Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, Sep 14, 2022
The exposure of heavy metals to lake bed sediment of scenic areas may pose risks on aquatic ecosy... more The exposure of heavy metals to lake bed sediment of scenic areas may pose risks on aquatic ecosystems and human health, however very few studies on risk assessment have been reported for scenic areas. Accordingly, this study determined concentration levels, and assessed contamination characteristics and risks, of heavy metals in lake bed sediment of National Scenic Areas Songhuahu (NSAS) in China. The concentrations of Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cu were determined in 29 bed sediment samples. Results showed that the mean values of Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cu were 92.69, 90.73, 38.29, 46.77, and 49.44 mg/kg, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that organic matter was a major factor influencing distribution of heavy metals. The results for enrichment factors indicated that contamination rates and anthropogenic inputs of single heavy metals decreased in the order Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn; results of Nemerow integrated pollution index suggested that 72.41% of sampling sites were exposed to low to moderately integrated pollution, and 27.59% of sampling sites were exposed to strongly integrated pollution. According to results for potential ecological risk index, ecological risks of single and all the heavy metals in bed sediment from all the sampling sites were low. Human risks were assessed with hazardous quotients, and the results suggested that exposure of heavy metals to bed sediment posed no or little risk to human health, and the pathway of ingestion significantly contributed to human health risks.
Locating prospective groundwater recharge zones is essential for managing and planning groundwate... more Locating prospective groundwater recharge zones is essential for managing and planning groundwater resources. Therefore, spatial modeling of groundwater distribution is a significant undertaking that would aid groundwater’s subsequent conservation and management. The current study employs geographic information systems (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on multi-criteria analysis to identify groundwater potential zones (GPZ). The AHP technique was utilized to analyze and generate the geo-environmental factor parameters, which included drainage density, lineament density, precipitation, slope, soil texture, land use/land cover, groundwater level, and geology. Each factor is weighted according to its characteristics and effects on water potential in this process. Finally, the weighted overlay method was applied in a GIS environment to gather the weighted variables and locate the map of the GPZ. The proposed GPZ map is divided into four different groundwater potential z...
Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
Gelişen dünya ile birlikte doğal dengelerde bozulmalar oluşmuş ve dünya için önemli sorunlardan b... more Gelişen dünya ile birlikte doğal dengelerde bozulmalar oluşmuş ve dünya için önemli sorunlardan biri olan iklim değişikliği meydana gelmiştir. Ülkemizde ve dünyada küresel ısınmaya bağlı iklim değişikliğinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan kuraklık, belli bir dönem içerisinde yağış miktarlarının uzun yıllık ortalama değerlerin altına düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Türkiye yarı kurak yarı nemli orta enlem bölgesinde bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bir kısmı yarı kurak iklim kuşağında bulunan ülkemiz için de iklim değişikliğnin yıkıcı etkilerinden birisi olan kuraklık önemli bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada,Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan Kahramanmaraş ilinde, Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndeksi (SPI) metodu kullanılarak 3, 6, 9 ve 12 aylık zaman periyotlarında meteorolojik kuraklık analizi yapılmıştır. Afşin Elbistan, Göksun ve Kahramanmaraş-merkez meteorolojik gözlem istasyonlarına ait 1990-2020 yılları arasındaki Aylık Toplam Yağış Miktarı Ortalaması kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 4 meteoro...
Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel atıksuyun ileri arıtma teknolojisiyle geri kazanımı ve arıtılmış atı... more Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel atıksuyun ileri arıtma teknolojisiyle geri kazanımı ve arıtılmış atıksuların yeşil alanların sulamasında yeniden kullanımının belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, Konya İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinden deşarj edilen arıtılmış atıksuların yeşil alan sulamasında kullanılması amacıyla, 3.600 m 3 /gün kapasiteli gerçek ölçekli atıksu geri kazanımı tesisinin performansı izlenmiştir. Gerçek ölçekli ileri Atıksu Geri Kazanım Tesisinde; temel kontrol parametreleri olan pH, AKM, BOİ, bulanıklık, Fekal Koliform ve bakiye klor parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Atıksu geri kazanım tesis girişindeki kirletici parametrelerinin ortalama değerleri; AKM 19 mg/l, BOİ 21 mg/l, Bulanıklık 8,8 NTU ve Fekal Koliform 4,8x10 4-1,1x10 6 adet/100 ml aralığında ölçülmüştür. Geri kazanılarak elde edilen sulama suyunda ise pH 7,7, AKM 9 mg/l, BOİ 10 mg/l, Bulanıklık 3,4 NTU, Fekal Koliform 0 adet/100 ml ve Bakiye Klor 0,6 mg/l olarak belirlenmiştir. Atıksu Arıtma Tesisleri Teknik Usuller Tebliğine göre; B sınıfı sulama suyu kriterlerinin sürekli sağlandığı görülmüş ve yönetmelikte belirtilen alanlarda yeşil alan sulaması için uygun bulunmuştur.
Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a ... more Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a vastly superior alternative to field measurements. To this end, spectral pixel signatures are used commonly for developing regression models. Spatial information has been traditionally ignored in this context, as Chl-a concentration is a spatially localized measurement, and sensors’ spatial resolutions have been relatively low in the past. However, the increased spatial resolution of newer satellites and a recent study have given strong indications that spatial–spectral description can boost estimation performance. Consequently, in this letter, we address the problem of Chl-a estimation from remote sensing images using attribute profiles, one of the paramount spatial–spectral description tools. We further propose an original technique to remove their cumbersome threshold requirement via operating on each pixel’s “attribute lineage.” We validate our approach with multispectral Sentinel-2 images, and a data set formed by field measurements spanning almost two years over Lake Balik (Turkey). We show that the proposed method outperforms various alternatives in terms of regression performance, across multiple experimental setups, and finally, we highlight a validation malpractice encountered often in the field of water quality estimation.
