In the present study, Mohsin Hamid's Exit West has been explored as a trauma narrative in order t... more In the present study, Mohsin Hamid's Exit West has been explored as a trauma narrative in order to analyze the lexical depiction of trauma. The study aims to explore how the author has dealt with the traumatic conditions of the characters' lives and how such context have affected the linguistic patterns of the characters. The researcher has employed Cathy Crauth's Unclaimed Experience and Michael Hoey's Lexical Priming as the theoretical framework for this study. Unspeakability, speakability, latency, repetition and testimony are the tropes of Crauthian theory and Lexical Priming refers to study the role of individual lexis in fictional and creative contexts. The purpose of this research is to explore how Mohsin Hamid uses lexical items to depict the trauma and how does he construct the meaning of trauma in Exit West. The study has followed a qualitative approach while the frequency of the sample of trauma lexis used in the novel has been checked through MS Word. The results attest that Exit West is a trauma narrative of Crauthian strain and the author has used lexical markers for trauma tropes. Trauma has been observed through the negation of non-trauma situation and trauma exemplification. The narration of the novel is about
Because of various linguistic variances, a spoken language typically includes multiple dialects. ... more Because of various linguistic variances, a spoken language typically includes multiple dialects. There are various dialects of Pashto, the language that is spoken in South Asia. The current study intends to investigate the lexical distinctions between the Pashto dialects spoken in Quetta, Pakistan, and Kandahar, Afghanistan, referred to as the Western dialect. There are many and varied ways in which the distinctions exist. The focus of this study is on the vocabulary variations between the identical dialects spoken in Quetta and Kandahar, two distinct capitals. In the study, a few frequently occurring neologisms in the Kandahari dialect were identified using primary and secondary sources. When the two types are compared, it becomes clear why the Kandahar dialect is more dynamic and progressive lexically than the Quetta dialect. It also highlights some of the frequent phonological alterations that have taken place in the borrowed terms of the Quetta dialect. These phonological alteration examples very clearly show how the phonotactics of the recipient language cut a borrowed word. Determine the currency of the newly generated words in both domains to understand the critical role language policies and neologythe study of word emergence-play in keeping variety dynamic.
(1985 1 ) that among those variables one was the anxiety which was an effective condition serious... more (1985 1 ) that among those variables one was the anxiety which was an effective condition seriously impending accomplishment in a second language. It is clear that the aim of this article is to find out the causes of language anxiety arousing during learning classroom environment. It is a productive state. It is defined as an unpleasant state of mind in which one notice feelings of danger and tension of the incoming danger. Anxiety means that when a person learns something and when he thinks that there is something wrong in front. Scholars have used the word Anxiety in two contests. On one side it means the stat of feeling nervous or wariness that something bad is going to happen. One the other side it means too much wanting something to happen, in the meaning of eagerness and keenness about something. The Researcher wants to draw light upon anxiety in the 1 st context. And it is defined as the feelings of shame, fear, about the situation of language learning classroom environment process. Scholars have distributed the anxiety into trait anxiety, specific anxiety, social anxiety and situational anxiety. situational anxiety. It means that when a person feels anxiety in a specific situation, for example a person learns a second language and He or She is placed in such a situation in which there are some obstacles or hindrances towards language learning. Or when he is called to stage for performance and he feels embarrassed so that type of anxiety is called situational anxiety. It means that a concept is described as an apprehension in which he is not fully proficient. It falls under the concept of social anxiety.
