhanced Raman scattering signals can be obtained obviously at two different infrared wavelengths of 785nm and 1064nm, indicating that the fabricated nanoshell arrays can be used as the potential low-cost surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates.
Bu calismada 2013 yilinda yukleme ya da bosaltma limani Turkiye olan ve Azov-Karadeniz Havzasina ... more Bu calismada 2013 yilinda yukleme ya da bosaltma limani Turkiye olan ve Azov-Karadeniz Havzasina hizmet veren limanlar arasindaki yuk hareketleri ortaya konularak olusan ticaret hacmi ve buna bagli olarak olusan navlun gelirlerinin hesaplanmasi amaclanmistir. Bu sayede elde edilen navlun gelirlerinin ne kadarlik kisminin Turk Bayrakli, ne kadarlik kisminin da yabanci bayrakli gemiler arasinda paylasildigi belirlenmeye calisilmistir. Calisma sonucunda, 2013 yili Azov-Karadeniz Havzasinda elde edilen navlun gelirlerinin % 68 yabanci, % 21 Turk sahipli ve % 11’de Turk Bayrakli gemilerce elde edildigi tespit edilmistir
The Central Bank of the Turkish Republic (TCMB) in Turkey has announced the data of freight reven... more The Central Bank of the Turkish Republic (TCMB) in Turkey has announced the data of freight revenues. The data that have been announced depends on the information obtained from the port customs and compiled by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Because of the distinctive structure of the freight market, certain requisite generalizations and projections are used for data calculation. Accordingly, calculations that depend on generalizations and predictions are likely to weaken the effectiveness of the decisions already made or going to be made. The aim of this study is to calculate more realistically the real freight revenues of ships that have carried out loading or discharging operations in Turkish ports. In accordance with this purpose, the volume of freight revenues and their distribution between Turkish and foreign flagged ships is calculated. A Microsoft SQL-based algorithm is developed in order to do the calculation. Within the scope of the study, the total fright revenue of Turkey-oriented shipping industry is calculated to be USD 5.8 billion. Proportionately, 79.53% of the revenue belongs to foreign flagged ships, 12.70% of it belongs to foreign flagged ships with Turkish owners, and only 7.78% of it belongs to Turkish flagged ships.
This paper investigates the impact of distance and narrow waterway factors on voyage costs. The d... more This paper investigates the impact of distance and narrow waterway factors on voyage costs. The data set is taken from a Turk shipping company and consists of real dates. In the study, it was seen that the fuel consumption rate of the ships whose routes are narrow waterways such as straits and canals was higher for the fact that the vessels have to maneuver more on such routes. On the contrary, ships which sailed on the open seas consumed lower fuel. At the end of the study, it was determined that of bunker cost rates caused by the impact of these geographical factors could increase up to 30 percent among the total amount of voyage costs.
Marine accident analysis is important for ships passing through narrow, shallow and busy waterway... more Marine accident analysis is important for ships passing through narrow, shallow and busy waterways. This study analyses the accidents which have occurred in the Istanbul Strait and proposes both quantitative and qualitative assessments of marine accidents. Marine accidents occurring in the Istanbul Strait are analysed by using a method based on neuro-fuzzy and genetically optimised fuzzy classifiers. It can be concluded that accident severity increases when poor weather conditions prevail in the Strait regardless of ship size. Therefore, solutions to reduce unwanted events should be prioritised by accounting for weather conditions and the capacity of the vessels. This analysis indicates that the safety level would be significantly improved if all the vessels follow the passage guidelines.
Objective: To investigate the symptoms of lung cancer in Turkey and to evaluate approaches to all... more Objective: To investigate the symptoms of lung cancer in Turkey and to evaluate approaches to alleviate these symptoms. Subjects and Methods: This study included 1,245 lung cancer patients from 26 centers in Turkey. Demographic characteristics as well as information regarding the disease and treatments were obtained from medical records and patient interviews. Symptoms were evaluated using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and were graded on a scale between 0 and 10 points. Data were compared using the χ2, Student t, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Potential predictors of symptoms were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The most common symptom was tiredness (n = 1,002; 82.1%), followed by dyspnea (n = 845; 69.3%), appetite loss (n = 801; 65.7%), pain (n = 798; 65.4%), drowsiness (n = 742; 60.8%), anxiety (n = 704; 57.7%), depression (n = 623; 51.1%), and nausea (n = 557; 45.5%). Of the 1,245 patients, 590 (48.4%) had difficulty in initiating or maintaining sl...
Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 2016
Bu çalışmanın amacı, denizyolu taşımacılığının piyasa yapısını incelemek ve sektörün güçlü ve zay... more Bu çalışmanın amacı, denizyolu taşımacılığının piyasa yapısını incelemek ve sektörün güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla öncelikle taşımacılık sistemi hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiş ve taşımacılık faaliyetlerinin ağırlıklı olarak gerçekleştiği düzensiz hat denizyolu taşımacılığının piyasa yapısı analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, anılan taşımacılık biçiminin ekonomik ve finansal açıdan oldukça riskli bir sektör olduğu vurgulanarak, bu sektörün nakit akımlarında sürekli bir belirsizlik yaşandığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca anılan belirsizlikler sebebiyle, piyasada sürekli bir döngüsellik yaşanmaktadır. Dahası, rekabetin yoğun olduğu sektörde navlun oranı arz ve talebe göre şekillenmekte, bundan ötürü de girdi maliyetlerinde meydana gelecek artış aynı düzeyde navlun gelirlerindeki artışla karşılanamamaktadır.
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