In this letter, we explore harnessing the power of regression-oriented convolutional neural netwo... more In this letter, we explore harnessing the power of regression-oriented convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the assessment of surface water quality from remote sensing images. They are used to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentration of Lake Balik (Turkey), through multispectral Sentinel-2 images. The proposed approach is tested with a data set <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(n=320)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of <italic>in situ Chl-a</italic> measurements acquired during 2017–2019. We investigate both 2-D and 3-D convolution strategies and report the results of a series of rigorous validation experiments, aiming to measure both spatial, short-term, and long-term temporal generalization performance, thus highlighting validation misconduct encountered often in the state-of-the-art. The regression-oriented CNNs outperform various alternatives, in all generalization scenarios with performances reaching 0.95, 0.93, and 0.76 in terms of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. It has been deployed as an online service producing regularly water quality maps for the lake under study as the first of its kind in Turkey.
Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a ... more Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a vastly superior alternative to field measurements. To this end, spectral pixel signatures are used commonly for developing regression models. Spatial information has been traditionally ignored in this context, as Chl-a concentration is a spatially localized measurement, and sensors’ spatial resolutions have been relatively low in the past. However, the increased spatial resolution of newer satellites and a recent study have given strong indications that spatial–spectral description can boost estimation performance. Consequently, in this letter, we address the problem of Chl-a estimation from remote sensing images using attribute profiles, one of the paramount spatial–spectral description tools. We further propose an original technique to remove their cumbersome threshold requirement via operating on each pixel’s “attribute lineage.” We validate our approach with multispectral Sentinel-2 images, and a data set formed by field measurements spanning almost two years over Lake Balik (Turkey). We show that the proposed method outperforms various alternatives in terms of regression performance, across multiple experimental setups, and finally, we highlight a validation malpractice encountered often in the field of water quality estimation.
... Matthew J. Peterson, Daniel J. Plata, and David R. Willcox. GPRD Process Research and Develop... more ... Matthew J. Peterson, Daniel J. Plata, and David R. Willcox. GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Bldg. R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, USA. Org. ... EJ; Tedrow, JS; Wagaw, SH Org. Process Res. Dev.2006, submitted. ...
This article addresses the scarcity of labeled data in multitemporal remote sensing image analysi... more This article addresses the scarcity of labeled data in multitemporal remote sensing image analysis, and especially in the context of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) estimation for inland water quality assessment. We propose a multitask CNN architecture that can exploit unlabeled satellite imagery and that can be generalized to other multitemporal remote sensing image analysis contexts where the target parameter exhibits seasonal fluctuations. Specifically, Chl-a estimation is set as the main task, and an unlabeled sample’s month classification is set as an auxiliary network task. The proposed approach is validated with multitemporal/spectral Sentinel-2 images of Lake Balik in Turkey using in situ measurements acquired during 2017–2019. We show that harnessing unlabeled data through multitask learning improves water quality estimation performance.
Öz Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından güneş enerji sistemlerinin tasarımında güneş radyasyonunu ... more Öz Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından güneş enerji sistemlerinin tasarımında güneş radyasyonunu tahmin etmek oldukça önemlidir. Güneş enerjisi, global güneş radyasyonuna bağlıdır. Güneş radyasyonunun Yapay Sinir ağı modeli (YSA) ile tahmin edilmesinde girdi değişkeni olarak, hava sıcaklığı, güneşlenme süresi, buhar basıncı, bulutluluk gibi çeşitli meteorolojik değişkenler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Samsun bölgesi için Mart 2017-Şubat 2019 tarihleri arasındaki günlük güneş radyasyonu YSA yöntemi ile tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. YSA yönteminde farklı giriş değişkenleri için Levenberg-Marquardt eğitim algoritması, logaritmik sigmoid ve doğrusal transfer fonksiyonu kullanılmıştır. Model performansı en yüksek 9 girişli meterolojik veriler (ortalama sıcaklık, ortalama nispi nem, ortalama rüzgar hızı, ortalama buhar basıncı, ortalama bulutluluk oranı, güneşlenme süresi, maksimum sıcaklık, minimum sıcaklık, 5 cm'de toprak sıcaklığı) ile elde edilmiştir. Test verileri için R değeri 0.9603, MSE değeri 0.3516 olarak bulunmuştur. İleri beslemeli YSA modeli yaklaşımının diğer meteorolojik değişkenler ile birlikte güneş radyasyonunu tahmin etmek için yüksek bir performans sağladığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, YSA'ya güneşlenme süresi giriş olarak verildiğinde, R değeri 0.9032 olarak elde edilmiştir.
High sulfur content in excess sludge impacts the production of biomethane during anaerobic digest... more High sulfur content in excess sludge impacts the production of biomethane during anaerobic digestion, mean-while leads to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) formation in biogas. This study aims to reveal the efficiency of the real-scale Biotrickling Filtration Process (BTF) in the removal of H2S in the biogas formed in the anaerobic digester. The biogas was produced by stabilization of the treatment sludges formed in the processes of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant with mesophilic anaerobic sludge digesters. It was determined that the anaerobic stabilization unit of the treatment plant was operated efficiently and the biogas with a high flow (18,123-21,383 m3/day) was formed during the operation of the plant. The H2S concentration in the biogas at the inlet of the BTF was 3,632 ppmv on average (2,900-4,400 ppmv) and 16 ppmv at the outlet. The elimination capacity of the system reached a maximum of 52.71 gH2S m-3h-1. As a result, a real scale BTF unit was found to provide a sufficient removal e...