The vocabulary of English in Pakistan as it appears in a few chosen pieces of Anglophone Pakistan... more The vocabulary of English in Pakistan as it appears in a few chosen pieces of Anglophone Pakistani literature is examined in this study. Since English has evolved into a national language of Pakistan in a linguistically and culturally diverse country. For this reason, the literary dimension is unquestionably the most crucial components of some argument that English in Pakistan is a unique variety of Englishes across the globe. This study examined the lexical features of four Pakistani Anglophone writers' chosen works using the textual analysis method. The study focuses on the range of creative techniques those English-speaking Pakistani authors that use their writing to express the Pakistani identity in a language that was appropriate for their sociocultural
This research uses a corpus-based analysis to uncover the unique qualities of Pakistani English, ... more This research uses a corpus-based analysis to uncover the unique qualities of Pakistani English, which is a variation of English spoken in Pakistan. It investigates the specific phrases found in novels written in Pakistani English. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative tools, the study design follows an exploratory sequential mixed method strategy to conduct a thorough examination. From the corpus of Pakistani English Novels, the research builds concordances and word lists using the Antconc software. After that, the text's subtleties are examined using qualitative content analysis. Research shows that Pakistani English has its own distinct vocabulary and idioms that other variants of the language do not have. This finding disproves long-held assumptions and proves that Pakistani English is a separate language with its own phonetics and grammar. The study provides important new information for linguists studying Pakistani English as well as for educators and students in the subject. This research adds to our knowledge of the literary uses of Pakistani English and the subtle linguistic details that shape the Remittances Review
... Driver-related factors of gender and age Road Traffic Violations and ... Student teams were t... more ... Driver-related factors of gender and age Road Traffic Violations and ... Student teams were trained (for several trial runs) and repeatedly reminded of safety precautions, especially when following a speeding driver or a driver running a red light. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ...
The Open Statistics Probability Journal, Jan 12, 2011
This article focuses on the study of mixture density under Type I censoring scheme by taking Maxw... more This article focuses on the study of mixture density under Type I censoring scheme by taking Maxwell distribution as a life time model. In this paper we sculpt a heterogeneous population by means of two components mixture of the Maxwell distribution. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators using type-I censored data and also their variances matrix. The problem with ML estimators is discussed. The Maple 13.0 code is also presented in appendix.
Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te nav... more Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te navodi čimbenike utjecaja na izbor marke tzv. snack proizvoda. Namjernim uzorkovanjem odabrano je tridesetšestero djece iz triju škola, u kojima su putem fokus grupa prikupljeni kvali-ABSTRACT This qualitative study explores Pakistani children's views regarding TV advertising and outlines the factors impacting their choice of snack brands. Thirty-six children from three schools were selected purposefully and qualitative data was collected through focus group sessions held TRŽIŠTE 246
Lie's linearizability criteria for scalar second-order ordinary differential equations had been e... more Lie's linearizability criteria for scalar second-order ordinary differential equations had been extended to systems of second-order ordinary differential equations by using geometric methods. These methods not only yield the linearizing transformations but also the solutions of the nonlinear equations. Here complex methods for a scalar ordinary differential equation are used for linearizing systems of two second-order ordinary and partial differential equations, which can use the power of the geometric method for writing the solutions. Illustrative examples of mechanical systems including the Lane-Emden type equations which have roots in the study of stellar structures are presented and discussed.
Cultivation of mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes represents one of the most economic organic re... more Cultivation of mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes represents one of the most economic organic recycling processes. In this research, three Pleurotus species viz., P. nebrodensis, P. ostreatus and P. eryngii were cultivated on cotton waste, saw dust, paddy straw and mixture of these substrates (cotton waste + saw dust, cotton waste + paddy straw, saw dust + paddy straw + cotton waste). Mycelial growth (days), stalk length and diameter (mm), emergence of primordia (days), time period from primordial initiation to harvesting (days), number of fruiting bodies, average individual weight of fruiting bodies (g), number of flushes, total yield (kg), interval between flushes (days) and biological efficiency were recorded. Amongst the three fungi, P. ostreatus showed the best growth and productivity. Saw dust gave the best results in spawn running, time interval between primordial initiation to harvesting stage and in number of flushes. Combination of saw dust, paddy straw and cotton waste gave the best results in emergence of primordia, fruiting bodies weight, moisture percentage, biological efficiency and total yield.
International Studies in Educational Administration, 2006
Education policy in Pakistan, as in other developing countries, faces the challenge of poor imple... more Education policy in Pakistan, as in other developing countries, faces the challenge of poor implementation. The article explores the history of education policy in Pakistan and describes the conventional accounts of policy failures. It particularly highlights the issues of unclear goals, political commitment, governance, centralisation, resources and foreign aid. Generally, it is assumed that overcoming these conventional challenges will result in better policy outcomes. Although this is partially true, Spillane, direct our attention to the cognitive factors that play a critical role in policy implementation. They argued that implementing agents try to make sense of policy provisions before acting on them. This article extends their views to emphasise that a more deepened understanding the process of sense-making requires incorporation of insights from the neuro-cognitive sciences. Based on the neuro-cognitive understanding of learning that is developed in this article, some cognitive constraints on learning and sense-making are proposed. It is argued that both conventional and neuro-cognitive constraints need to be optimally satisfied to avoid serious policy failures.