Abstract This study aims to apply Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to m... more Abstract This study aims to apply Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to monitor water quality parameters of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in Balik Lake since TP and TN are important factors for eutrophication as well as it is essential to monitor TP and TN concentrations accurately for the management of water environments. Water chemical variables, including TN and TP, are soluble and optically inactive. For such a purpose, remote sensing (RS) enables an alternative way to monitor the optical activity of water with some limitations. In this study, TN and TP concentrations of Balik Lake are examined by RS data. The artificial neural networking (ANN) model was used to reveal the relation between the reflectance bands of MODIS along with the water quality parameters of TP and TN concentrations in aquatic environments by utilizing ground truth water samples collected concurrently with the MODIS overpass. The dataset used in the study consists of MODIS Aqua bands from 1 to 7 and ground truth observations of TP and TN from the study area of Balik Lake during 2017–2019. The development and testing of a feedforward back-propagation multilayer perceptron artificial neural network were performed by using the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm to predict TP and TN. The accuracy of the ANN model was determined to be relatively higher in the testing stage of TP prediction with R = 0.59 for Model-1 (3-10-1) and R = 0.56 for Model-2 (7-10-1) while it is lower in the testing stage of TN prediction with R = 0.36 for Model-1 and Model-2. The findings of this study indicated that the reflectance bands of MODIS have a moderate potential to monitor the solubility variables of the water quality for the management of the lake. However, the ANN model introduced in this study is expected to ensure an improvement in the prediction accuracy of inactive water quality variables based on the RS data.
Bu çalışmada, Kızılırmak Deltası'ndaki hassas alan olan Balık gölünün su kalitesindeki değişiklik... more Bu çalışmada, Kızılırmak Deltası'ndaki hassas alan olan Balık gölünün su kalitesindeki değişiklik zamansal olarak izlenmiş ve gölün trofik durumu (yaşam evresi) belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Balık Gölü'nün su kalitesini belirlemek için arazide/anlık olarak, seki disk derinliği (SDD), sıcaklık, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, çözünmüş oksijen, laboratuvar ortamında ise klorofil a, Renkli Çözünmüş Organik Madde (CDOM), toplam fosfor (TP), toplam azot (TN), toplam çözünmüş katı (TDS), tuzluluk ve bulanıklık gibi analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, Trofik Seviye kriter/indekslerine göre seki disk derinliği, klorofil a (Chl-a) , toplam fosfor ve toplam azot parametre değerleri de kullanılarak gölün trofik durumu belirlenmiştir. Trofik Seviye İndeks (Calson 1977) sınıflandırmasına göre, mevsimsel değişimlere bağlı olarak, TP,TN, SDD ve Chl-a'nın, ötrofik durumun sınır değerini aştığı (TSI 60-70), hipertrofik durumun yaygın olması nedeniyle gölün kritik durumda olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Bu calismanin amaci, kentsel atiksuyun ileri aritma teknolojisiyle geri kazanimi ve aritilmis ati... more Bu calismanin amaci, kentsel atiksuyun ileri aritma teknolojisiyle geri kazanimi ve aritilmis atiksularin yesil alanlarin sulamasinda yeniden kullaniminin belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, Ileri Biyolojik Atiksu Aritma Tesisinden desarj edilen aritilmis atiksularin yesil alan sulamasinda kullanilmasi amaciyla, 3.600 m 3 /gun kapasiteli gercek olcekli atiksu geri kazanimi tesisinin performansi izlenmistir. Gercek olcekli ileri Atiksu Geri Kazanim Tesisinde; temel kontrol parametreleri olan pH, AKM, BOI, bulaniklik, Fekal Koliform ve bakiye klor parametreleri belirlenmistir. Atiksu geri kazanim tesis girisindeki kirletici parametrelerinin ortalama degerleri; AKM 19 mg/l, BOI 21 mg/l, Bulaniklik 8,8 NTU ve Fekal Koliform 4.8x10 4 -1.1x10 6 adet/100 ml araliginda olculmustur. Geri kazanilarak elde edilen sulama suyunda ise pH 7.7, AKM 9 mg/l, BOI 10 mg/l, Bulaniklik 3.4 NTU, Fekal Koliform 0 adet/100 ml ve Bakiye Klor 0.6 mg/l olarak belirlenmistir. Atiksu Aritma Tesisleri Teknik Usuller T...
In this study, domestic wastewaters originating from a settlement with a population of 17,500 wer... more In this study, domestic wastewaters originating from a settlement with a population of 17,500 were treated by electrocoagulation process in a real-scale EC plant and the economic applicability of the process was investigated. The removal efficiencies of control parameters in the influent and effluent of the real-scale treatment plant such as suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and changes of pH and conductivity parameters were monitored for 12 months. The obtained data were evaluated according to European Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation and Turkish Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation. According to the results obtained, the removal efficiencies of the pollutant parameters were achieved in the range of 72–83% for SS, 67–80% for COD, 69–81% for BOD, 21–47% for TN and 27–46% for TP. Considering the Turkish wastewater discharge regulations, it can be concluded that the discharge standards for SS, COD and BOD parameters were achieved while they were not achieved in certain periods for TN and TP. In addition, the energy consumption and the operating cost of this real-scale plant were determined to be 0.49–0.54 kWh/m3 and 0.24–0.28 EUR/m3, respectively.
European Journal of Science and Technology, Oct 31, 2019
Son yillarda, su ortamindaki metal kirliliginin fazla bulunmasi, kaliciligi ve cevresel toksisite... more Son yillarda, su ortamindaki metal kirliliginin fazla bulunmasi, kaliciligi ve cevresel toksisitesi nedeniyle kuresel olarak dikkat cekmektedir. Metallerin dogal sudaki davranisi, substrat sediment bilesiminin, askida sediment bilesiminin ve su kimyasinin bir islevidir. Sediman, cesitli habitatlar ve ortamlar iceren nehir havzasinin ayrilmaz ve dinamik bir parcasidir. Sedimanlarin kalitesinin degerlendirilmesinde, uzun yarilanma sureleri nedeniyle sucul ekosistemlerdeki agir metallerin, antropojenik girdilerinin belirlenmesi onemli olarak kabul edilir ve sucul ekosistemlerdeki kirlilik gecmisini yansitabilir. Bu nedenle, sediman kalitesini etkileyen agir metallerin konsantrasyonunun belirlenmesi ve tahmin edilmesi oldukca onem tasimaktadir. Bu calisma kapsaminda Orta Karedeniz Kiyi seridi deniz ve irmak sedimanlarinda agir metal konsantrasyonunun coklu degiskenli lineer regresyon (MLR), coklu degiskenli polinomal regresyon (MPR) ve Cok Katmanli Algilayici Ag (MLP) modelleri kullanilarak tahminlenebilmesi gerceklestirilmistir. Modellerin test ve egitimleri icin 2007-2008 yillari arasinda 5 farkli noktadan alinan sediman orneklerine ait fiziko-kimyasal parametreler pH, su icerigi (WC), katyon degisim kapasitesi (CEC), oksidasyon reduksiyon potansiyeli (ORP), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), zeta potansiyeli (ζP), toplam karbon (TC), toplam inorganik karbon (TIK), toplam organik karbon (TOK) ve agir metallerin (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, Sr, Mn ve Cr) konsantrasyonlari kullanilmistir. Calismada her bir agir metal konstantrasyonu tahmin edilmesi icin MLR, MPR ve MLP modelllerinin performans karsilastirlmalari yapilmistir. Sonuc olarak sedimanlardaki agir metallerin konsantrasyonun tahminlemesinde fiziko-kimyasal parametreler bagimsiz degiskenler olarak kabul edilerek, regresyon analizleri yapilmis ve gerceklestirilen modeler arasinda en iyi sonucun MPR modeli ile elde edildigi ortaya konulmustur.
Artificial and natural radionuclide pollutants of the marine environment have been recognized as ... more Artificial and natural radionuclide pollutants of the marine environment have been recognized as a serious environmental concern. In this study, the activity concentrations of terrestrial and anthropogenic radionuclides in the soil and sediment samples collected from Bafra Kızılırmak Delta were measured by using gamma spectrometry with an NaI (Tl) detector. The average specific of activity concentrations for 238U, 232Th and 40K were found to be 28.59, 17.48 and 150.59 Bq kg−1, respectively. On the other hand, 137Cs was also measured in some samples. 137Cs (t1/2=30.17 years) is a man-made radionuclide released from nuclear fission and activation processes. It has a mean value of 5.32 Bq kg−1. From the activity concentrations, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed gamma dose rates (DR), the annual gonadal dose equivalent, annual effective dose equivalent, internal (Hin), external hazard index (Hex) and excess lifetime cancer risk were estimated. This study can be used as...
Sediment, mussel, and seawater samples were collected three times during 2001-2003 at nine sampli... more Sediment, mussel, and seawater samples were collected three times during 2001-2003 at nine sampling stations along the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. The samples were analyzed with GC-ECD for contents of various organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. DDT and its metabolites were detected at concentrations significantly above the detection limits. The highest concentrations of DDT metabolites measured in the sediment and mussel samples were 35.9 and 14.0 ng/g wet weight respectively. Considerable levels of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, endosulfan sulphate, and HCB were also detected in the sediment, mussel, or seawater samples. Although these persistent toxic compounds have been banned for some years in Turkey, they may still be used illegally in some regions, contributing to their significant levels in the environment. The biotasediment accumulation factor (BSAF) estimated for DDT and its metabolites in mussels was 2.9, which is nearly two times higher than the benchmark of 1.7. In spite of such high BSAF values observed for these toxic compounds, their levels in mussels were significantly below the international legal limits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Edible biota from the waterbodies examined may thus still be considered safe for human consumption at this time. However, as pollutants can biomagnify through the food chain over time, further routine sampling and analysis of biota along the Black Sea coast are warranted in order to better assess the threat of OCPs to public health in the region.
The extent of contamination of the Black Sea by selected organochlorine compounds has been assess... more The extent of contamination of the Black Sea by selected organochlorine compounds has been assessed through the analysis of surficial sediments taken from throughout the region. Concentrations of HCHs at sites influenced by the Danube delta are among the highest recorded on a global basis (up to 40 ng g À1 dry wt). The ratio between the a-and c-isomers was relatively low indicating contamination through the use of lindane. Concentrations of DDTs (0:06-72 ng g À1 dry wt) and PCBs (0:06-72 ng g À1 dry wt) were not especially high in comparison to levels reported from throughout the world. The DDE/DDT ratio was, however, low indicating fresh inputs and hence current usage of DDT within the Black Sea region.