This paper tries to respond to a basic question: "Can public education (or some aspects of it) be... more This paper tries to respond to a basic question: "Can public education (or some aspects of it) be reformed?" The authors' response to this question is, "Yes, public education can be reformed, if contextual possibilities are exploited efficiently."
Investigating the origin and dispersal pathways is instrumental to mitigate threats and economic ... more Investigating the origin and dispersal pathways is instrumental to mitigate threats and economic and environmental consequences of invasive crop pathogens. In the case of Puccinia striiformis causing yellow rust on wheat, a number of economically important invasions have been reported, e.g., the spreading of two aggressive and high temperature adapted strains to three continents since 2000. The combination of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, which were developed from two specific AFLP fragments, differentiated the two invasive strains, PstS1 and PstS2 from all other P. striiformis strains investigated at a worldwide level. The application of the SCAR markers on 566 isolates showed that PstS1 was present in East Africa in the early 1980s and then detected in the Americas in 2000 and in Australia in 2002. PstS2 which evolved from PstS1 became widespread in the Middle East and Central Asia. In 2000, PstS2 was detected in Europe, where it never became prevalent. A...
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.
Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te nav... more Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te navodi čimbenike utjecaja na izbor marke tzv. snack proizvoda. Namjernim uzorkovanjem odabrano je tridesetšestero djece iz triju škola, u kojima su putem fokus grupa prikupljeni kvali-ABSTRACT This qualitative study explores Pakistani children's views regarding TV advertising and outlines the factors impacting their choice of snack brands. Thirty-six children from three schools were selected purposefully and qualitative data was collected through focus group sessions held TRŽIŠTE 246
In the present study, Mohsin Hamid's Exit West has been explored as a trauma narrative in order t... more In the present study, Mohsin Hamid's Exit West has been explored as a trauma narrative in order to analyze the lexical depiction of trauma. The study aims to explore how the author has dealt with the traumatic conditions of the characters' lives and how such context have affected the linguistic patterns of the characters. The researcher has employed Cathy Crauth's Unclaimed Experience and Michael Hoey's Lexical Priming as the theoretical framework for this study. Unspeakability, speakability, latency, repetition and testimony are the tropes of Crauthian theory and Lexical Priming refers to study the role of individual lexis in fictional and creative contexts. The purpose of this research is to explore how Mohsin Hamid uses lexical items to depict the trauma and how does he construct the meaning of trauma in Exit West. The study has followed a qualitative approach while the frequency of the sample of trauma lexis used in the novel has been checked through MS Word. The results attest that Exit West is a trauma narrative of Crauthian strain and the author has used lexical markers for trauma tropes. Trauma has been observed through the negation of non-trauma situation and trauma exemplification. The narration of the novel is about
Because of various linguistic variances, a spoken language typically includes multiple dialects. ... more Because of various linguistic variances, a spoken language typically includes multiple dialects. There are various dialects of Pashto, the language that is spoken in South Asia. The current study intends to investigate the lexical distinctions between the Pashto dialects spoken in Quetta, Pakistan, and Kandahar, Afghanistan, referred to as the Western dialect. There are many and varied ways in which the distinctions exist. The focus of this study is on the vocabulary variations between the identical dialects spoken in Quetta and Kandahar, two distinct capitals. In the study, a few frequently occurring neologisms in the Kandahari dialect were identified using primary and secondary sources. When the two types are compared, it becomes clear why the Kandahar dialect is more dynamic and progressive lexically than the Quetta dialect. It also highlights some of the frequent phonological alterations that have taken place in the borrowed terms of the Quetta dialect. These phonological alteration examples very clearly show how the phonotactics of the recipient language cut a borrowed word. Determine the currency of the newly generated words in both domains to understand the critical role language policies and neologythe study of word emergence-play in keeping variety dynamic.
(1985 1 ) that among those variables one was the anxiety which was an effective condition serious... more (1985 1 ) that among those variables one was the anxiety which was an effective condition seriously impending accomplishment in a second language. It is clear that the aim of this article is to find out the causes of language anxiety arousing during learning classroom environment. It is a productive state. It is defined as an unpleasant state of mind in which one notice feelings of danger and tension of the incoming danger. Anxiety means that when a person learns something and when he thinks that there is something wrong in front. Scholars have used the word Anxiety in two contests. On one side it means the stat of feeling nervous or wariness that something bad is going to happen. One the other side it means too much wanting something to happen, in the meaning of eagerness and keenness about something. The Researcher wants to draw light upon anxiety in the 1 st context. And it is defined as the feelings of shame, fear, about the situation of language learning classroom environment process. Scholars have distributed the anxiety into trait anxiety, specific anxiety, social anxiety and situational anxiety. situational anxiety. It means that when a person feels anxiety in a specific situation, for example a person learns a second language and He or She is placed in such a situation in which there are some obstacles or hindrances towards language learning. Or when he is called to stage for performance and he feels embarrassed so that type of anxiety is called situational anxiety. It means that a concept is described as an apprehension in which he is not fully proficient. It falls under the concept of social anxiety.
The vocabulary of English in Pakistan as it appears in a few chosen pieces of Anglophone Pakistan... more The vocabulary of English in Pakistan as it appears in a few chosen pieces of Anglophone Pakistani literature is examined in this study. Since English has evolved into a national language of Pakistan in a linguistically and culturally diverse country. For this reason, the literary dimension is unquestionably the most crucial components of some argument that English in Pakistan is a unique variety of Englishes across the globe. This study examined the lexical features of four Pakistani Anglophone writers' chosen works using the textual analysis method. The study focuses on the range of creative techniques those English-speaking Pakistani authors that use their writing to express the Pakistani identity in a language that was appropriate for their sociocultural
This research uses a corpus-based analysis to uncover the unique qualities of Pakistani English, ... more This research uses a corpus-based analysis to uncover the unique qualities of Pakistani English, which is a variation of English spoken in Pakistan. It investigates the specific phrases found in novels written in Pakistani English. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative tools, the study design follows an exploratory sequential mixed method strategy to conduct a thorough examination. From the corpus of Pakistani English Novels, the research builds concordances and word lists using the Antconc software. After that, the text's subtleties are examined using qualitative content analysis. Research shows that Pakistani English has its own distinct vocabulary and idioms that other variants of the language do not have. This finding disproves long-held assumptions and proves that Pakistani English is a separate language with its own phonetics and grammar. The study provides important new information for linguists studying Pakistani English as well as for educators and students in the subject. This research adds to our knowledge of the literary uses of Pakistani English and the subtle linguistic details that shape the Remittances Review
... Driver-related factors of gender and age Road Traffic Violations and ... Student teams were t... more ... Driver-related factors of gender and age Road Traffic Violations and ... Student teams were trained (for several trial runs) and repeatedly reminded of safety precautions, especially when following a speeding driver or a driver running a red light. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ...
The Open Statistics Probability Journal, Jan 12, 2011
This article focuses on the study of mixture density under Type I censoring scheme by taking Maxw... more This article focuses on the study of mixture density under Type I censoring scheme by taking Maxwell distribution as a life time model. In this paper we sculpt a heterogeneous population by means of two components mixture of the Maxwell distribution. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators using type-I censored data and also their variances matrix. The problem with ML estimators is discussed. The Maple 13.0 code is also presented in appendix.
Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te nav... more Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te navodi čimbenike utjecaja na izbor marke tzv. snack proizvoda. Namjernim uzorkovanjem odabrano je tridesetšestero djece iz triju škola, u kojima su putem fokus grupa prikupljeni kvali-ABSTRACT This qualitative study explores Pakistani children's views regarding TV advertising and outlines the factors impacting their choice of snack brands. Thirty-six children from three schools were selected purposefully and qualitative data was collected through focus group sessions held TRŽIŠTE 246
Lie's linearizability criteria for scalar second-order ordinary differential equations had been e... more Lie's linearizability criteria for scalar second-order ordinary differential equations had been extended to systems of second-order ordinary differential equations by using geometric methods. These methods not only yield the linearizing transformations but also the solutions of the nonlinear equations. Here complex methods for a scalar ordinary differential equation are used for linearizing systems of two second-order ordinary and partial differential equations, which can use the power of the geometric method for writing the solutions. Illustrative examples of mechanical systems including the Lane-Emden type equations which have roots in the study of stellar structures are presented and discussed.