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, Sep 14, 2022
The exposure of heavy metals to lake bed sediment of scenic areas may pose risks on aquatic ecosy... more The exposure of heavy metals to lake bed sediment of scenic areas may pose risks on aquatic ecosystems and human health, however very few studies on risk assessment have been reported for scenic areas. Accordingly, this study determined concentration levels, and assessed contamination characteristics and risks, of heavy metals in lake bed sediment of National Scenic Areas Songhuahu (NSAS) in China. The concentrations of Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cu were determined in 29 bed sediment samples. Results showed that the mean values of Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cu were 92.69, 90.73, 38.29, 46.77, and 49.44 mg/kg, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that organic matter was a major factor influencing distribution of heavy metals. The results for enrichment factors indicated that contamination rates and anthropogenic inputs of single heavy metals decreased in the order Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn; results of Nemerow integrated pollution index suggested that 72.41% of sampling sites were exposed to low to moderately integrated pollution, and 27.59% of sampling sites were exposed to strongly integrated pollution. According to results for potential ecological risk index, ecological risks of single and all the heavy metals in bed sediment from all the sampling sites were low. Human risks were assessed with hazardous quotients, and the results suggested that exposure of heavy metals to bed sediment posed no or little risk to human health, and the pathway of ingestion significantly contributed to human health risks.
Locating prospective groundwater recharge zones is essential for managing and planning groundwate... more Locating prospective groundwater recharge zones is essential for managing and planning groundwater resources. Therefore, spatial modeling of groundwater distribution is a significant undertaking that would aid groundwater’s subsequent conservation and management. The current study employs geographic information systems (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on multi-criteria analysis to identify groundwater potential zones (GPZ). The AHP technique was utilized to analyze and generate the geo-environmental factor parameters, which included drainage density, lineament density, precipitation, slope, soil texture, land use/land cover, groundwater level, and geology. Each factor is weighted according to its characteristics and effects on water potential in this process. Finally, the weighted overlay method was applied in a GIS environment to gather the weighted variables and locate the map of the GPZ. The proposed GPZ map is divided into four different groundwater potential z...
Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
Gelişen dünya ile birlikte doğal dengelerde bozulmalar oluşmuş ve dünya için önemli sorunlardan b... more Gelişen dünya ile birlikte doğal dengelerde bozulmalar oluşmuş ve dünya için önemli sorunlardan biri olan iklim değişikliği meydana gelmiştir. Ülkemizde ve dünyada küresel ısınmaya bağlı iklim değişikliğinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan kuraklık, belli bir dönem içerisinde yağış miktarlarının uzun yıllık ortalama değerlerin altına düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Türkiye yarı kurak yarı nemli orta enlem bölgesinde bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bir kısmı yarı kurak iklim kuşağında bulunan ülkemiz için de iklim değişikliğnin yıkıcı etkilerinden birisi olan kuraklık önemli bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada,Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan Kahramanmaraş ilinde, Standartlaştırılmış Yağış İndeksi (SPI) metodu kullanılarak 3, 6, 9 ve 12 aylık zaman periyotlarında meteorolojik kuraklık analizi yapılmıştır. Afşin Elbistan, Göksun ve Kahramanmaraş-merkez meteorolojik gözlem istasyonlarına ait 1990-2020 yılları arasındaki Aylık Toplam Yağış Miktarı Ortalaması kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 4 meteoro...
Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel atıksuyun ileri arıtma teknolojisiyle geri kazanımı ve arıtılmış atı... more Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel atıksuyun ileri arıtma teknolojisiyle geri kazanımı ve arıtılmış atıksuların yeşil alanların sulamasında yeniden kullanımının belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, Konya İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinden deşarj edilen arıtılmış atıksuların yeşil alan sulamasında kullanılması amacıyla, 3.600 m 3 /gün kapasiteli gerçek ölçekli atıksu geri kazanımı tesisinin performansı izlenmiştir. Gerçek ölçekli ileri Atıksu Geri Kazanım Tesisinde; temel kontrol parametreleri olan pH, AKM, BOİ, bulanıklık, Fekal Koliform ve bakiye klor parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Atıksu geri kazanım tesis girişindeki kirletici parametrelerinin ortalama değerleri; AKM 19 mg/l, BOİ 21 mg/l, Bulanıklık 8,8 NTU ve Fekal Koliform 4,8x10 4-1,1x10 6 adet/100 ml aralığında ölçülmüştür. Geri kazanılarak elde edilen sulama suyunda ise pH 7,7, AKM 9 mg/l, BOİ 10 mg/l, Bulanıklık 3,4 NTU, Fekal Koliform 0 adet/100 ml ve Bakiye Klor 0,6 mg/l olarak belirlenmiştir. Atıksu Arıtma Tesisleri Teknik Usuller Tebliğine göre; B sınıfı sulama suyu kriterlerinin sürekli sağlandığı görülmüş ve yönetmelikte belirtilen alanlarda yeşil alan sulaması için uygun bulunmuştur.
Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a ... more Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a vastly superior alternative to field measurements. To this end, spectral pixel signatures are used commonly for developing regression models. Spatial information has been traditionally ignored in this context, as Chl-a concentration is a spatially localized measurement, and sensors’ spatial resolutions have been relatively low in the past. However, the increased spatial resolution of newer satellites and a recent study have given strong indications that spatial–spectral description can boost estimation performance. Consequently, in this letter, we address the problem of Chl-a estimation from remote sensing images using attribute profiles, one of the paramount spatial–spectral description tools. We further propose an original technique to remove their cumbersome threshold requirement via operating on each pixel’s “attribute lineage.” We validate our approach with multispectral Sentinel-2 images, and a data set formed by field measurements spanning almost two years over Lake Balik (Turkey). We show that the proposed method outperforms various alternatives in terms of regression performance, across multiple experimental setups, and finally, we highlight a validation malpractice encountered often in the field of water quality estimation.
In this letter, we explore harnessing the power of regression-oriented convolutional neural netwo... more In this letter, we explore harnessing the power of regression-oriented convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the assessment of surface water quality from remote sensing images. They are used to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentration of Lake Balik (Turkey), through multispectral Sentinel-2 images. The proposed approach is tested with a data set <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(n=320)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of <italic>in situ Chl-a</italic> measurements acquired during 2017–2019. We investigate both 2-D and 3-D convolution strategies and report the results of a series of rigorous validation experiments, aiming to measure both spatial, short-term, and long-term temporal generalization performance, thus highlighting validation misconduct encountered often in the state-of-the-art. The regression-oriented CNNs outperform various alternatives, in all generalization scenarios with performances reaching 0.95, 0.93, and 0.76 in terms of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. It has been deployed as an online service producing regularly water quality maps for the lake under study as the first of its kind in Turkey.
Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a ... more Estimating reliably chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote sensing images constitutes a vastly superior alternative to field measurements. To this end, spectral pixel signatures are used commonly for developing regression models. Spatial information has been traditionally ignored in this context, as Chl-a concentration is a spatially localized measurement, and sensors’ spatial resolutions have been relatively low in the past. However, the increased spatial resolution of newer satellites and a recent study have given strong indications that spatial–spectral description can boost estimation performance. Consequently, in this letter, we address the problem of Chl-a estimation from remote sensing images using attribute profiles, one of the paramount spatial–spectral description tools. We further propose an original technique to remove their cumbersome threshold requirement via operating on each pixel’s “attribute lineage.” We validate our approach with multispectral Sentinel-2 images, and a data set formed by field measurements spanning almost two years over Lake Balik (Turkey). We show that the proposed method outperforms various alternatives in terms of regression performance, across multiple experimental setups, and finally, we highlight a validation malpractice encountered often in the field of water quality estimation.
... Matthew J. Peterson, Daniel J. Plata, and David R. Willcox. GPRD Process Research and Develop... more ... Matthew J. Peterson, Daniel J. Plata, and David R. Willcox. GPRD Process Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Bldg. R8/1, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6285, USA. Org. ... EJ; Tedrow, JS; Wagaw, SH Org. Process Res. Dev.2006, submitted. ...
This article addresses the scarcity of labeled data in multitemporal remote sensing image analysi... more This article addresses the scarcity of labeled data in multitemporal remote sensing image analysis, and especially in the context of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) estimation for inland water quality assessment. We propose a multitask CNN architecture that can exploit unlabeled satellite imagery and that can be generalized to other multitemporal remote sensing image analysis contexts where the target parameter exhibits seasonal fluctuations. Specifically, Chl-a estimation is set as the main task, and an unlabeled sample’s month classification is set as an auxiliary network task. The proposed approach is validated with multitemporal/spectral Sentinel-2 images of Lake Balik in Turkey using in situ measurements acquired during 2017–2019. We show that harnessing unlabeled data through multitask learning improves water quality estimation performance.
Öz Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından güneş enerji sistemlerinin tasarımında güneş radyasyonunu ... more Öz Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından güneş enerji sistemlerinin tasarımında güneş radyasyonunu tahmin etmek oldukça önemlidir. Güneş enerjisi, global güneş radyasyonuna bağlıdır. Güneş radyasyonunun Yapay Sinir ağı modeli (YSA) ile tahmin edilmesinde girdi değişkeni olarak, hava sıcaklığı, güneşlenme süresi, buhar basıncı, bulutluluk gibi çeşitli meteorolojik değişkenler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Samsun bölgesi için Mart 2017-Şubat 2019 tarihleri arasındaki günlük güneş radyasyonu YSA yöntemi ile tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. YSA yönteminde farklı giriş değişkenleri için Levenberg-Marquardt eğitim algoritması, logaritmik sigmoid ve doğrusal transfer fonksiyonu kullanılmıştır. Model performansı en yüksek 9 girişli meterolojik veriler (ortalama sıcaklık, ortalama nispi nem, ortalama rüzgar hızı, ortalama buhar basıncı, ortalama bulutluluk oranı, güneşlenme süresi, maksimum sıcaklık, minimum sıcaklık, 5 cm'de toprak sıcaklığı) ile elde edilmiştir. Test verileri için R değeri 0.9603, MSE değeri 0.3516 olarak bulunmuştur. İleri beslemeli YSA modeli yaklaşımının diğer meteorolojik değişkenler ile birlikte güneş radyasyonunu tahmin etmek için yüksek bir performans sağladığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, YSA'ya güneşlenme süresi giriş olarak verildiğinde, R değeri 0.9032 olarak elde edilmiştir.
High sulfur content in excess sludge impacts the production of biomethane during anaerobic digest... more High sulfur content in excess sludge impacts the production of biomethane during anaerobic digestion, mean-while leads to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) formation in biogas. This study aims to reveal the efficiency of the real-scale Biotrickling Filtration Process (BTF) in the removal of H2S in the biogas formed in the anaerobic digester. The biogas was produced by stabilization of the treatment sludges formed in the processes of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant with mesophilic anaerobic sludge digesters. It was determined that the anaerobic stabilization unit of the treatment plant was operated efficiently and the biogas with a high flow (18,123-21,383 m3/day) was formed during the operation of the plant. The H2S concentration in the biogas at the inlet of the BTF was 3,632 ppmv on average (2,900-4,400 ppmv) and 16 ppmv at the outlet. The elimination capacity of the system reached a maximum of 52.71 gH2S m-3h-1. As a result, a real scale BTF unit was found to provide a sufficient removal e...