Cultivation of mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes represents one of the most economic organic re... more Cultivation of mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes represents one of the most economic organic recycling processes. In this research, three Pleurotus species viz., P. nebrodensis, P. ostreatus and P. eryngii were cultivated on cotton waste, saw dust, paddy straw and mixture of these substrates (cotton waste + saw dust, cotton waste + paddy straw, saw dust + paddy straw + cotton waste). Mycelial growth (days), stalk length and diameter (mm), emergence of primordia (days), time period from primordial initiation to harvesting (days), number of fruiting bodies, average individual weight of fruiting bodies (g), number of flushes, total yield (kg), interval between flushes (days) and biological efficiency were recorded. Amongst the three fungi, P. ostreatus showed the best growth and productivity. Saw dust gave the best results in spawn running, time interval between primordial initiation to harvesting stage and in number of flushes. Combination of saw dust, paddy straw and cotton waste gave the best results in emergence of primordia, fruiting bodies weight, moisture percentage, biological efficiency and total yield.
International Studies in Educational Administration, 2006
Education policy in Pakistan, as in other developing countries, faces the challenge of poor imple... more Education policy in Pakistan, as in other developing countries, faces the challenge of poor implementation. The article explores the history of education policy in Pakistan and describes the conventional accounts of policy failures. It particularly highlights the issues of unclear goals, political commitment, governance, centralisation, resources and foreign aid. Generally, it is assumed that overcoming these conventional challenges will result in better policy outcomes. Although this is partially true, Spillane, direct our attention to the cognitive factors that play a critical role in policy implementation. They argued that implementing agents try to make sense of policy provisions before acting on them. This article extends their views to emphasise that a more deepened understanding the process of sense-making requires incorporation of insights from the neuro-cognitive sciences. Based on the neuro-cognitive understanding of learning that is developed in this article, some cognitive constraints on learning and sense-making are proposed. It is argued that both conventional and neuro-cognitive constraints need to be optimally satisfied to avoid serious policy failures.
This paper tries to respond to a basic question: "Can public education (or some aspects of it) be... more This paper tries to respond to a basic question: "Can public education (or some aspects of it) be reformed?" The authors' response to this question is, "Yes, public education can be reformed, if contextual possibilities are exploited efficiently."
Investigating the origin and dispersal pathways is instrumental to mitigate threats and economic ... more Investigating the origin and dispersal pathways is instrumental to mitigate threats and economic and environmental consequences of invasive crop pathogens. In the case of Puccinia striiformis causing yellow rust on wheat, a number of economically important invasions have been reported, e.g., the spreading of two aggressive and high temperature adapted strains to three continents since 2000. The combination of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, which were developed from two specific AFLP fragments, differentiated the two invasive strains, PstS1 and PstS2 from all other P. striiformis strains investigated at a worldwide level. The application of the SCAR markers on 566 isolates showed that PstS1 was present in East Africa in the early 1980s and then detected in the Americas in 2000 and in Australia in 2002. PstS2 which evolved from PstS1 became widespread in the Middle East and Central Asia. In 2000, PstS2 was detected in Europe, where it never became prevalent. A...
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.
Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te nav... more Ova kvalitativna studija istražuje mišljenja pakistanske djece o televizijskom oglašavanju te navodi čimbenike utjecaja na izbor marke tzv. snack proizvoda. Namjernim uzorkovanjem odabrano je tridesetšestero djece iz triju škola, u kojima su putem fokus grupa prikupljeni kvali-ABSTRACT This qualitative study explores Pakistani children's views regarding TV advertising and outlines the factors impacting their choice of snack brands. Thirty-six children from three schools were selected purposefully and qualitative data was collected through focus group sessions held TRŽIŠTE 246
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