Abstract This study aims to apply Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to m... more Abstract This study aims to apply Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to monitor water quality parameters of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in Balik Lake since TP and TN are important factors for eutrophication as well as it is essential to monitor TP and TN concentrations accurately for the management of water environments. Water chemical variables, including TN and TP, are soluble and optically inactive. For such a purpose, remote sensing (RS) enables an alternative way to monitor the optical activity of water with some limitations. In this study, TN and TP concentrations of Balik Lake are examined by RS data. The artificial neural networking (ANN) model was used to reveal the relation between the reflectance bands of MODIS along with the water quality parameters of TP and TN concentrations in aquatic environments by utilizing ground truth water samples collected concurrently with the MODIS overpass. The dataset used in the study consists of MODIS Aqua bands from 1 to 7 and ground truth observations of TP and TN from the study area of Balik Lake during 2017–2019. The development and testing of a feedforward back-propagation multilayer perceptron artificial neural network were performed by using the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm to predict TP and TN. The accuracy of the ANN model was determined to be relatively higher in the testing stage of TP prediction with R = 0.59 for Model-1 (3-10-1) and R = 0.56 for Model-2 (7-10-1) while it is lower in the testing stage of TN prediction with R = 0.36 for Model-1 and Model-2. The findings of this study indicated that the reflectance bands of MODIS have a moderate potential to monitor the solubility variables of the water quality for the management of the lake. However, the ANN model introduced in this study is expected to ensure an improvement in the prediction accuracy of inactive water quality variables based on the RS data.
Bu çalışmada, Kızılırmak Deltası'ndaki hassas alan olan Balık gölünün su kalitesindeki değişiklik... more Bu çalışmada, Kızılırmak Deltası'ndaki hassas alan olan Balık gölünün su kalitesindeki değişiklik zamansal olarak izlenmiş ve gölün trofik durumu (yaşam evresi) belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Balık Gölü'nün su kalitesini belirlemek için arazide/anlık olarak, seki disk derinliği (SDD), sıcaklık, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, çözünmüş oksijen, laboratuvar ortamında ise klorofil a, Renkli Çözünmüş Organik Madde (CDOM), toplam fosfor (TP), toplam azot (TN), toplam çözünmüş katı (TDS), tuzluluk ve bulanıklık gibi analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, Trofik Seviye kriter/indekslerine göre seki disk derinliği, klorofil a (Chl-a) , toplam fosfor ve toplam azot parametre değerleri de kullanılarak gölün trofik durumu belirlenmiştir. Trofik Seviye İndeks (Calson 1977) sınıflandırmasına göre, mevsimsel değişimlere bağlı olarak, TP,TN, SDD ve Chl-a'nın, ötrofik durumun sınır değerini aştığı (TSI 60-70), hipertrofik durumun yaygın olması nedeniyle gölün kritik durumda olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Bu calismanin amaci, kentsel atiksuyun ileri aritma teknolojisiyle geri kazanimi ve aritilmis ati... more Bu calismanin amaci, kentsel atiksuyun ileri aritma teknolojisiyle geri kazanimi ve aritilmis atiksularin yesil alanlarin sulamasinda yeniden kullaniminin belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, Ileri Biyolojik Atiksu Aritma Tesisinden desarj edilen aritilmis atiksularin yesil alan sulamasinda kullanilmasi amaciyla, 3.600 m 3 /gun kapasiteli gercek olcekli atiksu geri kazanimi tesisinin performansi izlenmistir. Gercek olcekli ileri Atiksu Geri Kazanim Tesisinde; temel kontrol parametreleri olan pH, AKM, BOI, bulaniklik, Fekal Koliform ve bakiye klor parametreleri belirlenmistir. Atiksu geri kazanim tesis girisindeki kirletici parametrelerinin ortalama degerleri; AKM 19 mg/l, BOI 21 mg/l, Bulaniklik 8,8 NTU ve Fekal Koliform 4.8x10 4 -1.1x10 6 adet/100 ml araliginda olculmustur. Geri kazanilarak elde edilen sulama suyunda ise pH 7.7, AKM 9 mg/l, BOI 10 mg/l, Bulaniklik 3.4 NTU, Fekal Koliform 0 adet/100 ml ve Bakiye Klor 0.6 mg/l olarak belirlenmistir. Atiksu Aritma Tesisleri Teknik Usuller T...
In this study, domestic wastewaters originating from a settlement with a population of 17,500 wer... more In this study, domestic wastewaters originating from a settlement with a population of 17,500 were treated by electrocoagulation process in a real-scale EC plant and the economic applicability of the process was investigated. The removal efficiencies of control parameters in the influent and effluent of the real-scale treatment plant such as suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and changes of pH and conductivity parameters were monitored for 12 months. The obtained data were evaluated according to European Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation and Turkish Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation. According to the results obtained, the removal efficiencies of the pollutant parameters were achieved in the range of 72–83% for SS, 67–80% for COD, 69–81% for BOD, 21–47% for TN and 27–46% for TP. Considering the Turkish wastewater discharge regulations, it can be concluded that the discharge standards for SS, COD and BOD parameters were achieved while they were not achieved in certain periods for TN and TP. In addition, the energy consumption and the operating cost of this real-scale plant were determined to be 0.49–0.54 kWh/m3 and 0.24–0.28 EUR/m3, respectively.
European Journal of Science and Technology, Oct 31, 2019
Son yillarda, su ortamindaki metal kirliliginin fazla bulunmasi, kaliciligi ve cevresel toksisite... more Son yillarda, su ortamindaki metal kirliliginin fazla bulunmasi, kaliciligi ve cevresel toksisitesi nedeniyle kuresel olarak dikkat cekmektedir. Metallerin dogal sudaki davranisi, substrat sediment bilesiminin, askida sediment bilesiminin ve su kimyasinin bir islevidir. Sediman, cesitli habitatlar ve ortamlar iceren nehir havzasinin ayrilmaz ve dinamik bir parcasidir. Sedimanlarin kalitesinin degerlendirilmesinde, uzun yarilanma sureleri nedeniyle sucul ekosistemlerdeki agir metallerin, antropojenik girdilerinin belirlenmesi onemli olarak kabul edilir ve sucul ekosistemlerdeki kirlilik gecmisini yansitabilir. Bu nedenle, sediman kalitesini etkileyen agir metallerin konsantrasyonunun belirlenmesi ve tahmin edilmesi oldukca onem tasimaktadir. Bu calisma kapsaminda Orta Karedeniz Kiyi seridi deniz ve irmak sedimanlarinda agir metal konsantrasyonunun coklu degiskenli lineer regresyon (MLR), coklu degiskenli polinomal regresyon (MPR) ve Cok Katmanli Algilayici Ag (MLP) modelleri kullanilarak tahminlenebilmesi gerceklestirilmistir. Modellerin test ve egitimleri icin 2007-2008 yillari arasinda 5 farkli noktadan alinan sediman orneklerine ait fiziko-kimyasal parametreler pH, su icerigi (WC), katyon degisim kapasitesi (CEC), oksidasyon reduksiyon potansiyeli (ORP), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), zeta potansiyeli (ζP), toplam karbon (TC), toplam inorganik karbon (TIK), toplam organik karbon (TOK) ve agir metallerin (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, Sr, Mn ve Cr) konsantrasyonlari kullanilmistir. Calismada her bir agir metal konstantrasyonu tahmin edilmesi icin MLR, MPR ve MLP modelllerinin performans karsilastirlmalari yapilmistir. Sonuc olarak sedimanlardaki agir metallerin konsantrasyonun tahminlemesinde fiziko-kimyasal parametreler bagimsiz degiskenler olarak kabul edilerek, regresyon analizleri yapilmis ve gerceklestirilen modeler arasinda en iyi sonucun MPR modeli ile elde edildigi ortaya konulmustur.
Artificial and natural radionuclide pollutants of the marine environment have been recognized as ... more Artificial and natural radionuclide pollutants of the marine environment have been recognized as a serious environmental concern. In this study, the activity concentrations of terrestrial and anthropogenic radionuclides in the soil and sediment samples collected from Bafra Kızılırmak Delta were measured by using gamma spectrometry with an NaI (Tl) detector. The average specific of activity concentrations for 238U, 232Th and 40K were found to be 28.59, 17.48 and 150.59 Bq kg−1, respectively. On the other hand, 137Cs was also measured in some samples. 137Cs (t1/2=30.17 years) is a man-made radionuclide released from nuclear fission and activation processes. It has a mean value of 5.32 Bq kg−1. From the activity concentrations, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed gamma dose rates (DR), the annual gonadal dose equivalent, annual effective dose equivalent, internal (Hin), external hazard index (Hex) and excess lifetime cancer risk were estimated. This study can be used as...
Sediment, mussel, and seawater samples were collected three times during 2001-2003 at nine sampli... more Sediment, mussel, and seawater samples were collected three times during 2001-2003 at nine sampling stations along the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. The samples were analyzed with GC-ECD for contents of various organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. DDT and its metabolites were detected at concentrations significantly above the detection limits. The highest concentrations of DDT metabolites measured in the sediment and mussel samples were 35.9 and 14.0 ng/g wet weight respectively. Considerable levels of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, endosulfan sulphate, and HCB were also detected in the sediment, mussel, or seawater samples. Although these persistent toxic compounds have been banned for some years in Turkey, they may still be used illegally in some regions, contributing to their significant levels in the environment. The biotasediment accumulation factor (BSAF) estimated for DDT and its metabolites in mussels was 2.9, which is nearly two times higher than the benchmark of 1.7. In spite of such high BSAF values observed for these toxic compounds, their levels in mussels were significantly below the international legal limits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Edible biota from the waterbodies examined may thus still be considered safe for human consumption at this time. However, as pollutants can biomagnify through the food chain over time, further routine sampling and analysis of biota along the Black Sea coast are warranted in order to better assess the threat of OCPs to public health in the region.
The extent of contamination of the Black Sea by selected organochlorine compounds has been assess... more The extent of contamination of the Black Sea by selected organochlorine compounds has been assessed through the analysis of surficial sediments taken from throughout the region. Concentrations of HCHs at sites influenced by the Danube delta are among the highest recorded on a global basis (up to 40 ng g À1 dry wt). The ratio between the a-and c-isomers was relatively low indicating contamination through the use of lindane. Concentrations of DDTs (0:06-72 ng g À1 dry wt) and PCBs (0:06-72 ng g À1 dry wt) were not especially high in comparison to levels reported from throughout the world. The DDE/DDT ratio was, however, low indicating fresh inputs and hence current usage of DDT within the Black Sea region.
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